Phra Rangson Suwan & Desh Vikas ISSN 2394 -1782

Dr. M. Trimurthi Rao RNI: APENG/2014/57359

Impact Factor: 2.2376
Volume: 7 Issue:2 July - September 2020

Social Welfare Programmes for Elderly People by

Department of Local Administration in Thailand
1 2
Phra Rangson Suwan and Dr. M. Trimurthi Rao
1
Ph.D. Research Scholar, Dept. of Sociology & Social Work, Acharya
Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Email: rangson.suwan@gmail.com
2
Associate Professor, Dept. of Sociology & Social Work, Acharya Nagarjuna
University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: trimurthianu@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Department of Local Administration (DLA) is the new governmental
agency established within the Ministry of Interior in Thailand. DLA
provides social welfare for elderly people by promoting social welfare
policies, actions, and programmes through Local Administrative
Organizations (LAOs). LAOs perform the important key to help elderly
people. LAOs always combine local resources, local wisdom, local
organizations, local community, and local people to launch social welfare
programmes for fulfilling elderly people’s needs. By integrating social
mechanisms such as social networks, community welfare centers, and
community learning centers, LAOs drive social welfare in local areas. To
reach the living standard of elderly people, LAOs integrate the related
units such as hospital, health station, social department, and human
security for working on social welfare.

LAOs in many provinces have managed various activities about health

service centers, home health services, and social welfare funds for elderly
people. LAOs have strengthened social development and social welfare for
elderly people. In local areas, LAOs, NGOs, community, and family have
served social welfare programmes for elderly people to deal with their
circumstances. According to many educators, activists, and social workers,
DLA has launched various social welfare programmes to bring well-being
for elderly people through LAOs in Thailand.

Key words: Department of Local Administration, Elderly People, Local

Administrative Organizations, Social Welfare Programmes

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Introduction
Department of Local Administration (DLA) promotes social development and
social welfare through Local Administrative Organizations (LAOs) for elderly
people in Thailand. Social welfare is distributed the needs for elderly people.
For example, the elderly informal workers have been affected by inequality,
policies, laws, and regulations, etc. To study these effects, it is leading to
understand how to reduce social disparity in informal workplaces in Thailand
(Senanuch & Suntonanantachai, 2018)1. The social disparity of social welfare
systems has been classified to three dimensions: (i) social welfare dimension;
(ii) human dignity dimension; and (iii) economic dimension. The highest level
of the social disparity in Thailand is on economic dimension. The common
goal of social welfare centers on economic dimension such as how to increase
more incomes, more savings, and more investments for elderly people. Social
welfare, however, should cooperate within the four parts: (i) LAOs; (ii) Non-
Governmental Organizations (NGOs); (iii) community; and (iv) family. To
achieve the common goal, social development, and social welfare, it should be
gathered by the six themes: (i) engaging the valuable local environments; (ii)
getting the local wisdoms; (iii) producing the occupations; (iv) generating the
incomes; (v) reaching the health cares; (vi) communicating within
organizations and with others professionally. In Thailand, elderly people
comprise nearly twenty percent of Thai population in 2020 as shown in Table 1.

Table 1
Thai population approximately within 30 years (2010-2040)
Population (Million people) Percent (%)
Year 0-14 15-59 Y > 60 Y Total 0-14 Y 15-59 Y > 60 Y Total
Y
2010 12.6 42.7 8.4 63.7 19.8 67.0 13.2 100
2020 11.0 42.2 12.6 65.9 16.8 64.1 19.1 100
2030 9.8 38.7 17.5 66.1 14.8 58.6 26.6 100
2040 8.1 35.1 20.5 63.8 12.8 55.1 32.1 100
Note: Adapted from The Office of the National Economic and Social Development
Council, 2013
By the “Act of Thailand Decentralization” in 1999, LAOs are charged to
improve the quality of life for elderly people (Amornsiriphong, 2017)2. Many
missions are transferred from central government and ministries to LAOs for
developing the local areas that are covered with infrastructure work, public
health, education, etc. Social welfare and social work are viewed as the social
welfare model from LAOs. Government officers, budgeting constraint, and

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knowledge constraint act as the important keys on developing the quality of

life and well-being for elderly people. Social welfare for elderly people can be
separated in two types: (i) social welfare that provided by LAOs; and (ii)
another that provided by NGOs, community, and family.

