IS 6066 : 1994

(Reaffirmed 2004)
Edition 3.1
(2005-01)

Indian Standard
PRESSURE GROUTING OF ROCK
FOUNDATIONS IN RIVER VALLEY
PROJECTS — RECOMMENDATIONS
( Second Revision )
(Incorporating Amendment No. 1)

UDC 627.81 : 624.159.4 : 666.972.033.14

© BIS 2005

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

Price Group 7
Foundation and Sub-structures Sectional Committee, RVD 8

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard (Second Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the
draft finalized by the Foundation and Sub-structures Sectional Committee had been approved by
the River Valley Division Council.
The treatment of rock foundations by pressure grouting is an art of applying the knowledge of local
geology and certain basic principles, covering grout penetration and travel, to the specific
requirements of a job. The success of a grouting job depends on a coordinated handling of all the
technical and organizational aspects of the work comprising exploration, establishing design
requirements, initial trials, field control and final testing and evaluation. It would be futile to
prepare a rigid set of rules or stipulate standard procedures which can be enforced without leaving
any latitude for the exercise of discretion by the site engineer. The aim of these recommendations
is to summarize well known and proved principles and to describe commonly used procedures,
equipment and techniques in order to enable an engineer-in-charge of a grouting job to provide
guidelines for a specific case. The need for following an experimental approach and learning
through trial is emphasized while providing guidelines which would permit a site engineer to use
his discretion without compromising the overall design requirements. This standard has been
formulated to give guidance in this regard.
This standard was first published in 1971 and was revised in 1984. Based on experience gained in
the use of this standard this further revision was taken up. The salient changes made in this
revision are providing the guidelines for testing the efficacy of the grouting operation besides
updating other provisions in light of latest Indian Standards.
This edition 3.1 incorporates Amendment No. 1 (January 2005). Side bar indicates modification of
the text as the result of incorporation of the amendment.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with,
the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded
off in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised )’. The number
of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified
value in this standard.
 IS 6066 : 1994

Indian Standard
PRESSURE GROUTING OF ROCK
FOUNDATIONS IN RIVER VALLEY
PROJECTS — RECOMMENDATIONS
( Second Revision )
1 SCOPE are liable to impair the efficiency of the
drainage system.
This standard lays down recommendations for
pressure grouting of rock by cement with and 3.2 Before arriving at design requirements for
without suitable admixtures and fillers, any job the primary objectives should be
applicable to curtain and consolidation grouting defined, for example, reduction of rock
generally used in River Valley Projects. deformability, etc. The depth, spacing and
2 REFERENCES pattern of grout holes, the choice of method of
grouting, materials injected and consumption
The Indian Standards listed in Annex A are limits as well as controls on pressure depend on
necessary adjuncts to this standard. the objectives as described in 3.1. These
controls and criteria would have to be
3 GENERAL established by trials and it is desirable to
3.1 Pressure grouting of rock foundations is establish the programme of trials at the initial
normally carried out to fill discontinuities, stages of the work.
cavities or voids in rock mass by suitable
materials. The grouting programme should aim 3.3 The criterion given in 3.3.1 and 3.3.2 are
at satisfying the design requirements suggested for deciding whether or not to grout
economically and in conformity with the rest of any portion or zone of rock. Overall design
the construction schedule. The design requirement, importance of the structure and
requirements for adopting a grouting the value of water as well as geological
programme are as under. The parameters will conditions should also be taken into
depend on the type of structure. consideration.
A) Curtain grouting 3.3.1 To Safeguard the Foundation Against
i) To safeguard the foundation against Erodibility Hazards
erodibility hazard, and/or
ii) To reduce quantity of seepage. The limiting lugeon values given in Table 1 are
recommended for deciding the necessity or
B) Consolidation grouting otherwise of grouting. Lugeon values in excess
iii) To reduce the deformability of of those given in the table would indicate that
jointed or shattered rock. grouting is desirable.
3.1.1 Even though the overall objective is to Table 1 Suggested Limiting Lugeon
reduce the permeability of the rock foundation, Values from Erodibility Considerations
the relative emphasis between control of the
rate of seepage and control of uplift depends on Item Rock Below Rock Below
Cutoff Trench Masonry Dam
the value of the water stored and the nature of
foundation strata. In cavernous and highly Group A 5 to 10 5 to 7
Laminar flow
jointed rocks the reduction of the rate of
seepage may be an important safety Group B 3 to 5 3 to 5
Turbulent Flow
consideration. On the other hand in massive
Group C 1 to 3 1 to 3
relatively unweathered rocks, the quantity of Dilation
seepage may not be of consequence, as long as Group D 1 to 3 1 to 3
the desired reduction in uplift pressure is Washout and
achieved. In such cases, uplift control may be Hydraulic frac-
turing
achieved primarily by drainage while the aim of
grouting would be to ensure that local Group E 3 to 5 3 to 5
Void fill
concentrations of seepage do not occur which

