Fall 2018-19

Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry

Chapter 5

Coordinate Geometry of Two Dimensions

5.1 Introduction

Coordinate geometry is the study of geometry using algebraic methods. It will be assumed that the
readers are familiar about the basics of the subject. Most of the results are either revision or simple
extensions of the previous work. The reader need not be concerned with proof as this material is
presented for information and revision purposes.

5.2 Coordinate system

5.2.1 Rectangular Coordinate System

Consider a plane with two lines intersecting each other at right angles at O as shown in Fig. 5.2.1.
The horizontal line is called the x-axis and the vertical line the y-axis. The point of intersection Oof
the axes is the origin. Two axes divide the plane into four quarters. Each quarter is called a
quadrant.The quadrants are numbered from 1 to 4 as shown, in an anti-clockwise direction.
y

2nd quadrant 1st quadrant

( ,+) (+,+)
2 P
x' 2 x
O 3
Q  1th
rd
3 quadrant 4 quadrant
( ,) (+ ,)

y'
Fig.5.2.1 Rectangular coordinate system.
Measurements of distances on the axes are taken from O. On the x-axis measurements to the right
of O are positive whilst those to the left are negative. On the y-axis measurements above O are
positive, and those below O negative. The position or coordinates of a point is defined by the
ordered pair x-coordinate and its y-coordinate. In Fig. 5.2.1 the coordinates of P defined by the
ordered pair (3, 2) and Q by the ordered pair (−2, −1) .

5.2.2Distance between two points

In the right-angled triangle PQR(Fig 5.2.2),

2 2 2
PQ =PR +RQ (Pythagoras’ theorem).
PQ 2   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

Hence .
Thus the distance between any two points ( x1 , y 1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 ) is given by

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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry

y
Q ( x2 , y 2 )

( y2  y1 )

P( x1 , y1 ) ( x 2  x1 ) R
x' O
x
y'
 x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2
Distance 
.

Fig. 5.2.2

For example, the distance between the points (−3 , 5) and (1, 2) is
√(1+3)2 +(2−5 )2=√ 4 2+(−3 )2= √25=5 .
5.2.3Polar Coordinate System
In mathematics, the polar coordinate system is a two-dimensionalcoordinate system in which each
point on a plane is determined by a distance from a reference point and an angle from a reference
direction.The reference point (analogous to the origin of a Cartesian system) is called the pole, and
the ray from the pole in the reference direction is the polar axis. The distance from the pole is
called the radial coordinate or radius, and the angle is the angular coordinate, polar angle, or
azimuth.

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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry

Fig 5.2.3 Polar co-ordinate system

5.2.4 Relation between polar and Cartesian coordinate system

The polar coordinates r and ϕ can be converted to the Cartesian coordinatesx and y by using the
trigonometric functions sine and cosine: x  r cos  and y  r sin 
The Cartesian coordinates x and y can be converted to polar coordinates r and ϕ using the relations
 y
r x 2
 y 2  and   arc tan  
 x .

Fig 5.2.4A diagram illustrating the relationship between polar and Cartesian coordinates.
y
Example 1: Find the polar coordinate of (-1, -1).

Solution:
r x 2

 y2   1
2
  1  2
2

x'
O
x
 1   5
and   arc tan      arc tan  1    
 1  4 4
 5  (−1, −1)
y'
 2, 
So, the polar coordinate of (-1, -1) is  4 .
  y
 2,  
Example 2: Find the Cartesian coordinate of  4 .
 
x  r cos   2 cos     1
 4 O
Solution: and
x' x
 
y  r sin   2 sin     1
 4
(1, −1)

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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry

 
 2,   y'
So, the Cartesian coordinate of  4  is (1, -1).
5.3 CONIC SECTIONS
Circles, ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas are called conic sections or conics becausethey can be
obtained as intersections of a plane with a double-napped circular cone (Fig: 5.3). If the plane
passes through the vertex of the double-napped cone, then theintersection is a point, a pair of
intersecting lines, or a single line. These are called degenerateconic sections.

