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The Periodic Table (PT)

The periodic table is a tabular arrangement such that the columns contain elements with
electronically similar atoms.

The rows of the periodic table are called periods while the vertical columns are called groups.

There are 7 periods and 8 groups.

Some special groups

Group I or alkali metals

This consists of the elements, H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr; except hydrogen, these elements are
highly metallic in character

Group II or alkaline earth metals.

This consists of the elements, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Ra. All these elements are metals but
their metallic character is less than that of group 1.

Group VII or halogens

This consists of elements, F, Cl, Br, I and At. All these elements are nonmetals.

Group VIII or noble elements, inert elements or zero elements

Consists of the elements, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn. and are all gaseous elements at room
temperature.

Summary
The extreme left end of the periodic table consists of metals with exception of hydrogen; the
extreme right end consists of non-metals. The middle part of the periodic table consists of semi-
metals or metalloids.

.
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Trends in physical properties of elements in the periodic table
1. The nonmetallic character increases from left to the right of the periodic table.

2. atomic size decrease from left to the right due to increase in nuclear attraction.

3. Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom to
form positively charged gaseous ion. Ionization energy increases across the period and
for this reason metal atoms easily lose electron whereas nonmetal atoms do not.
Generally metals react by loss of electrons forming positive ions whereas nonmetals
react by gaining electron forming negative ion.

Bonding

A bond is the force of attraction that binds the atoms within a molecule.

There are four types of chemical bonding namely: -

1. Ionic (electrovalent) bonding.
2. Covalent bonding.
(a) Normal covalent bonding.
(b) Dative (coordinate) bonding.
3. Metallic bonding.
4. Van der Waals forces

Elements react to attain stable (doublet or octet) electronic configurations of the noble gases.

Ionic bonding
It is usually formed between metal and non-metals
This involves transfer of one or more electrons from one atom (metal) to another (nonmetal), e.g.

Na → Na+ + e-
(2:8:1) (2:8)

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 Cl + e- → Cl-
(2:8:7) (2:8:8)

Or

By losing one electron, sodium atom achieves the stable electronic structure (similar to that of neon)
while addition of an electron to a chlorine atom makes it achieve a stable electronic configuration
(similar to that of argon).

It is the electrostatic attraction resulting from the opposite charges that constitute the ionic or
electrovalent bond between Na+ and Cl- ions in sodium chloride.

Characteristic properties of ionic compounds

1. They consist of ions and not molecules.
2. They are electrolytes, i.e., when dissolved in water or when fused, conduct an electric current and
decompose into constituent ions.
3. They are solids of high melting points.
4. They are insoluble in organic solvents but many of them are soluble in water.

Covalent bonding
This is divided into two types, namely, the normal covalent bond and the dative or a coordinate bond.

(a) The normal covalent bonding

This involves sharing of one or more pairs of electrons to attain stable electron configurations
similar to those of noble gases. Considering a chlorine atom, which has seven electrons in its
outermost shell, if one electron is provided by each atom and shared equally, then each chlorine
atom can acquire a complete octet configuration as it forms a chlorine molecule. The shared pair of
electrons constitutes a covalent bond.

Characteristics of covalent compounds

a) They consist of discrete molecules.

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b) They are non-electrolytes.
c) They have low boiling and melting points.
d) They are insoluble in water and other polar solvents but soluble in organic or non polar solvents.

(b) Dative or coordinate bonding

The dative bond is like a covalent bond once formed except that both electrons in the shared pair
are provided by one atom. The atom providing the two electrons is called the donor and the atom
which accepts the two electrons is the acceptor. The donor atom must have an unshared pair of
electrons available and such a pair of electrons is called a lone pair. An example is reaction of
ammonia with H+ or AlCl3. By reacting with ammonia, H+ attains doublet structure of helium whereas
Al3+ attains an octet configuration of argon.

Metallic bond
Arrangement of ions and delocalized electrons in metals. Pure metals are made up of
atoms, all of the same kind; each atom losses its valence electrons and becomes a positive
ion. The lost electrons are free to move and they are called delocalized electrons.