1
IS 6066 : 1994

3.3.2 To Reduce Quantity of Seepage: foundation rock is necessary prior to grouting.

i) For dams exceeding 30 m height, curtain 5.1.1 The sub-surface conditions should be
grouting should be carried out when the investigated by core drilling a number of holes
water absorption exceeds one lugeon. in the foundation area. Percolation tests should
ii) For dams under 30 m height, curtain be conducted in the holes within the open area
grouting should be carried out where the of the foundation charted for use in planning the
water absorption exceeds 3 lugeon. grout treatment. When investigation holes have
served their purpose, they should be completely
4 COORDINATION WITH OTHER filled with grout ( see IS 5313 : 1980 ).
CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES 5.1.2 The grouting programme should be
4.1 Grouting operations are generally inter- conducted in such a manner that the initial
dependent with other construction operations; experimentation generally covers all the typical
for example, excavation and blasting in the geological situations.
vicinity of the area that is being grouted may 5.1.3 The depth, spacing and orientation of
cause leakage of grout and render the grouting grout holes should be related to the geological
operation ineffective or it may be necessary to features; for example, inclined holes should be
complete the grouting operations to enable a preferred when the rock permeability is
start to be made of other operations, such as primarily due to closely spaced vertical/
concreting or masonry work. Sometimes it may sub-vertical system of joints. It is sometimes
be necessary to carry out grouting before necessary to evolve a pattern of holes consisting
removal of the overburden to obtain the of different sets of holes appropriate to each
necessary load of surcharge over the zone type of discontinuity, such as bedding planes,
required to be grouted. In other cases removal system of joints and lava contacts.
of the overburden may be necessary to facilitate
sealing of the cracks prior to grouting. Draining 6 GROUTING METHODS
holes should always be drilled only after
6.0 Rock grouting consists essentially of
grouting is completed within the expected
drilling a series of grout holes in rock and
distance of grout travel. Generally, it is
injecting grout under pressure, which
preferable to complete blasting before taking
eventually sets in the openings and voids in the
up grouting operations. If blasting after
rock. The drilling and grouting operations can
grouting is unavoidable, thorough testing and
be carried out either to the full depth in one
regrouting is essential after blasting.
operation or in successive depths either by
4.2 A drainage and grouting gallery is a stage grouting or by packer grouting.
commonly used device to facilitate grouting
after placing the masonry or concrete in the Grouting in the valley should proceed from
foundation and ensuring that the necessary river bed towards abutments.
cover of concrete is obtained, to enable the 6.1 Full Depth Grouting
desired grouting pressures to be developed.
In the full depth method each hole is drilled to
Sometimes holes are drilled in the foundation
the full desired depth, washed, pressure tested
and GI pipes left in place, through the masonry
and grouted in one operation. This method is
or concrete, and the foundation grouted
usually limited to short holes, 5 m or less in
through these pipes later.
depth, or holes up to 10 m that have only small
4.3 It is difficult to make general stipulations cracks and joints with no risk of surface leakage.
regarding the coordination of grouting with In deep bore holes high grouting pressures have
other construction activities, but it would be to be used to achieve proper penetration of the
evident from the above that careful planning of grout at an economic spacing of holes. As full
all associated construction activities, such as depth grouting involves the risk of disturbance
excavation, concreting, fill placement, drilling in the upper elevations, it is not generally
of drainage holes and their coordination with considered suitable for grouting deep holes. For
grouting is essential for successful execution of grouting in heterogeneous strata, where the
the grouting programme. nature of rock discontinuities is subject to large
5 RELATION OF GEOLOGY TO variations in relation to the depth, full depth
grouting is not recommended and stage grouting
GROUTING, THE IMPORTANCE OF
is preferred to packer grouting in such cases.
FOUNDATION EXPLORATION AND
INITIAL EXPERIMENTATION 6.2 Stage Grouting
5.1 Reliable geological interpretation of the type, 6.2.1 Stage grouting is conducted to permit
distribution, approximate size and direction of treatment of various zones individually, by
discontinuities, voids, cavities, etc, in the grouting successively increasing depths, after

2
 IS 6066 : 1994

sealing the upper zones. Stage grouting, in 6.2.8 In relatively compact rocks it may be
descending stages, can be carried out by more convenient to seat the packer at the top of
adopting the procedure given below. the stage being grouted. The hole may then be
washed, as soon as the period of initial set of
6.2.2 Grouting is done by drilling the holes to a cement is over, to the entire depth of the hole
predetermined depth and grouting this initial up to the bottom of the stage in progress.
depth at an appropriate pressure. Grout is then
washed from the hole prior to its final set 6.2.9 On the other hand in strata vulnerable to
(within 2-4 hours) and the hole deepened for the upheaval, it may be necessary to allow the
next stage. Alternatively the grout is allowed to grout to set and form a sheath around the hole
harden and redrilling is carried out through the in order to enable high pressures to be used in
hardened grout and the hole extended to the the lower portions of the hole. In such cases, the
next stage. In another procedure called the one washing and single stage redrilling procedure
stage redrilled method, which is sometimes would have to be adopted.
used, grout is washed out within a small depth
7 PATTERN AND DEPTH OF HOLES AND
of the top of the stage being grouted and only
SEQUENCE OF GROUTING
one stage is redrilled for proceeding to the next
stage. In each of the above procedures the cycle 7.0 The pattern and depth of holes is governed
of drilling-grouting-washing or redrilling is primarily by the design requirements and the
repeated until the required depth of the hole is nature of the rock. When the purpose is
reached. consolidation, the holes are arranged in a
regular pattern over the entire surface area
6.2.3 For stage grouting, the connection at the required to be strengthened and the depth is
top of the hole can be made directly to the determined by the extent of broken rock as well
header or by seating a packer at the top of the as the structural requirements regarding the
hole in the casing pipe. Alternatively, it is deformability and strength of the foundation.
sometimes advantageous to install a packer When the purpose is impermeabilization, the
immediately above the stage that is being grout holes are arranged in a series of lines to
grouted in order to isolate the upper portion of form a curtain approximately perpendicular to
the hole. Higher pressures can then be the direction of seepage. The depth of holes is
permitted for grouting of the lower stage dependent on design considerations as also on
without causing upheaval in the higher stages. the depth of pervious rock and the
6.2.4 An alternative procedure would be to configuration of zones of relatively impervious
withdraw the grout pipe, after completing the strata.
grouting operation, by a distance equal to the 7.0.1 The size of grout holes is generally less
depth of the stage grouted. After the initial set important than the cost of drilling holes and
occurs, that is, about half an hour, the portion the control of inclination. For grouting with
of the hole above the stage grouted may be cement, 38 mm holes are used. The advantage
washed. In this method the grout sets in the gained by drilling large holes does not often
length of one stage and it is necessary to redrill justify the increase in drilling costs. In long
one stage before proceeding with further holes the diameter at the top of the holes may
grouting. It is more convenient to install the have to be larger than the final diameter at the
packer at the top of the hole when one-stage bottom of the hole to facilitate telescoping or to
redrilling procedure is adopted. allow for the wear of the bit.
6.2.5 Grouting with double packer is suitable 7.1 Patterns of Holes for Curtain Grouting
where a few well defined seams or zones exist
and the packers can be seated above and below 7.1.1 Single Line Grout Curtains
such zones. Rotary drilling method is preferred Single line grout curtains are effective only in
when double packers are used. rocks having a fairly regular network of
discontinuities with reasonably uniform size of
6.2.6 When packers can be seated and there is
openings. In such cases a curtain of adequate
no risk of upheaval, grouting can be carried out
width can be achieved by grouting a single line
with single packer in ascending stages.
of holes. In massive rocks with fine fissures,
6.2.7 However, in many cases packers may uplift control is primarily achieved by drainage
function yet grout may overtravel and cause and the grout curtain is used only as a
upheaval in the zones above the section being supplementary measure to avoid
grouted. The method of stage grouting in concentrations of seepage which may exceed
descending order is therefore a more the capacity of the drainage system. Single line
dependable method for badly jointed and curtain may serve this limited objective in
fissured strata vulnerable to upheaval. comparatively tight rock formations.