Circle Ellipse Parabola Hyperbola

Point A pair of intersecting lines A single line

Fig: 5.3 Conic sections (Ref: Calculus-Anton)
5.3.1 Parabola

A parabola is the set of all points ( x, y) that are equidistant from a fixed line (directrix) and a
y
fixed point (focus) not on the line.
The midpoint between the focus and
the directrix is the vertex, and the line d2
M P ( x, y )
passing through the focus and the vertex
is the axis of the parabola. d1
Note that a parabola is symmetric with  Focus
 x
respect to its axis. Directrix Axis
Using the definition of a parabola , we Vertex
can derive the standard form of the d1  d 2
equation of a parabola whose directrix
is parallel to the x-axis or to the y-axis
Fig: 5.3.1 Parabola

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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry
Standard Equation of a Parabola
The standard form of the equation of a parabola with vertex (0, 0) is as follows:
2
x =4 py Vertical axis
2
y =4 px Horizontal axis

Exercise

Exercise 1. A signal light on a ship with

parallel reflected light rays (see in figure1).
Suppose the parabolic reflector is 12 inches in
diameter and the light source is located at the
focus, which is 1.5 inches from the vertex.
(a)Find the equation of the parabola using the
axis of the parabola as the X-axis and vertex
at the origin.
(b) Determine depth of the parabolic
reflector.
Answer: (a) y  4 1.5 x , (b) Depth=6
2

inches.

Figure 1

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Example :

Exercise 2: A designer of a 200-feet-diameter

parabolic electromagnetic antenna for
tracking space probes wants to place the
focus 100 feet above the vertex (see the
figure2).
(a) Find the equation of the parabola using the
axis of the parabola as the Y-axis and vertex
at the origin.
(b) Determine depth of the parabolic
reflector.
Answer: (a) x  4 100 y ,(b) Depth=25 feet.
2

Figure 2

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5.3.2 Ellipse
An ellipseis the set of all points ( x, y) , the sum of whose distances from two distinct fixed points
(foci) is constant.

Fig: 5.3.2 Ellipse

The line through the foci intersects the ellipse at two points (vertices). The chord joining the
vertices is the major axis, and its midpoint is the center of the ellipse. The chord perpendicular to
the major axis at the center is the minor axis of the ellipse.

Standard Equation of an Ellipse

The standard form of the equation of an ellipse, with center (0, 0) and major and minor axis of
length 2a and 2b, where 0<b <a is
2 2
x y
+ =1
a2 b2 Major axis is horizontal
2 2
x y
+ =1
b2 a2 Major axis is vertical
2 2 2
The foci lie on the major axis, c units from the center, with c =a −b .
Example:

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Exercise 1: The semielliptical arch in the How much clearance above the water is there
concrete bridge in the figure3 must have a 5 feet from the bank?
clearance of 12 feet above the water and span
a distance of 40 feet. Find the equation of the
ellipse after inserting a coordinate system
with the center of the ellipse at the origin and
the major axis on the X-axis. The Y-axis
points up, and the X-axis points to the right.
Figure 3

x2 y2
+ 2 =1, ( x=20−5=15 , y=?), y= 175 × 144
Answer: 2
20 12
5.3.3 Hyperbola
√(
400 )
The hyperbola is the set of all points ( x, y) , the difference of whose distances from two distinct
fixed points (foci) is constant.

d d1
  
2
Focus Focus
Vertex Center Vertex

Transverse axis
d1 ~ d 2 is constant
Fig: 5.3.3 Hyperbola

Every hyperbola has two disconnected branches. The lines through two foci intersect a hyperbola at
two points (vertices). The line segment connecting the the vertices is the transverse axis, and the
midpoint of the transverse axis is the center of the hyperbola.

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Standard Equation of a Hyperbola

The standard form of the equation of a hyperbola, with center (0, 0) is

x2 y2
− =1
a2 b2 Transverse axis is horizontal
y2 x2
− =1
a 2 b2 Transverse axis is vertical
2 2 2
The vertices are a units from the center, and the foci are c units from the center, with b =c −a
. If the center is at the origin (0,0) , the equation takes one of the following forms.