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A metal therefore consists of positively charged atoms surrounded by its valence electrons,
which are free to move about within the solid. The free or delocalized electrons attract the
positively charged ions thus binding them together equally and stronger. At the same time
the positively charged ions attract the delocalized electrons preventing them from
dispersing, resulting into a metallic bond. These electrostatic attractions bind the entire
crystal as a single unit. This is illustrated below:

Properties of metals
1) They conduct electricity due to the presence of delocalized electrons. When the voltage
is applied across the metal, the delocalized electrons are able to move freely through
the structured conducting an electric current.
2) Metals generally have high densities because the ions are closely packed in the lattice.
3) They usually have high melting and boiling points due to the strong attraction between
the positive metal ions and the delocalized electrons. Most non-metals have low
melting points and boiling points.
4) They are malleable and ductile.

Malleable: means that metals can be harmed into different shapes

Ductile: means that the metals can be pulled out into thin wires. Unlike those in diamond,
the bonds are not rigid but are still strong. If a force is applied to a metal, rows of ions can
slide over one another. They reposition themselves and the strong bonds reform.

Molecular or van der Waals bond

These are intermolecular forces which occur between non polar molecules as a result of momentarily
induced dipoles in neighboring molecules. These are a weaker type of bonding whose magnitude
increase with size or mass of the molecules. The melting points of hydrides of group 5 elements from
phosphorus and the boiling points of halogens from chlorine to iodine all increase down the group due
to increase in molecular mass.

Van der Waals forces are weak forces the reason why substances bound by these forces like iodine have
low melting and boiling points. In fact, iodine sublimes at room temperature.

Giant atomic structure

Also called giant molecular structures. Examples are diamond and graphite (both comprising of carbon
atoms only), silicon dioxide (silicon IV oxide)

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Giant ionic structures consist of many oppositely charged ions held together by electrostatic force of
attraction e.g. Sodium chloride. In sodium chloride each sodium ion has six equidistant chloride ions
around it and arranged octahedrally as shown above.

Substances with giant ionic structures have high melting points because a large amount of energy is
needed to break the structure due to strong electrostatic forces between the ions.

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Exercise
1. The full symbols of atoms of elements R, T, X, Y and Z are ,
and respectively
Which one of the following is an isotope of Y
A. R
B. T
C. X
D. Z
2. The electronic structure of an atom of an element Y is shown in the diagram

Which one of the following is the formula of an oxide of Y

A. YO
B. YO3
C. YO5
D. Y2O3
3. Which of the following is not a property of an element, R whose full symbol is
?
A. It is a non-metal
B. It forms an ion with the formula R2-
C. It forms a basic oxide
D. It is in period 3 of the periodic table
4. The atomic numbers of elements, U, V, W and X are 13, 14, 16 and 17
respectively. Which one of the elements will react with oxygen to form an ionic
compound? (Atomic number of oxygen is 8)
A. X
B. V
C. W
D. U
5. The atomic numbers of elements W, X, Y and Z are 12, 13, 15 and 19
respectively. Thich one of the elements reacts most readily with cold water
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
6. The atomic numbers of elements X and Y are 12 and 9 respectively. Which one
of the following is a property of a compound formed between X and Y?
A. It conducts electricity
B. It is soluble in organic solvent
C. It is a solid of low melting point

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 D. It has a giant molecular structure

7. The full symbol of an ion of an element is +? Which one of the following is

the number of electrons in the ion?

A. 18
B. 19
C. 20
D. 39
8. The atomic numbers of elements W, X, Y and Z are 9, 11, 18 and 20
respectively. Which one of the elements shows similar properties as an
element with atomic number 10?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
9. Element Y forms acidic oxide and reacts with hydrogen to form hydride with
the formula YH3. To which one of the following groups in the periodic table
does Y belong
A. I
B. III
C. V
D. VII
10. Which of the elements does not react with chlorine?
A. Aluminium
B. Oxygen
C. Sodium
D. Argon
11. The atomic number of element M, N, R, and T are 1, 8, 12 and 14 respectively.
The element which can form ions by either losing or gaining electron(s) is
A. M
B. N
C R
D. T
12. The atomic number and the mass number of an element X are 11 and 23
respectively. The number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom of X is
Protons Neutrons electron
A. 11 12 11
B. 12 11 11
C 11 12 12
D. 11 12 12

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13. The full symbol of an atom, Y is , and the atomic numbers of element L, M, R
and Z are 12, 13, 19 and 20 respectively. The element that can form an oxide
with similar formula to oxide of Y is
A. R
B. Z
C. M
D. L
14. The atomic numbers of elements Q, W, X and Y are 4, 9, 10 and 14 respectively.
Which elements can form positively charged ion?
A. Q
B. W
C. X
D. Y
15. The formula of a compound is Y3(PO4)2. The electronic configuration of the
atom of Y is
A. 2.8.2
B. 2.8.3
C 2.8.4
D. 2.8.5
16. The atomic numbers and mass numbers of atoms, W, X, Y and Z are shown in
the table below
Atom Atomic number Mass number
W 46 106
X 47 106
Y 47 109
Z 48 112

Which one of the following pairs of atoms are isotopes?