3
IS 6066 : 1994

7.1.1.1 In single line curtains it is customary to 7.1.2 Multiple Line Grout Curtains
drill a widely spaced system of primary holes, In rocks with a wide range of sizes or openings,
subsequently followed by secondary and tertiary cavities and discontinuities which are
holes at a progressively smaller spacing. The irregularly distributed, a single line curtain
usual practice is to split the spacing from may not be effective. The larger openings may
primary to the secondary and secondary to absorb excessive volumes of grout, if high
tertiary phase. One of the criteria for deciding pressures and thin grouts are used. On the
on the primary spacing is the length of expected other hand thicker grouts (1 : 1 or thicker, or
intercommunication of grout between holes. The grouts with fillers) used for sealing the larger
initial spacing usually varies between 6 m to openings may block the sides of holes and
12 m but the choice of spacing should be based prevent penetration into finer cracks. In such
on the geological conditions and on experience. cases it may be advantageous to use a multiple
At every phase of the grouting operation, the line curtain consisting of outer lines which are
results of percolation tests and grout absorption drilled and grouted initially with thicker
data should be compared with the previous set of grouts. It may sometimes be difficult to treat
holes in order to decide whether a further the outer rows of holes to refusal and grouting
splitting of the spacing of holes is worthwhile. may have to be stopped after injecting a
When no significant improvement is noticed limiting volume of grout which may be arrived
either in terms of decrease of the grout at on the basis of experience and/or initial
absorption or water percolation, careful review trials. After completing the grouting of outer
should be made of the rock features, the nature holes, intermediate line, or lines, of holes may
of the rock and its relations to the patterns of be drilled and grouted at comparatively higher
holes. Sometimes it may be more advantageous pressure with thinner grouts. Grouting of the
to drill another line of holes at a different angle outer rows which is carried out initially
and orientation than to split the spacing further. facilitates confinement of grout and thus
Spacings below one metre are rarely necessary ensures effective subsequent treatment of inner
and the requirement of a spacing closer than one cracks at higher pressure through the central
metre may often indicate an unsuitable row or rows of holes. The final spacing of inner
orientation and inclination of holes. Possibly and outer rows may be different in a multiple
multiple line curtains may be necessary. If the line pattern, the spacing in each row being
area is too limited, the setting time of the grout governed by the nature of rock discontinuity,
becomes important since it is not desirable to intended to be treated by the particular row. In
drill too close to a freshly grouted hole. Before any case in the central row the split spacing
pressure grouting is started, drilling of all the method should be followed until the desired
holes should be completed within a distance of degree of impermeabilization is achieved.
20 m of the hole to be grouted.
7.2 Pattern of Holes for Consolidation
7.1.1.2 Depending upon initial investigation Grouting
and strata conditions the spacing of primary
7.2.1 The choice of pattern of holes, for
hole treatment should be decided. If the
consolidation grouting depends on whether it is
primary holes were spaced more than 6 m apart
necessary to wash and jet the hole
secondary holes should be drilled and grouted.
systematically ( see 10.4 ). When washing has
On completion of primary holes spaced closer
to be carried out a hexagonal pattern
than 6 m or secondary holes (when the primary
( see Fig. 1 ) would be preferred as this admits
holes are spaced more than 6 m), should the
for flow reversal. When systematic washing
percolation tests carried out in a few test holes
and jetting is carried out to remove all soft
indicate that further grouting of the area is
material in seams it is generally not necessary
necessary, secondary or tertiary treatment, as
to use a primary and secondary system of holes.
the case may be, should be carried out system-
atically thereafter in the whole area or in the 7.2.2 When it is desirable to test the efficacy of
particular section where the rock conditions are consolidation grouting by comparing the grout
bad. Similarly tertiary holes should be taken absorption in primary and secondary holes a
over the whole area or the full length of the rectangular or square pattern ( see Fig. 1 ) of
section which requires the treatment. holes would be preferred. This is generally the
case when the joints are irregular and relatively
7.1.1.3 In addition to the systematic grouting of free from in-filling or it is not necessary to
primary, secondary or tertiary and subsequent remove the material filling the joints.
holes it may be necessary to drill and grout
7.3 Sequence of Grouting
additional holes for treatment of peculiar
geological features, such as faults, shear zones 7.3.1 While carrying out grouting operations it
and weathered rock seams. is necessary to ensure that no hole is drilled so

4
 IS 6066 : 1994

FIG. 1 PATTERNS OF GROUT HOLES

close to a hole being grouted that inter 8 GROUT MIXTURE

connections develop. Spacing between primary
8.1 Rock grouting is usually performed with a
holes is generally so selected that the drilling
mixture of cement and water with or without
could be carried out without interference from
additives.
grouting due to inter-connections from
adjoining holes. Sometimes a situation arises 8.2 The cement generally used is any of the
when drilling of upper stages of secondary holes following:
may be in progress concurrently with the
i) Ordinary Portland — IS 269 : 1989 or
grouting of the deeper stages of primary holes.
In such cases, inter-connections would not be IS 8112 : 1989 or
prevented if a sufficient cover of rock is not IS 12269 : 1987
available between the portion which is being ii) Portland Pozzolana — IS 1489
grouted and the zone in which the drilling of (Part 1) : 1991,
secondary holes may be in progress. As a rule (Part 2) : 1991
the drilling of secondary holes in any zone of
the foundation shall not be taken up until iii) Portland Slag — IS 455 : 1989
sufficient cushion of already grouted stages of
primary holes in the same area is not available. iv) Supersulplated — IS 6909 : 1990
Cement
7.3.2 In multiple line curtains relative
sequence of outer and inner rows shall also be v) Sulphate Resisting — IS 12330 : 1988
strictly followed as described in 7.1.2. Portland
7.3.3 When grouting in rock overlain by 8.3 Other solid materials may be used as
pervious soil it is necessary to complete additives to the grout mixture among which are
grouting of the contact zones of the rock and the following:
soil before commencing the grouting of the rock a) Pozzolanas, such as fly ash ( see IS 3812 :
otherwise the grout would escape into the soil 1981 ) and calcined shale ( see IS 1344 :
and it may not be possible to control or detect 1981 ). Whenever early strength is desired
excessive leakage.