Example: Two microphones, 1 mile apart, record an explosion. Microphone A receives the sound
2 seconds before microphoneB. Where was the explosion?
Solution: Assume that sound travels at 1100 feet per second, we know that the explosion took
place 2200 feet farther from B than from A, as shown in figure. The locus of all points that are
x2 y 2
2200 feet closer to A than to B is one branch of the hyperbola 2 − 2 =1, where
a b
1 mile 5280 ft 2200 ft
c= = =2640 ft and a= =1100 ft as c 2=a2+ b2
2 2 2
i.e. b 2=c 2−a 2=5,759,600
and we can conclude that the explosion occurred somewhere on the right

Figure 4

Exercise 1: A hyperbolic mirror (used in some telescopes) has the property that a light ray directed
at the focus will be reflected to the focus. The mirror in the figure (fig. 5) has the equation
x2 y2
− =1. At which point on the mirror will light from the point (0, 10) be reflected to the other
36 64
focus?

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Figure 5

5.4 Translation of Coordinate Axes

parallel to the original axes Ox ,
' ' '
Suppose that the axes O X , O Y are drawn through O
Oy and in the same sense. Let the coordinates of P be ( x, y ) referred to the original axes,
( X ,Y ) referred to the new axes and the coordinates of O
'
be (α , β) referred to the original
system.

From the figure, we have y Y

x = OM = OL +LM = ( x, y );
' ' P
OL+O M = α + X ( X , Y )
y = PM =
M M ' +M ' P=L O ' +M ' P=β +Y ( ,  )
O M  X
Thus the transformation equations for
translation are O L M x
x=X + α
y=Y +β

Fig. 5.4 Translation of Coordinate Axes

**If the origin is shifted at (α , β) then the transformed equations for parabola, ellipse and
hyperbola become:

Parabola:
( x   )2  4 p( y   ), p0 Vertical axis, directrix: y    p
( y   ) 2  4 p( x   ), p0 Horizontal axis, directrix: x    p

Ellipse:
( x   )2 ( y   )2
 1
a2 b2 Major axis is horizontal
(x  ) 2
(y  ) 2

2
 1
b a2 Major axis is vertical
Hyperbola:
( x   )2 ( y   ) 2
 1
a2 b2 Transverse axis is horizontal

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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19

( x   )2 ( y   ) 2
 1
b2 a2 Transverse axis is vertical
Example 3: If the origin is translated to the point (2,−1) , find the transformed equation
2
of y =4 x−2 y−7 .
2
Solution: Let, (α , β )=(2 ,−1) and y =4 x−2 y−7 -------- (1)
Then using translation y=Y +β=Y −1
x=X + α= X +2 and
2
Substituting in (1), we get (Y −1 ) =4( X+2)−2(Y −1)−7
2
⇒ Y =−4 X−2
Example 4: Reduce the following equations into standard form by translating the origin to a
suitable point. Identify and sketch the curves.
(a) x  4 x  8 y  4  0, (b) 4 x  y  24 x  10 y  45  0,
2 2 2

2 2
(c) 9 x −16 y +36 x−96 y−252=0 .
Solution 4(a): By completing the square with respect to x, we have
2
( x+2) =−8 y+8=4(−2)( y−1)
2
This transformed to X =4 pY where p=−2 , X =x+2 , Y = y−1
by moving the origin to ( X=0 ,Y =0 ) i.e. (−2,1) .
This a parabola whose vertex is at ( X=0 ,Y =0 ) i.e. (−2,1) , the axis is vertical and is the X-
axis i.e. x=−2 and p=−2 and focus is at (−2,−1) .
The value of y is restricted to y−1≤0 or y≤1 . The sketch of
the
Vertex:
Yy curve is
Y y
shown in Fig 4(a).
(2,1)
 X
x O x
O 
(2,1)
Focus
4
 2
O(3,5) X


Fig . 4(a)

Solution 4(b): By completing the squares in Fig. 4(b) x and y terms:

2 2
( x+3 ) ( y +5 )
+ =1
22 42 which transforms
2 2
X Y
+ =1
to 22 4 2
So the centre ( X=0 ,Y =0 ) is (−3 ,−5) .
The major axis is vertical and of length 8 and the minor axis is of length 4.(Fig 4(b))

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Solution 4(c): By completing the squares in x and y terms:

( x+2 )2 ( y +3 )2 X2 Y 2
− =1 − =1
16 9 and comparing with 42 3 2
we see that x+ 2=X , y +3=Y , a=4 and b=3 .
So the centre ( X=0 ,Y =0 ) is at the point (−2, −3). .
2
The major axis is horizontal (as the X term is
Yy positive) and of length 8. Fig 4(c)

