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Earth's History and Structure of Earth. Resume

This document discusses the history of Earth and its structure. It covers four hypotheses for how the solar system formed: the nebular hypothesis, planetary hypothesis, star tides hypothesis, and twin stars hypothesis. It then describes Earth's structure, including the crust composed of volcanic, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. The crust sits above the asthenosphere, barisphere inner core and outer core.

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Lasmaenita Siahaan
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136 views5 pages

Earth's History and Structure of Earth. Resume

This document discusses the history of Earth and its structure. It covers four hypotheses for how the solar system formed: the nebular hypothesis, planetary hypothesis, star tides hypothesis, and twin stars hypothesis. It then describes Earth's structure, including the crust composed of volcanic, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. The crust sits above the asthenosphere, barisphere inner core and outer core.

Uploaded by

Lasmaenita Siahaan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EARTH’S HISTORY AND STRUCTURE OF

EARTH

A
R
R
A
N
G
E
D
BYE :
GROUP II
1. Heryanto Damanik
2. Lasma Enita Siahaan
3. Octaviani Damayanti Naibaho

BILINGUAL PHYSICS 2018

BILINGUAL PHYSICS
FACULTY OF MATHEMATIC AND SCIENCE
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
EARTH’S HISTORY
The following are some of the hypotheses that have been put forward by geologists
with regard to the process of the events of the planets that inhabit the solar system,
namely:

1. The Nebular Hypothesis


The process of how the Earth and our Solar System came about has long been a
matter of debate among scientists. Many thoughts have been put forward to explain
the occurrence of the planets that inhabit our Solar System. One of them is a shared
idea between three scientists, namely, Immanuel Kant, Pierre Marquis de Laplace.
So that we can better appreciate and understand the properties contained in it and
Helmholtz, is who thinks there is a star in the form of a giant fog with a temperature
that is not too hot because of its very scattered distribution. This object which he later
called the origin of the SUN, he described as an object with a diameter of 2 billion
miles that is in a rotating state. This movement causes the Sun to continuously lose its
energy power and eventually shrink. As a result of the shrinking process, it will spin
even faster. In a situation like this, then at the equator the speed will increase and
cause centrifugal force to occur. This force will eventually outweigh the pull of its
gravity, which initially compensates for it, and causes some of the material coming
from the Sun to be flung out. The materials that are thrown away are then on their
way also rotating to follow their parent, and will also shrink and form a number of
planets.
2. The Planetical Hypothesis
Because it turns out that there are still some problems related to events in the Solar
System that this theory cannot explain, other new theories have emerged which try to
provide a more perfect picture. One of them is what is known as the Planetheal theory
which was coined by Thomas C. Chamberlin and Forest R. Moulton. This theory
suggests the existence of a large star that infiltrates and approaches the sun. As a
result of this phenomenon, part of the material that makes up the Sun will be torn
apart and ripped from its circulation. They argue that our earth was formed from this
ripped material which then separated from the Sun. After that there were other
theories that also tried to explain the occurrence of the planets orbiting the Sun. But
apparently all of it is more focused on the formation of the planets themselves without
caring about how the Sun itself was actually formed.
3. The Star Tides Hypothesis
The tidal star hypothesis was first put forward by James Jeans in 1917. Planets are
thought to be formed because of the approach of other stars to the sun. The near-
collision caused a large amount of material to be attracted from the sun and other stars
by their tidal forces, which then condensed into planets. But astronomer Harold
Jeffreys in 1929 denied that such a collision was nearly impossible. Likewise the
astronomer Henry Norris Russell raised his objection to this hypothesis.
4. The Twin Stars Hypothesis
The twin star hypothesis was originally put forward by Fred Hoyle (1915-2001) in
1956. The hypothesis suggests that our Solar System used to be two stars of almost
the same size and close together, one of which exploded leaving small pieces. The
debris was trapped by the star's unexploded gravity and began to surround it.