5
IS 6066 : 1994

in grouting jobs, pozzolanas may be 9 DRILLING AND GROUTING

treated as inert non-cementing fillers. EQUIPMENT
b) Fine sands ( see IS 383 : 1970 ) are an 9.1 Drilling Equipment
economical material widely used in
grouting. The use of coarse sanded grout 9.1.1 The equipment should be capable of
mixtures is particularly advisable when drilling holes of sizes described in 7 and to the
large voids or cavities are to be grouted. required depths. The equipment should be
capable of providing a continuous water or air
c) Other fine non-cementitious materials like flush of adequate capacity.
bentonite ( see IS 12584 : 1989 ) clay and
silt may also be used. These materials add 9.1.2 The various types of drilling equipment
to the bulk of the grout mixture and can be grouped as under:
reduce the cost but also reduce the a) Percussive drilling equipment:
strength and may reduce the
i) Standard drifter or wagon drill;
watertightness of the hardened grout.
However, bentonite when used in small ii) Down the hole drilling equipment; and
quantities offers certain advantages in
iii) Overburden drilling equipment.
reducing bleeding and segregation.
8.3.1 While using additives, constant field b) Rotary drilling equipment with suitable
checks and review should be undertaken to drive, that is, hydraulic, electric, diesel or
achieve the desired results in respect to compressed air.
permeability and strength. 9.1.2.1 Percussive drilling methods are
generally more economical in all types of rocks.
8.4 Admixtures For deep holes it may be advantageous to use
Admixtures when added in small quantities to overburden drilling equipment. By virtue of the
the grout mixture impart certain desirable separate rotation drive, greater speed and
characteristics like delaying or hastening the economy can be achieved, also by virtue of the
setting time and increasing the workability greater rigidity of casing tube combined with
( see IS 9103 : 1979 ). the drill rods, better control on inclination of
holes can generally be achieved in the
8.5 Water overburden drilling equipment. Down the hole
The water for grout mixtures should be clean hammer is also capable of maintaining a better
and generally free from organic material that control on the inclination. However, the
would affect hardening or durability. A sample hammer may get clogged when the drill
should be tested to determine if the water cuttings form slush in soft saturated strata and
contains any deleterious materials. cannot be removed by air flushing.
9.1.3 During percussive drilling in stratified
8.5.1 Where the grouting is being done below
rocks where the resistance of the rocks is prone
the ground water table, the ground water
to variation the holes may get curved and
should be analyzed for its salt contents and pH
control on inclination may be lost. In such cases
value, which may affect the rigidity and
guide tubes may be used for ensuring
thixotropy of the grout.
verticality of the holes or alternatively rotary
8.6 The grout should fulfil the following drilling may be used.
requirements whatever be the constituents 9.1.4 Irrespective of whether air or water is
used and their proportions: used for flushing the hole during drilling,
a) The set product should have desired thorough cleaning by water flushing is
strength to resist extrusion under the essential before starting grouting operations.
hydrostatic pressure to which the curtain 9.2 Grouting Equipment
will be subjected;
b) When grouting for consolidation, the set The grouting equipment should meet the
product should have desired strength; following requirements:
c) The set product should have a sufficient a) Be of sufficient size to meet the
degree of permanence to satisfy the maximum demand for grout;
requirements of the site. On important
jobs products of proven long-term b) Be capable of prolonged operation at
performance should be used; and anticipated maximum pressure;
d) Particles in the liquids should be small c) Be of sufficiently rugged construction to
enough to penetrate the pore spaces of minimize delays from failure of essential
encountered fissures. parts;

6
 IS 6066 : 1994

d) Permit quick cleaning by washing; and d) Close off the hole when washing the
e) Provide quick access to key parts in case of supply lines.
mechanical failure. Manifold designs vary and depend on the type
Continuity of operations is necessary not only of grouting system.
for efficiency, but also for effectiveness of 9.3.2 Single Line System
grouting.
The single line system consists of one grout
9.2.1 Grout Mixers supply line from the pump to the grouting
The mixers should have two tanks namely manifold at the hole.
mixing tank and agitating tank. Mixers are 9.3.3 The pressure gauge should be constantly
generally cylindrical in shape, with the axis monitored so that the pressure on the grout is
either horizontal or vertical and equipped with regulated as long as grouting is in progress.
a system of power-driven paddles for mixing. Any desired increase or decrease in the
Grout should be mixed in a mixer operating at grouting pressure is obtained by changing the
1 500 r.p.m. or more. The high speed of mixing speed of the grout pump. When the grout in the
serves the purpose of violently separating each supply line becomes sluggish, the grout hole
cement grain from its neighbour thus valve should be closed and the blow-off valve
permitting thorough wetting of every grain. opened so that the supply line can be flushed or
This proves to be advantageous by chemically washed. The grout hole valve should also be
activating each grain to thorough hydration checked to ensure against a false refusal. Joints
before reaching its final resting place. Further in hoses and pipes should be tight.
individuul grains penetrate finer cracks more
readily then flocs. Vertical, barrel-type mixers 9.3.4 Circulation System
have proved satisfactory when small mixers are The circulation system requires two pipe lines, a
required for use in confined or limited working supply line from the grout pump to the grout
spaces. This type of mixer consists essentially hole and a return line from the grout hole to the
of a vertical barrel having a shaft with blades agitator/pump. By opening the supply and grout
for mixing, driven by a motor mounted on top of hole valves, grout is forced into the hole as
the mixer above the barrel. Centrifugal pump required. Pressure is maintained by adjusting
mixers mix the grout by recirculating it either the supply valve or the return valve, or
through a high speed centrifugal pump. They both, so that complete control of pressure is
are sometimes referred to as colloidal type maintained at the hole. There should be a
mixers, but they do not achieve a true colloidal pressure gauge at the delivery end of the pump.
grout mix. However, they possess considerable No grout is wasted when washing out the grout
merit and produce grout of excellent texture. lines and close control of the grouting operations
When mixing sand-cement grouts, their action is maintained. When direct electric or diesel
tends to guard against segregation. drive pumps are employed, use of a return line is
9.2.2 Grout Pumps necessary. Long supply lines should be avoided
to reduce the chances of change in consistency of
A pump suitable for grouting should permit the grout and clogging. Field telephones are
close control of pressures, allow a flexible rate useful for communication between the pump
of injection, and be designed to minimize operator and the grout man at the collar.
clogging of valves and ports. Grout pumps are
of three types namely, piston, screw and 10 WASHING AND TESTING OF HOLES,
centrifugal. SURFACE PREPARATION
9.3 Grouting System Arrangements 10.1 The purpose of washing is two-fold. First to
9.3.1 Manifold or Header clean the holes to remove material deposited on
the surface during the drilling operation and
A grout manifold is a ‘T’ arrangement of pipe second to provoke deliberate inter-connections
and various fittings, such as couplings, nipples, between adjoining grout holes to remove known
unions, tees, valves and a pressure gauge, all seams and layers of erodable material. It should
attached to the collar of the grout hole. be borne in mind that inter-connections between
The functions of the manifold are given below: holes are effective only if the washing operations
a) Permit regulation of the flow of grout into are carried out systematically to remove all the
the hole; soft material. Isolated inter-connections do not
b) Maintain the desired allowable grout serve much useful purpose as soft materials may
pressure; still remain in position in an unknown and
c) Allow any excess grout to be drained from irregular pattern. A distinction is therefore
the system or returned to the agitator made between washing of holes at the end of the
tank for recirculation; and drilling operation ( see 10.2 ) and systematic