O x
 O   X
( 2,3)

Fig 4(c)

5.5 Rotation of Axes

Why we need to learn rotation of axes: Coordinate systems are essential for studying the
equations of curves using the methods of analytic geometry. To use the method of coordinate
geometry, the axes are placed at a convenient position with respect to the curve under
consideration. For example, to study the equations of ellipses and hyperbolas, the foci are usually
located on one of the axes and are situated symmetrically with respect to the origin. If the curve
(hyperbola, parabola, ellipse, etc.) is not situated conveniently with respect to the axes, the
coordinate system should be changed to place the curve at a convenient and familiar location and
orientation. The process of making this change is called a transformation of coordinates. The
solutions to many problems can be simplified by rotating the coordinate axes to obtain new axes
through the same origin.

Suppose that the coordinate system is rotated through an angle  keeping the origin fixed. If P has
coordinates ( x, y ) referred to the original axes and ( X , Y ) referred to the new axes, then by
writing r = OP and ϕ = POX , we have from the figure below that

X =r cosϕ , Y =r sin ϕ Y y
x=r cos(θ+ϕ ) P(x, y)
=r cosθ cos ϕ−r sin θ cos ϕ P(X, Y)
= X cos θ−Y sinθ
Y X
and r y
y=r sin(θ+ϕ) 
=r sin θ cosϕ+r cosθ sin ϕ x
 x
= X sin θ+Y cos θ O X

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Solving above equations for X and Y, we

get the inverse transformation Fig. 5.5 Rotation of Axes
X =x cos θ+ y sin θ
Y =−x sin θ+ y cosθ
5.6 General Equation of Second Degree
The general equation of second degree is
2 2
ax +2 hxy+by +2 gx +2 fy +c=0 --------------- (1)
wherea, h, b, g, f and c are constants.
5.7 Angle of rotation to remove xy term from general equation of second degree
The general equation of second degree is
2 2
ax +2 hxy +by +2 gx +2 fy +c=0 --------------- (1)
Under rotation through an angle θ , the transformation equations are
x=X cos θ−Y sin θ
y= X sin θ+Y cosθ
and the general equation of second degree becomes
2
a( X cosθ−Y sin θ) +2 h( X cosθ−Y sinθ )( X sin θ+Y cosθ )
2
b( X sin θ+Y cosθ ) +2 g( X cosθ−Y sin θ)+2 f ( X cosθ−Y sin θ )+c=0
which can be written as
2 2
AX +2 HXY +BY +2 GX +2 FY +C=0
where
2 2
A=a cos θ+2h cos θ sin θ+b sin θ
2 2
B=a sin θ−2 h cos θ sin θ+b cos θ
2 2
H=h (cos θ−sin θ )−(a−b)sin θ cosθ
G=g cosθ+f sin θ
F=−g sin θ+f cosθ
C=c

The transformed equation will be independent of the product term XY if H=0 i.e.
2 2
h(cos θ−sin θ)−(a−b )sinθ cosθ=0
1
h cos2 θ= (a−b)sin 2θ
2
a−b
cot 2θ=
2h .

The nature of the conics represent by (1)

2 2
ax +2 hxy +by +2 gx +2 fy +c=0
may be predicted by the sign of the discriminant
2
Δ=h −ab .
Results are summarized below:

Conditions on Regular Conics

2
Δ=h −ab
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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19

Δ< 0 Ellipse
Δ> 0 Hyperbola
Δ=0 Parabola

To reduce to standard form, we may follow the following steps:

a−b
cot 2θ=
Rotate the coordinate axes through an angle  such that 2h to get rid of xy term and
then use translation to reduce to standard form.

2 2
Example5: Find the angle of rotation to remove xy term from 5 x +4 xy+2 y =6 and hence
write the transformed equation.Also reduce them to standard form and sketch them showing both
set of axes.