Literature Review
In Thailand, Thai society will become an ageing society in 2020. Working
under Department of Local Administration (DLA), Local Administrative
Organizations (LAOs) launch social welfare for elderly people in the ageing
society. Elderly people confront the changing of their physical and
physiology; it degrades the quality of elderly people’s life. To help elderly
people, LAOs in Pathumthani Province have launched social welfare based on
elderly people’s needs. By setting center, “Social Welfare Development
Center” brings social welfare activities to improve the quality of elderly
people’s life (Charoensuksiri, K. & Charoensuksiri, S. 2017)3.Thecenter
convinces elderly people to participate in appropriating activities and receive
in health care programmes. After elderly people join activities with the center,
they can learn to deal with the health-related quality of life in mobility, self-
care, usual activities, pain or discomfort, and anxiety or depression effectively.
They can do their activities of daily living better than the past.

Social welfare has been studied and investigated on the quality of LAOs in
Petchaburi Province. By using content analysis, the data are collected by
surveying, interviewing, and organizing from focus group discussion
(Sapnawin, Watkaew, Kimwangtago, & Pannoi, 2018)4.On social welfare for
helping elderly people, the results report the six aspects: (i) The elderly club
by the coordination of village taskforce should have the leader in the village
and sub-district for organizing activities; (ii) The relevant groups,
organizations, and offices should support essential resources for organizing
activities; (iii) The activities in the villages should be held more than once a
month and the activities for elderly people should apply knowledge and skills
that they can use in daily life; (iv) Elderly people should share their
experiences with others in the meeting; (v) The activities in sub-district level
should be held at least once a month and in provincial level at least once a
year; (vi) The taskforce for raising funds should be established in the elderly
clubs for organizing their projects and activities.

Social welfare systems provide for the elderly labors in Thailand. In informal
sectors, social welfare system has improved elderly labors’ life

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(Amornsiriphong & Wangkanond, 2017)5. In the special economic zone,

social inequality can be reduced by many tiers of social welfare accessibility.
Elderly labors need social welfare at the high level of priority need index,
especially in the economic aspect. For example, the “ELDERFARE” model
has followed within the important concepts: E (Elderly Centers); L (Local
Administrative Organizations); D (Doctors and Public Health Care Systems);
E (Enterprise and Investors’ Responsibility); R (Rights of Community); F
(Family Link); A (Agricultural Contribution); R (Rural Community
Exploitation); and E (Economic Concern).

Social welfare is a type of services to support for elderly people. Social

welfare is studied by many scholars in Thailand. Social welfare has been
analyzed within welfare inequality, policies, and laws on how to decrease
social inequality for ageing and how to develop social welfare systems for
ageing (Durongrittichai, Kungthamniem, & Jampated, 2018)6. Social welfare
has been studied from four districts: (i) Huagnom District in Chiang Rai
Province; (ii) Sungnean District in Nakhon Ratchasima Province; (iii) Namtal
District in Singburi Province; and (iv) Khuntale District in Nakhon
Srithammarat Province. When the results show most of elderly people get
incomes below the poor lines, they access to social welfare services and
lawsuit helping.

Objectives of the Study

1. To study Department of Local Administration (DLA) in Thailand
2. To study social welfare programmes for elderly people by Department
of Local Administration (DLA) in Thailand

Department of Local Administration (DLA) in Thailand

Department of Local Administration (DLA) is the new governmental agency
established within the Ministry of Interior in Thailand (Department of Local
Administration, 2020)7. The responsibility of DLA is to promote and support
the working of Local Administrative Organizations (LAOs). Through the
development and series of advices on the local development plan, personnel
administration, finance, and administration, DLA empowers the capacity and
efficiency of LAOs on public service provision. The structure, roles and
functions of DLA have been specified in the Ministerial Regulation on the
Organization of DLA, Ministry of Interior, B.E. 2551 (in 2008)as follows: (i)
Develop the system, organization, and structure of LAOs; (ii) Promote and

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support in formulating, cooperating, integrating the local plan, as well as

design the system in monitoring and evaluating implementation of local
development plan; and (iii) Enact, revise, and amend the laws and regulations
related LAOs—and LAOs can carry out the roles and functions. Later in year
2016, Ministerial Regulation on the Organization of DLA, Ministry of
Interior, B.E. 2559 (in 2016) was enacted. The Division of Strategy and
Planning was established in order to be responsible for DLA’s planning and
budgeting of DLA which had been one of the Office of Secretary’s missions.
The roles and functions of the Office of Secretary were also adapted in
accordance with the Division of Strategy and Planning’s establishment. The
organizational structure of DLA is shown in Table 2.

