Lectuer-5

Database Design and

Applications
BITS Pilani Ashish Narang
Pilani Campus
 BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

First Semester

2020-21
Contents

• Introduction to SQL

• Features of SQL

• DDL Statements

• DML Statements

• Basic Retrieval Queries

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Introduction to SQL

• SQL was initially called as SEQUEL.

• It was designed at IBM labs. //R systems

• Later on, acronym SEQUEL was changed to SQL.

• Popular commercial query language for relational databases.

• Joint effort of ISO and ANSI led to standardization of SQL.

• All relational DBMS like Oracle, MySQL, IBMs DB2 support

SQL.

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Contd..

• SQL is a high-level declarative language to specify data

retrieval requests for data stored in relational databases.

• SQL is relationally complete.

• SQL is a standard and many vendors implement it in their own

way without deviating from the standard specifications.

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Features of SQL

1. DDL (Data Definition Language) Set of commands to support creation,

deletion and modification of table structures and views.
2. DML (Data Manipulation Language) Set of commands to pose queries, insert
new tuples, and update/delete existing tuples.
3. Embedded SQL: Allows users to call SQL code from host languages like C, C++
& Java.
4. Triggers: Actions executed by the DBMS whenever changes to the database meet
specified conditions.
5. Transaction Management: to perform roll-back / commit actions.
6. Indexes: Indexes can be created to speed up the access to data stored in DB.

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Create Table Command

It creates a new table and its columns.

Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table-name (
column-name datatype [column constraint]
[, column-name datatype [column constraint]
……….]
[,table constraint] ) ;

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Contd..

CREATE TABLE EMP (

Fname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
Minit VARCHAR(30),
Lname VARCHAR(30),
Ssn CHAR(9),
Bdate DATE,
Address VARCHAR (100),
Gender CHAR(1),
Salary DECIMAL(10,2), NOT NULL,
Super_ssn CHAR(9) NOT NULL,
Dno INTEGER NOT NULL
PRIMARY KEY(Ssn));

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Specifying Constraints in SQL

• Basic constraints can be specified in SQL as part of table

creation.

• It includes

-Key constraints

-Referential integrity constraints

-Restrictions on attribute domains and NULLs

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Specifying Attribute Constraints
and Attribute Defaults
• A constraint NOT NULL can be specified if NULL is not permitted
for a particular attribute.

• It is also possible to define a default value for an attribute by

appending the clause DEFAULT <value> to an attribute definition.
CREATE TABLE EMP
(...,
Dno INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,

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Contd..

• Another type of constraint can restrict attribute or domain

values using CHECK clause following an attribute.
• Example
CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT
(...,
Dno INT NOT NULL CHECK(Dno>0 AND
Dno<21);

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Specifying Key and Referential
Integrity Constraints
• The PRIMARY KEY clause specifies one or more attributes
that make up the primary key of a relation. If a primary key
has single attribute, the clause can follow attribute directly.
• Example
CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT
(...,
Dno INT Primary Key;

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Contd..

• Referential integrity constraint is specified using FOREGIN KEY

clause.
• Example
CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE
(...,
Dno INT NOT NULL,
FOREIGN KEY(Dno) REFERENCES
DEPARTMENT(Dnumber));

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Contd..

Schema of a Company Database

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Populated Company Database

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Insert Command

• Insert is used to add a single tuple to a relation.

• We must specify relation name and list of values for the tuple.
• The values should be listed in the same order in which the
corresponding attributes were specified in the CREATE
TABLE command.
• Example
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE
VALUES (‘Richard’,‘K’, ‘Marini’, ‘653298653’,
‘1962-12-30’, ‘98 Oak Forest, Kat,TX’,
‘M’, 37000, ‘653298653’,4);

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Contd..

• Another way to write insert query.

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(Fname, Lname, Dno, Ssn)

Values (‘Richard’, ‘Marini’, 4,
‘653298653’)

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Delete Command

• Delete is used to remove tuples from a relation.

• Depending on the number of tuples selected by the condition
in the Where clause, Zero, one or more tuples can be deleted
by single delete command
Example 1:
DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Lname=‘Brown’;
Example 2:
DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Dno=5;

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Update Command

• Update command is used to modify attribute values of one or

more selected tuples.
• Where clause selects the tuples to be modified.
Example 1:
UPDATE EMPLOYEE
SET Lname=‘Brown’;
WHERE Ssn=‘123456789’;
Example 2:
UPDATE EMPLOYEE
SET Salary=salary*1.1
WHERE Dno=5;

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Basic Queries in SQL

• Basic form of the SQL SELECT statement is called a mapping

or a SELECT-FROM-WHERE block

SELECT <attribute list>

FROM <table list>
WHERE <condition> ;

– <attribute list> is a list of attribute names whose values are to be

retrieved by the query
– <table list> is a list of the relation names required to process the
query
– <condition> is a conditional (Boolean) expression that identifies
the tuples to be retrieved by the query

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USE OF *

• To retrieve all the attribute values of the selected tuples, a * is

used, which stands for all the attributes
Examples:

SELECT *
FROM EMP

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UNSPECIFIED WHERE-Clause

• A missing WHERE-clause indicates no condition; hence, all

tuples of the relations in the FROM-clause are selected
– This is equivalent to the condition WHERE TRUE

• Query: Retrieve the Ssn values for all employees.

SELECT Ssn
FROM EMP ;

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Simple SQL Queries

• Example of a simple query on one relation

Query: Retrieve the birthdate and Address of the employee

whose name is 'John B. Smith'.

SELECT Bdate, Address

FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Fname='John' AND Minit='B’
AND Lname='Smith’ ;

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USE OF DISTINCT

• SQL does not treat a relation as a set; duplicate tuples can

appear
• To eliminate duplicate tuples in a query result, the keyword
DISTINCT is used
• For example, the result of Q1 may have duplicate Salary
values whereas Q1A does not have any duplicate values

Q1: SELECT Salary

FROM EMP ;

Q1A: SELECT DISTINCT Salary

FROM EMP ;

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USE OF LIKE

• LIKE operator can be used for string pattern matching.

Example 1: Retrieve all employees whose address is in
Houston, Texas.
SELECT Fname,Lname
FROM EMP
WHERE Address like ‘%Houston,TX%’;
Example 2: Find all employees who were born during 1950
SELECT Fname,Lname
FROM EMP
WHERE Bdate like ‘_ _ 5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _’;

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USE OF BETWEEN

• BETWEEN operator can be used to check a value in a interval.

Example: Retrieve all employees in department 5 whose salary
is between 30,000 and 40,000.
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE (salary BETWEEN 30000 AND 40000)
AND Dno=5;

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USE OF ORDER BY

• SQL allows the user to order the tuples in a result of a query

by the values of one or more attributes that appear in query
result.
Example: Retrieve all employees in department 5 order by first
name
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE Dno=5
ORDER BY Fname;
• DESC clause can be used to reverse the order

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