Solution: Identifying with a=5, b=2 and 2 h=4 and choosing  such that
a−b 5−2 3
cot 2θ= = =
2h 4 4
From the triangle we see that
3 1 3
cos 2     arc cos    26.50
5 2 5
The values of cosθ and sin θ can then be computed from the half-angle formulas:
1+ 3
cos θ=
1+cos 2 θ
√ 2
=
2
5

1− 3
√=
2
√5
5
sin θ=
1−cos 2 θ
√ 2
=

The transformation equations become

2
5
√=
1
√5
2
4
x=X cos θ−Y sin θ= 1 ( 2 X−Y )
√5
3
1
y= X sin θ+Y cos θ= ( X +2 Y )
and √5
Substitution in the original equation gives
5 4 2
(2 X−Y )2 + (2 X −Y )( X +2Y )+ ( X +2 Y )2=6
5 5 5
Collecting similar terms
1 1 1
(20+8+2) X 2 + (−20+16−4+8) XY + (5−8+8 )Y 2=6
5 5 5
2 2
or 6 X +Y =6 .
X2 Y 2
2
+ 2
=1
or 1 ( √6 ) .

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2 2
Example 6: Find the angle of rotation to remove xy term from 11x  24 xy  4 y  12 x  16 y  0
and hence write the transformed equation.Also reduce them to standard form and sketch
them showing both set of axes.

Solution: Identifying with a  11, b  4 and 2h  24 and choosing  such that

a  b 11  4 7
cot 2   
2h 24 24
From the triangle we see that
7 1  7 
cos 2     arc cos    37
25 2  25 
The values of cosθ and sin θ can then be computed from the half-angle formulas:

1  cos 2 1 7
cos    25  4
2 2 5
1 7 25
sin  
1  cos 2
 25  3 24
2 2 5 2
The transformation equations become 7
x  X cos   Y sin   1 (4 X  3Y )
5
y  X sin   Y cos   1 (3 X  4Y )
and 5
Substitution in the original equation give
11 24 4 12 16
(4 X  3Y ) 2  (4 X  3Y )(3 X  4Y )  (3 X  4Y ) 2  (4 X  3Y )  (3 X  4Y )  0
25 25 25 5 5
Collecting similar terms
1 1 1
(176  288  36) X 2  (99  288  64)Y 2  (36  64)Y  0
25 25 5
2 2
20 X  5Y  20Y  0
or
(Y  2)2 X 2
 1
2 2 1 2
or .

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2 2
Example 7: Find the angle of rotation to remove xy term from x  2 3xy  3 y  16 3 x  16 y  0
and hence write the transformed equation.Also reduce them to standard form and sketch
them showing both set of axes.

Solution: Identifying with a  1, b  3 and 2h  2 3 and choosing  such that

a  b 1 3 1
cot 2   
2h 2 3 3
From the triangle we see that
1   2
cos 2   2     3
2 3 6 2
The transform equations are 1
x  X cos   Y sin   1 ( 3 X  Y )
2
y  X sin   Y cos   1 ( X  3Y )
and 2

Substitution in the original equation gives

1 2 3 3 16 3 16
( 3 X  Y )2  ( 3 X  Y )( X  3Y )  ( X  3Y ) 2  ( 3 X  Y )  ( X  3Y )  0
4 4 4 2 2
Collecting similar terms
1 1 1
(3  6  3) X 2  (2 3  6 3  2 3  6 3) XY  (1  6  9)Y 2  32 X  0
4 4 4
2
4 X  32 X
or
or Y 2  8X .

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Exercises 5
1. Find the corresponding polar co-ordinates of the following points. Also locate them in
 r , 
plane.
 2, 0  ,  0,3 ,  0,  3 ,  1, 0  ,  2, 2  ,  1,1 ,    
3, 1 and 3, 3 3 .
   3   3   7  5
 2, 0  ,  3,
 ,  3,
 
 ,  1,   ,  8,  ,  2,  ,  2,

 and  6,

.
Answers:  2  2   4  4   6   3 
2. Find the rectangular coordinates of the following points whose polar coordinates are
given bellow.Also locate them in
 x, y  plane.
         7 
 2,  ,  3 2,   ,  2,  , 1,   ,  3,   and  2, 
 4  4  2  2  6 .

s:
 1,1 ,  3, 3 ,  0, 2  ,  0,  1 ,  3, 0  
and  3, 1 . 
Answer

3. Sketch the following parabolas indicating the focus and vertex.

(a) y  16 x, (b) y  8 x, (c) x  4 y, (d) x  16 y, (e) ( y  1)  8( x  1),
2 2 2 2 2

(f) y  4( x  2), (g) ( x  1)  16 y ,(h) 

x  2   4  y  1
2
2 2
.