7
IS 6066 : 1994

washing of groups of holes in order to remove the results of primary injections. Tests may be
erodable material in the intervening area for carried out in individual test holes at any time
which the term jetting is used ( see 10.4 ). to indicate the results of all treatment carried
out before that time. Test holes drilled for this
10.2 Washing of Holes
purpose should be sited midway between
10.2.1 On completion of the drilling of a stage completed injection holes.
and before injection, the holes should be
washed by allowing the drilling water to run 10.3.4 Percolation tests carried out in any stage
until the return from the hole is reasonably before injection also serve to indicate whether
clean. The quantity of water flowing into the injection of that stage can be omitted. They also
hole during the period should be adequate and give some guidance as to the initial grout mix.
generally not less than 15 1/min. The actual criteria to be used should be
determined in the light of site experience.
10.2.2 When no return of drilling or washing
water occurs, the holes should be washed for a 10.3.5 Observations during grouting of thin
reasonable period based on site experience. mixes are not substitutes for water testing and
This is generally for 20 minutes. If an abrupt should not be accepted in lieu of water testing.
loss of drill water occurs during drilling and
similarly when a strong flow of artesian water 10.4 Jetting
is encountered, the drilling should be stopped
and the hole grouted even if it has not reached 10.4.1 Jetting operations are carried out in
its final depth. order to deliberately provoke connections
between boreholes and to remove known
10.2.3 Should inadvertent connections to deposits of erodable materials.
adjacent holes take place, the washing out
should be continued until the flow of water 10.4.2 Jetting should be carried out on groups
from the hole to which the connection was of holes arranged in a square, triangular or
made is clear. hexagonal pattern known as cells.
10.2.4 Where deliberate attempts to obtain
10.4.3 Experience has indicated that the hole
connections between adjacent holes is required
spacing within each cell should not exceed
in order to remove known deposits of erodable
about 1.5 m for successful jetting. The optimum
materials, the jetting procedures described
spacing at any site can be arrived at by
in 10.4 should be used instead of the washing
washing holes in a pattern of primary and
procedures described in 10.2.
secondary cells.
10.3 Percolation Tests
10.4.4 All holes in a cell should be fitted with
10.3.1 For routine grouting operations, and stand-pipes, and then drilled to the level of the
simple water test conducted before and after first seam to be treated. Where a network of
grouting, the test pressure should be limited so seams exists, all holes should be drilled to the
as to avoid hydraulic fracture. The value of short first stage depth of 3 m to 6 m. The
limiting pressure for various strata and depths stand-pipes should then be capped with three-
should be established by preliminary investiga- way plugcocks and the cell is then ready for
tions where cyclic tests should be conducted to jetting.
evaluate pressure at which fracturing occurs.
Additional tests may be carried out in trial 10.4.5 A manifold should be fitted to the first
grouting plots or in selected primary grouting hole, so arranged that compressed air and
holes to verify the pressure limits established water at high pressure can be fed to the hole in
during preliminary investigations. rapid alternation. Air and water pressures used
10.3.2 Water percolation tests [ see IS 5529 in jetting any stage should not exceed the
(Part 2) : 1985 ] may be used to measure the grouting pressures specified for that stage.
effectiveness of the grouting treatment. The Uplift meters with anchor rods set well below
tests may be simple or cyclic. Cyclic testing is the zone being treated may be installed for
recommended for the investigation stage while observing any upheaval.
before and during grouting operations simple
10.4.6 All other cocks in the cell should then be
tests should be carried out.
opened and water followed by air applied
10.3.3 Water tests should be carried out in alternately until a connection is made. Jetting
primary stages before injection to amplify should continue on this connection until no
information available from the site further erodable matter can be removed. Should
investigation. Test should be carried out in any other hole connect to the manifolded hole
secondary stages before injection to indicate the during the operation, its cock should be closed.

8
 IS 6066 : 1994

10.4.7 When the first connection has been should be carried out up to the stipulated
cleaned out, the cock on the connected hole grade. Thereafter the surface should be
should be closed and the process repeated until covered by slush grout/gunite consisting
connections have been established, if possible, of a thick cement sand mixture. After the
to all holes in the cell from the original hole. slush, grouting backfill of earth or
10.4.8 The following alternative procedure may concrete should be placed. A cover of 4 m
also be used for washing the ‘cells’. to 6 m of earthfill may be required to
provide sufficient weight to counteract
In washing a cell water is connected to one hole grouting pressures. For concrete/masonry
and air to the adjacent hole, on each side. The dams, it may be necessary to grout
water and air connections are changed at through a gallery to ensure adequate
frequent intervals to cause the water to flow in depth of concrete cover.
every possible direction through the seam.
Application of air and water pressure is 10.5.2 It may be difficult to excavate without
continued until all possible inter-connections blasting in order to enable methods (a) or (b) to
between adjacent holes are established. be used. It may generally be mole convenient in
concrete dams to conduct shallow low pressure
10.4.9 As many combinations of holes as blanket grouting of the surfacial zones, which
necessary, are used to ensure the cleaning of all may be somewhat disturbed by blasting, after
seams. The washing of any set of holes is covering the surface with slush grouting. It
continued until all loose materials are removed would then be obligatory to use the gallery for
from the seams and crevices. It is neither effective treatment of the main grout curtain.
desirable nor practicable to continue washing
until the discoloration in the effluent 11 INJECTION
disappears completely, but it is continued till 11.1 Holes should be injected by direct connec-
reasonably clear water emerges from the holes. tion to the pump. Each hole should be provided
Washing is done generally for a minimum with a packer at the surface or with a short stand
period of 20 minutes for each hole. In some pipe threaded at its outer end to accept stand or
zones, washing operations may have to be control fittings, which should be provided with a
extended for several hours. pressure gauge, bleeder valve and a valve
enabling the delivery from pump to be cut-off
10.5 Surface Treatment from the hole. Either single line or circulating
10.5.1 For effective treatment of the surface system as described under 9.3.2, 9.3.3 and 9.3.4
zones, sufficient pressure should be developed may be used, usually the circulating system is
to achieve the spread required with a preferred, however, when adequate controls are
convenient spacing of holes. Adequate cover possible to regulate the pump discharge and
should be maintained during grouting to pressure by using pumps of suitable design,
single line grouting system can be used.
ensure that adequate pressure is applied
without causing upheaval or excessive surface 11.2 Once the grouting of a stage or group of
leakage. The following alternative methods holes has been commenced, it should be
may be used: continued without interruption up to
completion. In general a stage may be considered
a) When the top material is a weak rock complete when the absorption of grout at the
which can be removed without blasting, desired limiting pressure is less than 2 1/min
one stage of 3 m may be grouted at low averaged over a period of 10 minutes.
pressure using top packer in the casing. 11.3 As far as practical, a continuous flow of
The casing should be sealed by cement grout should be maintained at the desired
mortar. The grouting of the top stage is pressure and the grouting equipment should be
considered only as a capping operation operated to ensure continuous and efficient
and the rock in this zone should be performance throughout the grouting
removed after completion of the grouting operation. The personnel-in-charge of grouting
operations. as well as the grouting equipment in use,
should respond quickly and effectively to
b) Alternatively, a cap of concrete about 1 m
manipulate the desired changes in the grout
deep should be placed and grout holes
mix consistency, rate and pressure of injections,
should commence through the cap. etc, as directed by the engineer-in-charge
Explosives should not be used for during the grouting operation.
excavation of 1 m rock zone for forming the
cap. It should be noted that rock bolting is 11.4 Should it be necessary to interrupt
not an effective replacement for the cap. injection before it is completed, for instance if
there is a plant breakdown, about 500 1 to
c) When the rock is heavily jointed with 1000 1 of clean water should be run into the
close spacing of joints, the excavation hole and allowed to stand.