Table 2
The structure of Department of Local Administration and Local Administrative
Organizations in Thailand
Department of Local Administration Local Administrative Organizations
(DLA) (LAOs)
Sub-agencies Unit Organizations Unit
Provincial Administrative
Bureau 4 76
Organizations (PAOs)
Internal Bureau 5 City Municipalities (CMs) 30
Division 6 Town Municipalities (TMs) 172
Group of Internal Audit 1 Sub-district Municipalities 2,208
(SMs)
Division of Administrative Sub-district Administrative
1 5,365
System Organizations (SAOs)
Bangkok Metropolitan
Provincial Office 1
76 Administration (BMA)
for Local Administration
City of Pattaya 1
Total 93 Total 7,853
Note: Adapted from Department of Local Administration, 2020

LAOs enhance people’s livelihood in local areas. LAOs’ responsibility is to

improve the standard of living and quality of life for people in Thailand
(Department of Local Administration, 2020)8. LAOs have normally the six
aspects as follows:

1) “Health, sanitation, and nutrition” including life expectancy, disease-

free society, nutritious, and public health administration;

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2) “Education” providing information on learning process, fundamental

knowledge and skills as well as access to the educational service and
qualification;
3) “Working life” involving work environment, employment, salary
satisfaction, and social insurance;
4) “Economic growth” operating income distribution, and social welfare
as an important tool to achieve high standard of living;
5) “Environment and safety “protecting environmental surrounding and
health along with security of life and property; and
6) “Civil state” strengthening the relationship between state and people,
promoting public participation, and utilizing human resources.

LAOs launch social welfare programmes for elderly people. For example,
LAOs provide the accessibility of public services and transportation for
elderly people. However, LAOs should promote public participation in
different ways: (i) the local council’s meetings; (ii) the inspection committee
of projects; and (iii) the increasing transparency. LAOs should consequently
create the sense of belonging to the community and encourage the collective
consciousness for elderly people in Thai community.

Social Welfare Programmes for Elderly People by Department of Local

Administration (DLA) in Thailand
Social welfare is the main concept by Department of Local Administration
(DLA) in Thailand. Social welfare has been analyzed by numerous studies for
enacting laws related with social welfare (Limsakul, 2015)9. The concept of
international agreements and law have been compared with the essence related
to social welfare for all human life. It needs to improve social welfare
legislation and provide links related with legal system. The social welfare
legislation of Thailand and international can be compared within ten issues: (i)
the intent of the law on social welfare; (ii) the structure of the committee on
social welfare; (iii) the national and local levels; (iv) the authority of the
committee on social welfare at the national and local levels; (v) the
implementation of organization and the authority of the state; (vi) the target of
clients; (viii) the social welfare funds; (ix) the monitoring on the committee’s
work for social welfare; (x) the participation of people in social welfare law.
Therefore, the law enforcement should focus on social welfare within local
and national levels for elderly people in Thailand.

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Social welfare gives the essential services for elderly people in Thailand.
Social welfare eliminates the gap between an obtaining and an access to social
welfare services for families with elderly people; it also supports the needs for
families with elderly people (Aksornprom & Rungrojwanich, 2018)10. There
are the high rates of elderly people in Chiang Rai, Ubon Ratchathani, Supan
Buri, and Nakhon Srithammarat Provinces. In these provinces, elderly people
and caregivers have argued on social welfare within two viewpoints. First
viewpoint is on the information of social welfare for families with elderly
people; another is on the needs of social welfare for families with elderly
people. Elderly people and their families want to get more social welfare
services than the past. They ask for more social welfare services such as the
following: (i) value-added tax exemption; (ii) income tax concession; (iii) fund
assistance; (iv) database; (v) occupational enhancement; (vi) the home visit
from officers; (vii) elderly health cares; (viii) center for elderly equipment
loan; (ix) 24 hours emergency vehicle; (x) assistance center for caregivers; and
(xi) funding for cultural activity for elderly people and caregivers. Elderly
people also want to be understood, listened, and respected by members in their
families.
Social welfare is examined by many scholars in Thailand. The examination of
social welfare is on two objectives: (i) developing the integrated network for
the community welfare funds at the district level; (ii) synthesizing the lessons
obtained through the welfare policies at the district level (Jinagool,
Intaraprasert, & Polnigongit, 2010)11. For example, Phimai District in Nakhon
Ratchasima Province has 12 sub-districts and 226 villages. All communities
have their organizations and welfare funds. The community welfare funds are
depended on the key personnel, the decision-making, and the procedures of
the coordinating center. At the district level, the community welfare funds are
established and linked with the information center as the network integration.
At the sub-district level, the community welfare funds have encouraged and
helping elderly people to eliminate their circumstances.