STRUCTURE OF EARTH
a. Crust
The earth's crust is derived from rocks consisting of various types of minerals. Rocks can be
grouped into three basic types, namely volcanic rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic
rocks.
1) Volcanic rock (literally means rock resulting from fire). It was once a very hot melt,
which then solidified on the earth's surface, like basalt. These rocks are the origin of various
rocks in the earth's crust. Volcanic rocks are also known as igneous rocks.
2) Sedimentary rock comes from various grains of rock that move and spread due to the
influence of wind, water, or other causes. These rocks are located on land or sea floor, which
gradually overlap and stick together. Sedimentary rocks form several layers that vary in
thickness, ranging from a few centimeters to thousands of meters. These layers make up most
of the layers of the Earth's crust. The most important of these rocks are sandstone, limestone
and shale.
3) Metamorphic rocks are formed from volcanic rock and sedimentary rocks that have
changed over the centuries. Various factors that play a role in the process of metamorphism
or the formation of deformed rocks are pressure, heat, the presence of water, and various
chemical changes and the length of processing time. The original rock particles changed into
various new arrangements. In this way, new minerals can be created. Sometimes rocks
change shape still showing their original properties, and sometimes they can form completely
new rocks. Examples of metamorphic rocks include marble, slate, and granite gneiss. Marble
comes from limestone, slate from shale, while gneiss is granite from various granites.
The top layer of the earth's crust in land areas is usually covered with soil. Soil
consists of rock particles that contain lots of organic substances that come from the decay of
ancient living things. Soil supports plant life on earth as well as animals because animal food,
either directly or indirectly, comes from plants.

b. Earth Cross Section and Layers


After the Earth was formed from the mass of gas as suggested by the hypothesis about
the formation of the earth, it gradually underwent a cooling process so that the outer part
became hard. The inside is still in the form of a hot, soft mass of matter.
During the cooling process that lasted for millions of years, the substances that made
up the earth consisted of various types of chemical and physical properties that had separated
themselves according to the differences in these properties. The results of research on the
physicality of the earth show that the rocks that make up the earth from the earth's crust to the
earth's core have different mineral compositions and chemical elements.
Basically, Planet Earth has the following main structure.
1) lithosphere (rock layers forming the crust)
The lithosphere comes from the word lithos meaning stone and sphere (sphaira) means sphere
(layer). Thus, the lithosphere is defined as the rock layers that make up the earth's crust. In
another sense, the lithosphere is the top layer of the earth with a thickness of approximately
66 km, composed of rocks that make up the earth's crust. Because it is the hardest part like
the crust, it is also called the earth's crust.
2) Asthenosphere (Sheath or Mantle)
The asthenosphere is a layer located below the lithosphere with a thickness of about 2,900 km
in the form of viscous and incandescent liquid material with a temperature of about 3,000° C.
The asthenosphere is a mixture of various materials that are liquid, solid, and gas with high
temperatures.
3) Barisphere (Earth's Core Layer)
Barisphere is the core layer of the earth which is the innermost part of the earth composed of
the Nife layer (Niccolum or nickel and ferrum or iron). This layer can also be divided into
two parts, namely the outer core and the inner core.
a) Outer Core is the core of the earth that is on the outside. The thickness of the layer reaches
2,200 km, composed of iron and nickel which are liquid, thick, and hot with a temperature of
about 3,900° C.
b) Inner Core is the core of the earth in the inner layer with a thickness of about 2,500 km.
The inner core is composed of iron and nickel at a very high temperature, which is about
4,800 ° C, but remains in a solid state with a density of about 10 grams / cm3.

REFERENCES:
Noor, Djauhari. (2009). Pengantar Geologi. Bogor: Program Studi Teknik Geologi.
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Pakuan.

Hartono. 2007. Geografi 1 Jelajah Bumi dan Alam Semesta. Jakarta: CV Citra Praya

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