4. Sketch the following ellipses indicating the foci and the vertices .
x2 y2
  1,
(b) x  4 y  16,
2 2
(a) 36 9
(c) 4 x  ( y  1)  16, (d) ( x  1)  9( y  1)  36.
2 2 2 2

5. Sketch the following hyperbolas indicating the foci, the vertices and the asymptotes.
x2 y 2
  1,
(b) 4 x  y  36,
2 2
(a) 9 4
( x  1) 2 ( y  2) 2
 1
(c) y  4( x  1)  16, (d)
2 2
9 16 .
6. Reduce the following equations into standard form by translating the origin to a suitable
point. Identify and sketch the curves.
(a) y  2 y  4 x  3  0, (b) x  2 x  4 y  7  0,
2 2

(c) x  4 y  2 x  3  0, (d) 9 x  y  2 y  8  0,
2 2 2 2

(e) 9 x  4 y  8 y  40  0, (f) 9 x  y  54 x  72  0
2 2 2 2

(g) x 2+ y 2+ 6 x −2 y +6=0 , (h) y 2 +12 x +2 y−23 .

( x  1) 2 y 2
  1,
Answers: (a) ( y  1)  4( x  1), (b) ( x  1)  4( y  2), (c)
2 2
4 1

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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19

x 2  y  1
2
x 2 ( y  1) 2 ( x  3)2 y 2
  1,   1,  1
(d) 1 9 (e) 4 9 (f) 1 9 .
7. The Coordinate axes are rotated (anti-clockwise) by the given angle θ. Find the coordinates of
the following points with respect to the new coordinate system.
π
θ= .
(a) (2, 2), (1,  1) and ( 2,  2) where 4 Answers: (2 2, 0), (0,  2) and (0,  2)

. 
(b) (0, 0), (−√ 3, 1) and (2, 0) , where 3 Answers: (0, 0), (0, 2) and (1,  3)
8. Find the angle of rotation to remove xy(cross product) term from the following curves.

(a) 4 x  8 xy  4 y  3x  5, (b) 3 3 x  2 xy  3 y  16,

2 2
(c) x  3 xy  y  6,
2 2 2 2

  
 ,  ,  .
Answers: (a) 8 (b) 12 (c) 4
9. The Coordinate axes are rotated by the following given angle θ . Find the transformed
equations
of the following curves. Also reduce them to standard form and sketch them showing both set of
axes.

x 2  16 3 x  16 y  2 3 xy  3 y 2  0,   ,
(a) 6

x 2  2 xy  y 2  4 2 x  4 2 y  16  0,   ,
(b) 4

21x 2  10 3 xy  31y 2  144  0,   ,
(c) 6

5 x 2  8 xy  5 y 2  9  0,   ,
(d) 4

x 2  10 3xy  11y 2  16  0,   ,
(e) 3
1 
y ,   .
(f) x 4
π
(g) 7 x 2−6 √ 3 xy+13 y 2−16=0 , θ=
6
X 2 Y2
Y  4  X  2 
2  1
Answers: (a) Y  8 X , (b)
2
,(c) 4 9 ,
2 2 2 2 2
X Y X Y X Y2
  1,   1,  1
(d) 1 9 (e) 1 4 (f) X  Y  2 ,(g) 4 1
2 2
.
π
θ=
10. The transformed equations after the rotation of coordinate axes by an angle 4 are given
bellow. Find the original equation before the rotation of coordinate systems.
( X  1)2 Y 2 X2 Y2
  1,  1
(a) Y  4 X , (b)
2
1 9 (c) 1 4 .

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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19

Answers: (a) x  4 2 x  y  2 xy  4 2 y  0,
2 2

(b) 5 x  8 xy  5 y  9 2 x  9 2 y  0, (c) 3 x  3 y  10 xy  8  0.
2 2 2 2

11. Find the angle of rotation to remove xy(cross product) term from the following curves. Find the
transformed equations. Also reduce them to standard form and sketch them showing both set of
axes.
(a) x 2+ 4 xy −2 y 2=6, (b) 9 x 2−24 xy +16 y 2−80 x−60 y +100=0.

Page 19 of 19