A. W and X
B. X and Y
C. Y and Z
D. W and Z
17 A metal Y and a non-metal M are elements in period 3 of the periodic Table.
Which one of the following statements is not true about Y and M?
A. The solution of the compound formed between Y and M conducts electricity
B. The atomic radius of M is smaller than that of Y
C. The chloride of Y is ionic while that of M is covalent
D. The oxide of M is ionic while that of Y is acidic
18. The atomic number of elements P, Q, R and T are 19,17, 14 and 6 respectively.
The pair of elements that can react to form an ionic compound is
A. Q and T
B. R and Q
C. Q and P
D. R and T

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19. The number of protons, neutrons and electrons in some particle are shown in
the table below

Particle Proton Neutron Electron

P 1 1 2
Q 2 2 2
R 3 4 2
T 4 5 4

Which one of the following particles is an anion?

A. P
B. Q
C R
D. T
20. The full symbol of an atom of an element X is . The charge on an ion of X is
A. +2
B. +1
C. -1
D. -2
21. The electronic configuration of the atom of an element X is 2.8.6. The number
of electrons in the ion commonly formed by X is
A. 14
B. 15
C. 17
D. 18
22 The atomic number of an element T is 10. T shows similar properties to an
element with atomic number
A. 14
B. 16
C. 18
d. 20
23. The electron configurations of elements W, X, Y and Z are 2.8.2, 2.8.3, 2.8.4,
and 2.8.5 respectively. Which of the following pair of elements are non-
metals?
A. Y and Z
B. Y and X
C. W and Y
D. W and X
24. The atom which is isotopic with an element whose full symbol is is
A.
B.
C.
D.

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25 The atomic numbers of elements A and Y are 9 and 11 respectively. Which one
of the following properties is shown by the compound formed when X
combines with Y?
A. It is non-conductor of electricity
B. It has high melting point
C. It is insoluble in water
D. It is a gas at room temperature
26 The number of protons, neutrons, electrons in some particles are shown in the
table below
Particle Protons Neutrons electrons
P 1 1 2
Q 2 2 2
R 3 4 2
T 4 5 4
Which one of the following particles represent a cation?
A. T
B. R
C. Q
D. P
27 The formula of the chloride of metal M is MCl3. The formula of sulphate of M is
A. MSO4
B. M2SO4
C. M2(SO4)3
D. M3(SO4)2
28 Element X reacts with chlorine to form a compound with formula XCl4. The
formula of the oxide of X is
A. X2O
B. XO
C. XO4
D. XO2
29. The atomic number of elements, W, X, Y and Z are 12, 14, 16 and 18
respectively. Which one of the following elements is likely to show properties
similar to an element with atomic number 10?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
30. Which one of the following is not true about an element, M with electronic
configuration of 2,8,3?
A. It conducts electricity
B. It is a metal
C. It dissolves in dilute acids to give hydrogen
D. Its valence s 1, 2, 3.

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31 The number of protons, electrons and neutrons in aluminium ion Al3+ is
Protons Electron neutrons
A. 27 27 14
B. 13 14 14
C. 13 10 14
D. 10 14 17
32. The formula of the compound formed between elements Q and L is
(Q =12, L =15)
A. Q2L3
B. Q2l5
C. Q3L2
D. QL3
33 Element M belongs to group III of the periodic table. The likely formula of its
oxide is
A. M2O
B. MO3
C. M3O2
D. M2O3
34. Which one of the following with the following atomic numbers react most
vigorously with water?
A. 2.8.1
B. 2.8.2
C. 2.8.8.1
D. 2.8.8.2
35 Isotopes of an elements have got
A. Same number of protons and neutrons
B. Same number of electrons and neutrons
C. Different number of electrons and protons
D. Same number of protons and electrons
36 Which one of the elements whose atomic numbers are given below gives
acidic oxide?
A. 2.8.1
B. 2.8.3
C. 2.8.6
D. 2.8.8.2
37 Which one of the metal atoms whose electronic structure given below forms a
nitrate of the type M(NO3)2?
A. 2.8.0
B. 2.8.1
C. 2.8.2
D. 2.8.3