“Social Welfare Development Center” pushes the social support programme

for helping elderly people to reduce loneliness (Prakatanung, Kangchai, &
Rattanajarana, 2017)12. This programme creates benefits for elderly people in
two concepts: (i) to create good relationship and empower interpersonal
learning; (ii) to support on many social programmes such as social attachment,
social opened mind, social integration, social nurturance, etc. In the study,

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participants are chosen by a simple random sample of twenty-four elderly

people and twelve are randomly assigned within the experimental group and
the control group. While the control group receives the usual care, the
experimental group receives the social support programme by using group
process. The results show that the loneliness mean score of the experimental
group was significantly different from those in the control group. At post-test
and at follow up period in the experimental group, the loneliness means scores
are lower than at pre-test and lower than the control group. These results
indicate that the social support programme by using group process can reduce
the feeling of loneliness within elderly people.

Local Administrative Organizations (LAOs) support social welfare services

for elderly people in Thailand. LAOs perform as the important key to help
elderly people. LAOs set social welfare on elderly people’s concepts and
policies (Thiangtham, 2016)13. Social welfare for elderly people is the
following: (i) supporting by government and central official sections on social
welfare administration; (ii) getting the national savings fund; (iii) having
LAOs to work with local community; (iv) promoting the good attitude and
essential understanding for elderly living; and (v) bringing the good attitude
towards elderly people’s families.

LAOs in Nakhon Sawan Province launch social welfare for elderly people.
The study investigates social welfare for elderly people within three
viewpoints: (i) the models of the social welfare management; (ii) the problems
of the social welfare management; and (iii) the improvement of the social
welfare management (Jomboonrueang & Team Researchers, 2013)14. The
researchers find the following: (i) The models of social welfare management
for elderly people are provided by government and local people; (ii) The
problems of the social welfare management for elderly people are lacking
from the public health officers, the attention of family, and learning activities;
(iii) The improvement of the social welfare management for elderly people
should include the annual comprehensive medical examination and the
continuous health care programmes.

LAOs in Phetchaburi Province set the model of social welfare for elderly
people (Subnawin, Watkaew, Kimwangtago, & Pannoi, 2019)15. The study
claims the social welfare model for elderly people from LAOs that should
consist of the six aspects: (i) The coordination of village taskforce should have

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the leader for organizing activities within the elderly club in village and sub-
district; (ii) The relevant groups, organizations, and offices should support
essential resources for organizing activities; (iii) The activities in the villages
should be held more than once a month and elderly people should learn
knowledge and skills for practicing in daily life; (iv) Elderly people should
share their experiences with others in the meeting; (v) The activities in sub-
district level should be held at least once a month and in provincial level at
least once a year; (vi) The taskforce for raising funds should be established in
elderly club.

LAOs set the local development system and the social welfare management
for elderly people (Onbun, 2016)16. To create the local development system,
the social welfare management is participative management for elderly people
as the following: (i) Local development system convinces elderly people
coming to share ideas, take knowledge, make a decision, and manage within
their local community; (ii) The social welfare management allows the local
leaders to manage social welfare for providing professional, healthcare clinic,
and medicine; (iii) The participative management gives information for
volunteers to become the professional volunteers and managers; (4) The social
welfare management brings elderly people into “ASEAN Community” with
the standard of life. Then, LAOs have organized social development and
social welfare for elderly people in Thailand.

“Palai Sub-district World Café” in Sa-Kaeo Special Economic Zone, Palai

Sub-district, Sa-Kaeo Province, improves the sustainability of elderly labors in
informal sectors. Supporting by LAOs, the Café is founded as the learning-
and-skilling center for elderly labors (Amornsiriphong, 2019)17. LAOs try to
support this project, but a research finds the gap between the social welfare
accessibility and the needs of the informal elderly labors. There is the
economic gap that still leads to social inequalities, social judicial
administration, and social discrimination.