9
IS 6066 : 1994

If any stage continues to absorb large quantities thin mixes in the initial stages is generally
of the thickest pumpable grout at nil pressure, wasteful and may sometimes cause softening of
grouting may be stopped when a predetermined rocks, like shale. Therefore, a starting mix of
limit of consumption is reached. Alternatively, 5 : 1 is recommended and in exceptional cases
sometimes it is possible to suspend injection 10 : 1 may be adopted.
overnight and resume the work next day. Even 11.7.1 The ratio of water to solids, of the grout
then the limit of consumption should apply. deposited finally in-situ, is generally quite
When any of the procedures recommended is different from the water content of the mixed
adopted, the grouting operation should be grout during injection. The excess water from
controlled as given in 12. the grout is removed during the grouting
11.5 Should any hole connect to another during process by filtration except in exceptional
injection, the grout should be allowed to escape circumstances, as well as when the grout
from the coupled hole until it is of the same contains admixtures (such as clay) resulting in
consistency as that being injected; the coupled formation of stable suspensions, the grout
hole should then be capped and the combined properties should be tested at the water-solid
holes brought up to pressure. After the first ratios used for the mixed grout, in order to verify
hole has been grouted, all the other holes are the suitability of the grout vis-a-vis the criteria
successively connected to the grouting header mentioned in 8.6. For neat cement grouts, with
to subject them to full pressure. non-cohesive admixtures, it is generally found
that the set grouts are very much denser than
Where leakages of grout occur on the ground grout specimens prepared in the laboratory from
surface, they should be restricted by caulking the mixed grout; hence due allowance should be
with wooden wedges, lead wool, etc, or by made for the removal of water in-situ while
thickening the grout followed by retreatment interpreting the laboratory test data.
with thinner grouts and through fresh holes, if
necessary. 11.8 After grouting is completed, the grout
holes should be closed by means of a valve to
11.6 Grouting should be stopped whenever maintain the grout pressure for a sufficient
pressure gauges register a sudden drop of period to prevent escape of the grout due to back
pressure or the rate of grout absorption pressure and flow reversal, due to causes like
increases abruptly or there is any indication of artesian conditions. For this purpose a period of
upheaval, disturbance or leakage. Additional one to two hours is generally sufficient,
holes may have to be drilled and grouted in the however, this should be verified by trial.
vicinity for sealing fine cracks which may not
be effectively treated due to premature blocking 12 CONTROL OF GROUTING OPERATION
of holes by interruption of grouting operations.
12.1 Pressure
11.7 The control of grout mixtures is not
amenable to rules which can be fixed in advance The pressure should be adequate to achieve the
and sufficient discretion should be left to the desired grout and the pressure should be
field personnel. Grouting normally starts with a limited so as to avoid disturbance and upheaval
thin mixture which is gradually thickened until of the ground and should take into account
about 75 percent of the final desired pressure reservoir pressure.
has been obtained with the pumps operating at
normal speed. As the hole approaches refusal, 12.1.1 For structures on rock foundations, it is
the thick grout is replaced with thinner grout a basic requirement that no disturbance should
which is used until the hole refuses. In 12, the be caused to the surface zones of the foundation
guiding principles for controlling pressures and by the grouting operation. When grouting is
undertaken below an existing structure no
selecting grout mix proportions are discussed.
upheaval of the foundation can be allowed as it
As a general principle grout mixture should not
would have very harmful consequences on the
be thickened if pressure starts to rise after
structure and/or equipment.
continuous injection over a period of 10 minutes.
Hasty changes in mix proportions are not 12.1.2 In general, the disturbance caused by
desirable and the response of the hole to the grouting is dependent more on the manner in
selected mix proportions or pressure should be which the pressure is developed and the nature
judged only after observing for a sufficient of the rock than on the absolute magnitude of
period. The choice of the initial mix proportions pressure. Relatively higher pressures can be
should be based on the water intake tests. There sustained without damage to the foundations,
are no general rules on the basis of which the when pressure is built up gradually, as
initial mix proportions can be decided directly in resistance to flow is developed by deposition of
terms of the percolation test results. grout. On the other hand, when pressures are
Experimentation, at the start of the work, raised hastily, damage could occur even at
should be used to establish the guidelines for relatively low pressures. In general, horizontal
choice of mix proportions. Use of excessively stratified or low dipping rocks are more

10
 IS 6066 : 1994

vulnerable to disturbance by grouting pressure

than fractured igneous or metamorphic rocks or along with observations of upheaval by
steeply dipped sedimentary rocks. Rocks uplift gauge. Figure 2 may be used as a
previously subjected to folding and fracturing guide, subject to verification by trial
or rocks in the process of adjustment after grouting;
removal of overburden load are also more b) Pressure limits may be decided by
vulnerable to disturbance. analysis of the results of cyclic percolation
test; and
12.1.3 It is always advisable to begin with a low c) Limiting pressures may be decided by
initial pressure say 0.10 to 0.25 kg/cm2/m of continuous review of the trends of
overburden, and build-up the pressure pressure and rate of intake during
gradually. Initially the rate of intake may be grouting operations.
20 1/min to 30 1/min. In order to avoid the
12.1.4.1 Limiting values of pressure for each
premature build-up of high pressure a general
zone may be established initially on the basis of
guideline should be followed that the pressure
the categorization of rock as suggested in Fig. 2
should be raised only when the intake rate falls
should be taken as initial values to be
below 5 1/min. When surface leaks develop,
confirmed by trial and observations. The choice
pressure should be immediately reduced.
of pressure may also be established by
Subsurface cracking may sometimes be
examining water test data.
indicated by an abrupt rise in the rate of intake
after grouting at a constant value of pressure 12.1.4.2 The pressure limits initially
for a considerable period. established as per 12.1.4.1 should be further
reviewed by examining trends of grout intake
12.1.3.1 The most common difficulty experienc- and pressures during initial stages of actual
ed in consolidation grouting is surface leakage. grouting operations. The method of
It is therefore customary to pipe through the interpretation of trends of grouting pressure is
required height of concrete or masonry and described in Annex B. It should be recognized
carry out the grouting after the rock has been that the resistance to flow of grout pressures is
completely covered. This not only eliminates built up gradually. Consequently higher
surface leakage but permits use of higher pressures may be used in water tests without
pressures so that even the smaller seams can causing hydraulic fracturing. Normally, the aim
be grouted effectively. should be to obtain ‘A’ type trends. This trend
signifies increase of resistance of flow as the
12.1.3.2 The true pressure at any depth should joints/cracks/cleavages are filled by the grout. ‘B’
take into account the pressure head caused by type trends can be permitted since they imply a
the weight of the grout in the hole. This fluctuating response. Grouting with ‘B’ type
correction in kg/cm2 may be computed by trend may be continued till the limit of
multiplying the depth of the hole in metres by consumption is attained or refusal may be
factors relative to the water-cement ratio given attained eventually by restricting the pressures
in Table 2 and added to the pressure gauge or by thickening the grout when ‘B’ trends
reading at the top of the grout hole. develop. ‘B’ trends thus constitute a permissible
Table 2 Multiplying Factors deviation from the ideal which should be
minimized by careful control. When pressure
Water-Cement Factor Water-Cement Factor limits are properly chosen ‘A’ type trends would
Ratio Ratio predominate. Under no circumstances ‘C’ type
trends should be permitted since they imply
0.75 0.151 2.50 0.118
hydraulic fracturing. The pressure control
1.00 0.140 2.75 0.117 criteria initially chosen as per 12.1.4 should be
1.25 0.131 3.00 0.112 modified on the basis of the analysis of the trends
1.50 0.127 4.00 0.110 of grouting pressures and intake. The chosen
1.75 0.123 5.00 0.107 pressure limits ensure that ‘A’ trends are
generally achieved and ‘C’ trends are eliminated.
2.00 0.121 10.00 0.102
2.25 0.119
12.1.5 Situations arise in practice when
hydraulic fracturing may occur before uplift is
observed or surface leakage is noticed. This is
12.1.4 Control of pressure should be exercised attributable to developments of localized high
according to the following guidelines: strains in rock associated with hydraulic
fracturing. Upheaval may be noticed only when
a) The limiting value of pressure for each sufficient volume of grout is injected into the
zone and depth may be established fractured zones to cause displacements in the
initially from the results of trial grouting, surfacial zones.