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38. Which one of the following atomic number will indicate the least reactive
element?
A. 2.8.1
B. 2.8.2
C. 2.8.7
D. 2.8.8
39. The element M belong to group IV in the Periodic Table. The formula of the
oxide of metal M is
A. M4O
B. MO4
C. MO2
D M3O4

The table below shows the number of protons, electrons and neutrons of atom
R, S, T U and V. Use it to answer questions 40 to 43.
Atom No. of protons No. of electrons No. of neutrons
R 11 11 12
S 17 17 18
T 18 18 22
U 19 19 20
V 17 17 20
40 Which of the above atoms are isotopes
A. R and S
B. S and T
C. U and V
D. S and V
41. Which atoms form positive ions of the same charge?
A. R and S
B. R and U
C. U and V
D. S and V
42. Which of the above atoms belong to inert element
A. R
B. S
C. T
D. U
43 If atom R belong to element R ant atom V belong to element V, what would be
the formula of the compound formed between R and V?
A. RV
B. R2V
C. RV2
D. R2V3

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44 The electronic configuration of elements W and X are 2.8.3 and 2.6
respectively. The formula of a compound formed between M and x is
A. W3X2
B. W2X3
C. W2X
D WX2

Questions 45 to 47 consist of an assertion (statement) on the left hand side and a

reason on the right hand side.

Select

A. If both assertion and reason are true statements and the reason is a correct
explanation of the assertion.
B. If both assertion and reason are true statements and the reason is not a correct
explanation of the assertion
C. If the assertion is true but the reason is not correct statement.
D. If the assertion is not correct but the reason is a correct statement.
Instruction summarized
Assertion
A. True True and a correct explanation
B. True True but not a correct
C. True explanation
D. Incorrect Incorrect
Correct

45. Element X, atomic number 11 combines because X and Y are element

with element Z atomic number 17 to in period 3 of the
form ionic compound periodic table
46. Element X (atomic number 13) because Element X is in period
combines with element W (atomic three of the periodic
number 8) to form an ionic compound table
47. Potassium with atomic number 19 because Potassium gains one
belongs to Group 1 in the Periodic electron to form
Table potassium ion.

For question 48 to 54 one or more of the answers given may be correct. Read each question
carefully and then indicate the correct answer according to the following
A. If 1, 2, 3, only are correct
B. If 1 and 3 only are correct
C. If 2 and 4 only are correct
D. If 4 only is correct

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48. The atomic number of element Q and R are 6 and 16 respectively. Which of
the following is/are the property/properties of the compound formed
between Q and R?
1. It is very soluble in water
2. It has a high boiling point
3. It conducts electricity
4. It has a molecular structure
49. Element X (atomic number 12) combines with element W (atomic number
17) to form a compound Q. Compound Q
1. is soluble in water
2. is a solid at room temperature
3. conducts electricity in molten state
4. is soluble in organic solvent
50. On going down the group in the Periodic Table
1. Atomic number increases
2. Number of shells increase
3. Ionic radius increase
4. Non-metallic character increase
51. The electronic configuration of elements T and Q are 2.6 and 2.8.5
respectively. The formula(e) of compound(s) formed between T and Q is/are
1. Q5T2
2. Q2T3
3. Q3T2
4. Q2T5
52. The electronic configurations of elements B, D, E and F are 2:4, 2:6, 2:8:3 and
2:8:7 respectively. Which elements when reacted together will form covalent
compounds
1. B and D
2. D and E
3. B and F
4. E and F
53. The electronic structure of element P, Q, R and S are shown in the table below
Element Electronic
configuration
P 2.8.2
Q 2.8.7
R 2.8.6
S 2.8.1

Which of the following pairs of elements will combine to form ionic

compound(s)?
1. P and Q
2. P and R
3. Q and S
4. Q and R

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54. Calcium ion possesses
1. 20 protons
2. 22 electrons
3. 20 neutrons
4. 40 neutrons