Sub-district Municipality (SM) in Siprachan District, Suphanburi Province

promotes social welfare services for elderly people. By sampling 294 elderly
people, the research examines social welfare in Siprachan District
(Raiklongkru, 2015)18. The results can identify social welfare services to five
points: (i) “Health and Medical Care” by providing healthy knowledge and
annual treatment; (ii) “Recreation” by providing several activities especially

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on significant days; (iii) “Social Security” by providing religious activity and

tradition funeral welfare; (iv) “Income” by distributing subsistence allowances
according to the law; and (v) “Residence” by providing or coordinating related
units of clothing and housing for elderly people who cannot help themselves.

Sub-district Administrative Organization (SAO) in Katong Sub-district, Yaha

District, Yala Province, launches social welfare on the health project for
elderly people (Pukdeeamnut & Likitthammarot, 2014)19. Related with social
welfare, SAOhas various projects such as income arrangement, resident
project, recreational activities project, and health promotion project for elderly
people in local areas. But the five criteria have not passed the standard for
elderly people are the following: (i) health services; (ii) social welfare income;
(iii) shelter services; (iv) recreational activities; and (v) services and network.

SAOs have achieved to raise the political morality. Based on sufficiency

economy philosophy, the moralities in SAOs can decentralize Thai
government. SAOs are well-known as “Tambon Administrative Organization
(TAOs)” (Tambon means Sub-district in Thai language). TAOs work for
improving elderly people’s life (Thanathiti, Soranastaporn, & Sangraksa,
2012)20. For elderly people with disability, TAOs have four missions: (i) to
provide social services through knowledge, attitudes, and participations; (ii) to
launch appropriate services; (iii) to have health cares and social services (at
the high level); and (iv) to support education, occupation, income, etc. (at the
low level). When TAOs have not enough budget for social welfare services,
elderly people cannot join in activities and cannot realize their rights.
Therefore, TAOs should be in readiness on providing social welfare services
for elderly people more than the past.

TAO in Na Udom Sub-district, Phon Thong District, Roi Et Province,

supports social welfare to elderly people (Pheukkalao & Phuenchomphoo,
2018)21. To examine TAO on social welfare, the results are the following: (i)
The residents receive social welfare through health and hygiene, education,
housing, income-yielding employment, and recreation; (ii) The residents
approach social welfare within gender, age, and education; and (iii) The
residents suggest that social welfare services should be improved towards
elderly people’s needs. Elderly people also want TAO to provide more
programmes e.g. the free health care programme, the sufficiency economic
programme, and the increasing-income programme.

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Conclusion
Under the Ministry of Interior, Department of Local Administration (DLA)
has supported social welfare policies, actions, and programmes for elderly
people through Local Administrative Organizations (LAOs) in Thailand.
LAOs, such as Provincial Administrative Organizations (PAOs), City
Municipalities (CMs), Town Municipalities (TMs), Sub-district Municipalities
(SMs), Sub-district Administrative Organizations (SAOs), Tambon
Administrative Organizations (TAOs), have totally 7,853 units for launching
social welfare services for elderly people in local areas. LAOs have gathered
local resources, local wisdom, local organizations, local community, and local
people for fulfilling elderly people’s needs. In many provinces, LAOs have
managed various programmes about health services centers, home health
services, and social welfare funds for elderly people. For example, “Social
Welfare Development Center” has launched social welfare programme to
reduce loneliness for elderly people. “ELDERFARE” model has reinforced the
important concepts for helping elderly labors in informal sectors through the
economic aspect. “Social Welfare Funds” have supported LAOs and elderly
people within their community. “Palai Sub-district World Café” has been
founded as the learning centre for elderly labors to improve their sustainability
in informal sectors. “Elderly Clubs” have encouraged elderly people to
organize their activities and exchange their experiences with others. “Social
Welfare Management” has strengthened elderly people to learn how to
manage social welfare in community. “Social Welfare Services” have
supported the needs for elderly people and families - including the funds for
elderly people and caregivers. Then, DLA has strengthened social
development and social welfare programmes for elderly people by numerous
ways in Thailand.

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