11
IS 6066 : 1994

FIG. 2 GUIDE FOR GROUTING PRESSURES

Observations of pressure trends provide a more regarding the manner in which the thickening
definite indication of hydraulic fracturing and of the grout is to be carried out. The
therefore greater reliance should be placed on appropriate sequence for every site may be
interpretations of trends of pressures and grout decided after a review of the results of initial
intakes, rather than upheaval measurements. grouting. A judgement about the efficacy of a
particular sequence may be had by comparing
12.2 Grout mixture (ratios by weight of water
the grout consumptions of the primary and
and cement) ranging from 5 :1 to 0.8 : 1 are
secondary or secondary and tertiary holes. As a
recommended. It is only in exceptional
circumstances that mixtures leaner than 10 : 1 guide, the mix should be thickened if there is no
increase in the pressure after continuous
need be used. The choice of grout mixtures may
grouting of about 10 min.
be based on results of percolation tests
conducted prior to grouting ( see 12.1.4 ). The 12.2.2 When multiple line grout curtains are
ideal would be to conduct a percolation test in used, the control of grouting operation would
each hole, for each stage. However, the number differ from single line curtains. In the outer
of percolation tests may be reduced if extent of lines thick grouts may be used to prevent
zones of different types of rock and rock overtravel and to block the more pervious
characteristics can be established on the basis zones. In the inner or central lines, grouts may
of geological evidence and results of initial be thickened very gradually and comparatively
experimental grouting operations. It is thinner grout may be used at the start.
inadvisable to relax the requirements of Similarly the thickening of grouts may be
percolation testing in the initial stages of carried out more gradually in tertiary holes as
grouting and grout absorptions at low compared to primary and secondary holes. In
water-cement ratios are a poor substitute for order to prevent overtravel of grout in the case
water percolation tests. of wide joints, sodium silicate or sodium hexa
meta phosphate is sometimes added, while for
12.2.1 If grout is too thick, passages of grout
increasing the flowability in the case of thin
travel may get obstructed at a short distance
and fine seams may not be filled up. On the joints, 2 percent to 3 percent bentonite is
added.
other hand if injection with thin grout is
continued for too long a time, the grouting 12.2.3 The thinning of the grout may be helpful
operation may get unduly prolonged and may in preventing abrupt rise in pressure and/or
be rendered unduly expensive. If openings are clogging of the equipment at the end of the
large and grout is thin, grout consumption will grouting operation. Thinning of the grout is not
be excessive even with low pressure. In the case permissible when stable grout suspensions are
of fine cracks additions of bentonite, say 2 to 3 used that do not allow exclusion of the excess
percent in a grout mix, will have lubricating water by filtration. If such grouts are diluted,
action. No general rules can be stipulated the strength and imperviousness may be

12
 IS 6066 : 1994

compromised. Alternatively it is recommended 13 TESTING THE EFFICACY OF

to keep more than one grout design ready with GROUTING OPERATION
the use of clay-cement, bentonite-cement,
bentonite-chemical, etc, so that these mixes can 13.1 The efficacy of the grouting operation may
be used without change of mix design. be estimated using one of the following
methods:
12.2.3.1 A recommended method is also to
arrange for grout refusal to occur while a thin a) Pre and post grouting permeability values
mix is being pumped, even though 3 : 1 to 1 :1 using percolation tests.
mixes were used temporarily. b) Pre and post grouting P-wave velocities
using seismic refraction/cross hole
12.2.3.2 With packer grouting and thin
geophysical techniques and changes in
beginning mixes, the section of hole just
mass using gravity methods.
completed is automatically exposed to the new
beginning mix. This of course does not apply to c) Pre and post grouting deformation
the last or top section of the hole. In special module using static methods.
cases, such as a large opening into which a lot d) Pre and post measurement of pore water
of grout has been pumped or in a zone in which pressure.
refusal was specially difficult to obtain or again
in the case of a deep interconnection this
process might not be performed and thin mixes 14 RECORDS
may be omitted for 6 m or so, overlying the
14.1 The information to be recorded daily is as
troublesome zone, or the section might be
follows:
allowed to rest for a few hours before higher
sections are treated. 1) Result of the pressure test;
12.3 Control of Grout Consumption 2) Grouting feature, for example, curtain
and consolidation;
When pressure does not build up even after
grouting a thick grout, that is, grout with water 3) Date;
cement ratio lesser than 0.6 : 1 by weight or 4) Shift;
richer, or by grouts with fillers, such as clay,
sand and bentonite, it is desirable to stop 5) Name of foreman;
grouting after the predetermined limit of 6) Grouting method, packer grouting or
consumption is reached. The choice of the limit fulldepth grouting and stage whether
of consumption will depend on the length of a first, second or third;
stage and the size of the cavities, open joints
and fissures. After grouting a hole, in which 7) Hole station number or co-ordinates;
grouting has to be stopped because the 8) Time grouting begun;
consumption limit was reached, it is necessary
to drill additional holes in the vicinity and 9) Time of each change in mix, pressure, or
grout them with more fluid grouts in order to pumping rate;
penetrate the finer cracks and joints which may 10) Name of inspector;
not have been grouted in the initial operation.
In such situations a multiple line curtain may 11) Time of hole completion;
be used with advantage and the sequence of 12) Total quantity of cement used for each
grouting should be as given in 12.2.2. Guidance pressure or mix change;
regarding method of recording the details of
13) Water-cement ratio at the start and each
grouting operation and determining the quality
change thereafter;
of grout consumed are described in Annex C.
14) Air pressure;
12.4 Back Filling of Grout Holes
15) Grout consumption and time required
Grout holes are backfilled with grout having a for consumption of each batch;
water-cement ratio of 0.7 : 1 with 3 percent of
16) Pressure recorded at 3 min to 15 min
bentonite. A delivery pipe of minimum 25 mm
intervals and on completion;
diameter is lowered to the bottom of the hole.
Grout is pumped in the delivery pipe until it 17) Rate of injection;
flows from the hole, then the delivery line is
18) Cement washed;
slowly withdrawn while pumping continues. If
settlement of grout occurs after initial set, the 19) Total quantity of cement injected in to
holes are again back filled with grout. the hole;