Section B
55. (a) (i) Name the fundamental particles of an atom in each case (03 marks)
state the type of charge on the particle
(ii) Draw a labelled diagram to show the location of the (02marks)
particles in an atom.
(b) The full symbol of atoms of elements Q and R are and (03marks)
respectively. Write the name and number of particles in
the atoms of Q and R
(c) Name the type of bond that would be formed between
(i) Two atoms of R (½ mark)
(ii) An atom of R and an atom of Q (½ mark)
(d) (i) With the aid of diagrams describe how the bonds you have (05marks)
named in (c) are formed
(ii) State one property of the compound formed between Q and (01mark)
R
56. The atomic number of an element Q, R and T are 6, 17, and
19 respectively.
(a) Write the electron configuration of
(i) Q (½ mark)
(ii) R (½ mark)
(iii) T (½ mark)
(b) R reacted separately with Q and T to form compounds X
and Y respectively. State the type of bond that exist in
compound
(i) X (½ mark)
(ii) Y (½ mark)
(c) Identify which one of the compounds in (b) would be
soluble in
(i) Water (½ mark)
(ii) petrol (½ mark)
57. The full symbol of element A is
(a) (i) State the number of protons in X (01mark)
(ii) Write electron configuration of X (01mark)
(iii) State the group in the periodic table to which X belongs ( ½ mark)
(b) (i) Write the formula of the oxide of X (01mark)
(ii) State the type of bonding that exist in the oxide of X (01mark)

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58. Th atomic numbers of element X and Y are 7 and 20
respectively.
(a) Write the electronic configuration of the elements (2marks)
(b) State the periods in the periodic table to which X and Y (1mark)
belong
(i) X
(ii) Y
(c) Write the formula of the compound formed between X and (1mark)
Y
(d) State the type of bond in the compound formed in (c) (1 mark)
59. (a) (i) Name the fundamental particles in an atom (1 ½ mark)
(ii) With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe how the three (04 marks)
particles are located in an atom
(b) The full symbol of the atom of element is . State what (02 marks)
the numbers 16 and 32 stands for.
(c) If the full symbol of another atom is , state the
(i) Similarity and difference between the atoms of Q and R (01 mark)
(ii) Name given to the atoms of Q and R (01mark)
(d) The atomic number of element W, X and Y are 6, 12 and 17
respectively
(i) Write electronic configurations of W, X and Y (1 ½ mark)
(ii) Using the outer most shell electron only, draw to show how (01mark)
W and Y form compound.
(iii) State the type bonds formed between X and Y; W and Y. (2marks)
(iv) Identify the element that exist as a diatomic molecule. (1mark)

60. The atomic numbers and the positions of the elements A, B,

C, D, E, F, G, H and I in the periodic table are shown below

(a) Which one of the elements is a noble (an inert) gas? (½ marks)
(b) What name is given to elements in the group to which G (½ marks)
belong?
(c) Which element is likely to:
(i) React violently with chlorine (½ marks)
(ii) Form coloured compounds (½ marks)
(d) Write the formula of the
(i) Oxide of element D (01 mark)
(ii) Compound formed between element F and hydrogen (01 mark)
(e) State the type of bond that would exist in the chloride of (01 mark)
element E.

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61. The electron configuration of an element A is 2.8.3
(a) State the group in the periodic table to which A belong. (01 mark)
(b) Write the
(i) Electronic configuration of ion of A (01 mark)
(ii) Formula of the oxide of A (02 mark)
(c) State the type of bond that exists in the oxide of A (01 mark)
62. The number of particles (proton, electrons and neutrons) in
atoms Q, T, W, X, and Y are shown in the table below
Atoms Protons electrons Neutrons
Q 1 1 0
T 8 8 8
W 12 12 12
X 16 16 16
Y 1 1 1
(a) State the
(i) Atomic number of Y ( ½ mark)
(ii) Mass number of Q ( ½ mark)
(iii) Atoms which are isotopes (01 mark)
(b) Identify the atoms that belong to elements in the same (01marks)
group of the Periodic table
(c) Write the structural formula of the compound that can be (01mark)
formed when Q combines with T.
(d) (i) State one property of the compound formed between T and (01 mark)
W.
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (d)(i) above. (01mark)
63. (a) The atomic numbers of the elements, M, X and Q are 6, 11
and 17 respectively.
(i) Explain what is meant by the term atomic number (01mark)
(ii) Write the electronic structures of Q, M and X (03 marks)
(b) Q and M can each combine with X to form compounds
(i) Use valency electrons to explain briefly how the atoms M (06maks)
and X, Q and X form compounds
(ii) Write the formula of the compound formed when Q (01mark)
combines with X
(c) State two properties of compound formed between
(i) M and Q
(ii) Q and X
64. An atom of an element X contains 15 electrons and 16
neutrons
(a) (i) State the mass number of X (01mark)
(ii) Write the electronic structure of X (01mark)
(b) (i) Write the formula of a chloride of X (01mark)
(ii) State the type of bond that exist in the chloride of X. (01mark)
65. (a) An element X is in group II of the periodic table
(i) State the type of bond that exist in the chloride of X. (01mark)