13
IS 6066 : 1994

20) Reason for abandoned holes; they can be compiled in such a form that
significant trends can be determined regarding
21) Number and depth of holes left for the efficacy or otherwise of the grouting
redrilling; and operations. In the absence of such reports
22) In addition the inspector should record timely action would not be possible and
under ‘Remarks’ any change or incident procedures which may be ineffective or
affecting the grouting operation; such as unsuitable may be continued indefinitely.
‘tight hole’, ‘no leakage’, ‘had leakage’, These reports may consist of:
‘leaks caulked’, ‘grout pump down’, ‘hole
completed’, and so forth. a) a hole-wise register of drilling, water
tests, grouting and interconnections.
14.2 Reports
b) for consolidation grouting — a plan
In order to facilitate control and planning of showing grout hole stages and grout
grouting operations, reports should be prepared intake.
at regular intervals to summarize important
observations and data. It serves no useful c) for curtain grouting — a ‘L’ section
purpose to maintain elaborate records unless showing drilling stages and grout intake.

ANNEX A
( Clause 2 )

LIST OF INDIAN STANDARDS

IS No. Title IS No. Title

269 : 1989 Specification for 33 grade 3812 : 1981 Specification for fly ash for use
ordinary Portland cement as pozzolana and admixture
( fourth revision ) ( fourth revision )
5313 : 1980 Guide for core drilling
383 : 1970 Specification for coarse and fine observations ( first revision )
aggregates from natural 5529 Code of practice for in-situ
sources for concrete ( second (Part 2) : 1985 permeability test : Part 2 Test
revision ) in bedrock ( first revision )
6909 : 1990 Specification for supersul-
455 : 1989 Specification for Portland slag phated cement
cement ( fourth revision )
8112 : 1989 Specification for 43 grade
ordinary Portland cement ( first
1344 : 1981 Specification for calcined clay revision )
pozzolana ( second revision )
9103 : 1979 Specification for admixtures for
concrete
1489 Specification for Portland
(Part 1) : 1991 pozzolana cement : Part 1 Fly 12269 : 1987 Specification for 53 grade
ash based ( third revision ) ordinary Portland cement
12330 : 1988 Specification for sulphate
1489 Specification for Portland resisting Portland cement
(Part 2) : 1991 pozzolana cement : Part 2 12584 : 1989 Specification for bentonite for
Calcined clay based ( third grouting in civil engineering
revision ) works

14
 IS 6066 : 1994

ANNEX B
( Clause 12.1.4.2 )

METHOD OF INTERPRETATION OF TRENDS OF GROUTING

B-1 The categorization should be done as follows by computing the ratio of rate of grout intake and
grouting pressure and examining the trend of variation as the grouting operation continues:
Rate of grout intake
a) Ratio of ------------------------------------------------------- Decreasing : ‘A’ trend
Grouting pressure
Rate of grout intake
b) Ratio of ------------------------------------------------------- Constant : ‘B’ trend
Grouting pressure
Rate of grout intake
c) Ratio of ------------------------------------------------------- Increasing : ‘C’ trend
Grouting pressure

ANNEX C
( Clause 12.3 )
C-1 For measurement of the quantity of grout The grout should not be allowed to leak more
injected in each hole, a grout history sheet on than 5 percent by visual judgement.
proforma given on next page should be recorded
giving grout in-take per minute, viscosity of C-3 Measurement of cement, blown off and
grout mix in form of solids and water ratio, circulated in the grout lines, should be
pressure of injection, time of pumping in water separately recorded in mass of the cement used
for lubrication event of blowing grout to keep for purposes of accounting the cement actually
the grouting system alive. In addition, various used for the work.
other points of importance observed during the C-4 In case of stage grouting of the hole,
operation of grouting are recorded for every cement grouted in each stage should be
5 min to 10 min intervals and thus the grout summed up.
history sheet when plotted as shown in Fig. 3
should depict the exact amount of grout C-5 Many of the holes often require regrouting
injected. Actually this graph from the grout and this should be recorded in linear metre
history sheet should be plotted to depict the separately.
factual amount of grout injected. The area C-6 For work of grouting for anchors (plain or
under the curve would represent the quantity cylindrical) stubbed with under-reaming, the
of grout actually injected. A register should be quantity of grout should be in mass of cement.
maintained of 100 such sheets. Each sheet Aluminium powder should be according to
should be machine numbered on both sides. quantity actually used. The length of holes and
C-2 Recording of the surface leakage, if any, anchor bars should be referred in linear metres.
should be made in the remarks column of the For under-reaming for stubbed anchor, the unit
grout history sheet showing the location. The for bulbs should be in numbers for record of the
leakage should be immediately stopped by under-reaming done with section of bulb
reducing the pressure and caulking suitably. provided.

15
IS 6066 : 1994

NOTE — Area under the curve ‘grout intake Vs Time’ also includes the amount of grout blown off in case grout intake
Vs Time plot accounts for blowing off.
n1, n2, n3 = Water : Solid ratio
P = Pressure
Q = Grout intake

FIG. 3 GRAPH FROM GROUT HISTORY SHEET

Typical Proforma of Grout History Sheet

( Clause C-1 )

Feature Hole Depth Method Pressure Grout Time Rate Remarks

and RD No. Drilled Consis- of About Type










of Hole Specified Used tency Consump- of

tion Leakage

16
Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and
attending to connected matters in the country.

Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form
without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.

Review of Indian Standards

Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also
reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no
changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of
Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by
referring to the latest issue of ‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards : Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc : No. RVD 8 (98) and amended by WRD 8.

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue
Amd. No. 1 January 2005

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002. Telegrams: Manaksanstha
Telephones: 323 01 31, 323 33 75, 323 94 02 (Common to all offices)
Regional Offices: Telephone
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg 

323 76 17
NEW DELHI 110002  323 38 41
Eastern : 1/14 C. I. T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road, Kankurgachi 

337 84 99, 337 85 61
KOLKATA 700054  337 86 26, 337 91 20
Northern : SCO 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022  60 38 43

 60 20 25
Southern : C. I. T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113  235 02 16, 235 04 42

 235 15 19, 235 23 15
Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri (East) 

832 92 95, 832 78 58
MUMBAI 400093  832 78 91, 832 78 92
Branches : A H M E D A B A D . B A N G A L O R E . B H O P A L . B H U B A N E S H W A R . C O I M B A T O R E .
FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD. GUWAHATI. HYDERABAD. JAIPUR. KANPUR.
LUCKNOW. NAGPUR. NALAGARH. PATNA. PUNE. RAJKOT. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM.
VISHAKHAPATNAM.