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 (ii) Write the formula of the ion of X. (01mark)
(b) The nitrate of X was strongly heated
(i) State what was observed (1½ mark)
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction
66 .

(a) Using the elements in the periodic table aboe, state

(i) The most reactive metal (1mark)
(ii) The most reactive nonmetal (1mark)
(iii) The atom that forms the largest anion (1mark)
(iv) The most nonreactive element (1mark)
(b) Write the formulae of compounds formed between the
following pairs of elements and in each case state the type
of bonding
(i) W and Q (1mark)
(ii) T and V (1mark)

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1. A 11. A 21. A 31. C 41. B 51. C
2. D 12. A 22. D 32. C 42. C 52. B
3. C 13. A 23. A 33. D 43. A 53. A
4. A 14. A 24. B 34. C 44. B 54. B
5. D 15. B 25. B 35. D 45. B
6. A 16. B 26. B 36. C 46. B
7. A 17. C 27. C 37. D 47. C
8. C 18. C 28. D 38. D 48. D
9 C 19. A 29. D 39. C 49. A
10 D 19. A 30. D 40. D 50. A

55. (a) (i) Particle charge

Proton +
Electron -
Neutron 0
(ii)
xx
Nucleus proton
x

p xx
xx

x
neutron
xx

(b) Element Particle

Protons Electrons Neutrons
Q 11 11 12
R 17 17 18
(c) (i) Covalent
(ii) Ionic
(d) (i) Covalent bond is formed by sharing electrons

(ii) Ionic bond is formed by transfer of electron from Q to R; the attraction

between the opposite ions formed constitute ionic bond

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56. (a) (i) Q 2:4
(ii) R 2:8:7
(iii)T 2:8:8:1
(b) (i) Covalent
(ii) ionic
(c) (i) Y
(ii) X
57 (a) (i) 16
(ii) 2:8:6
(iii)Group 6
(b) (i) XO3
(ii) Covalent
58 (a) X 2:5
Y 2:8:8:2
(b) (i) X – period 2
(ii) Y – period 4
(c) Y3X2
(d) Ionic
59 (a) (i) Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
(ii)
xx
Nucleus proton
x

p
xx
xx

x
neutron
xx
(b) 16 – atomic number
32 - atomic mass
(c) (i) Q and R have the same number of protons and electrons but different
number of neutrons
(ii) Isotopes
(d) (i) W 2:4

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 X 2:8:2
Y 2:8:7
(ii)

compound formed by sharing

electrons

(iii) Xand Y covalent

W and Y ionx
(iv) Y
60 (a) H or I
(b) Halogeb
(c) (i) B
(ii) C
(d) (i) D2O3
(ii) H2F
(e) Covalent
61 (a) Group3
(b) (i) 2:8
(ii) A2O3
(c) Ionic
62 (a) (i) 1
(ii) 1
(iii) Q and Y
(b) T and X
(c) TQ2
(d) (i) - conducts electricity in molten and solution form
- solublein water
- has high melting point
(ii) It is ionic
63 (a) (i) Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
(ii) M 2:4
X 2:8:1
Q w:8:7
(b) (i)

compound formed by sharing

electrons

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 (c) (i) - has low melting point
- soluble in organic solvent
- non electrolyte
- insoluble in water
(ii) - Electrolyte
- Has high melting points
- Soluble in water
64 (a) (i) 15 + 16 = 31
(ii) 2:8:5
(b) (i) XCl3
(ii) Covalent bond
65 (a) (i) Ionic
(ii) X2+
(b) (i) Brown fumes and white residue
2X(NO3)2(s) heat 2XO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
66 (a) (i) Y
(ii) V
(iii) Q (has 3 electron shells)
(iv) Z
(b) (i) WQ4
(ii) T2V3

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