LESSON 3 PROPORTION

EXPECTATION
As we study and immerse ourselves in “Business Mathematics” in the process, it is
necessary to know some Concepts, Principles and Formulas. The module is subjected to
discuss Module 4 – Proportion. You will represent real-life situations different kinds of
proportions.
Specifically, this module will help you to:
a. Solve problems involving direct, inverse and partitive proportion.

PRETEST
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Solve the following problems. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. A machine in a fruit juice factory can fills 840 bottles in 6 hours. How many bottles
will it fill in 5 hours?

A. 5 C. 6
B. 700 D. 840

2. 168 men can do a piece of work in 14 days. How many men will do the same work in
42 days?

A. 14 C. 42
B. 56 D. 168

3. Peter and Paul shared a sum of money in the ratio of 4:5. If Peter got P56,000, what
was the original amount of money?
A. P70,000 C. P14,000
B. P56,000 D. P126, 000

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

A PROPORTION is a statement that two ratios

are equal. Each of the four numbers in a proportion
is called a term of the proportion. The first and
fourth terms are called the extremes. The second
and third are called the means.
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Types of proportion
(1) Direct proportion-two variables say x and y, varying such that as x increases, y
also increases or as x decreases, y also decreases always the same.
2) Indirect/Inverse- two variables, s ay x and y, varying such that as x increases, y
decreases, or as x decreases, y increases proportionally; that is, the product of x and y is
always the same;
(3) Partitive proportion- a whole is divided into more than two parts.
https://www.edutopia.org/blog/restorative-justice-tips-for-schools-fania-dav

Let’s do this!

Identify the following by choosing your answers on the box provided.

________________ 1. It is a statement that two ratios are equal.

________________ 2. How do you call the four numbers in a proportion?

________________ 3. How do you call the second and third terms in proportion?

EXTREMES MEANS PROPORTION TERM

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
We come across many situations that unknowingly we apply either direct or
inverse proportions to our daily transactions.
Banks and other financial institutions give us interest along with the principal
(initial deposit of the depositor) at a certain rate for a specified period.
If you deposit your savings worth P1,000 to your chosen bank for 1 year at the
rate of 5% annually (per year), one will get back P1,050 after a year because of the
interest given by the bank.
Initial Deposit
Here, P1,050 (Savings) =P1,000 (Principal) + P50 (interest).
In the presentation above, the money deposited in the bank and the amount
received back after a certain time and at a certain rate of interest are in proportion
(equal).

From the above example, we can say that if the values of two quantities depend on
each other in such a way that a change in one quantity results in a corresponding
change in the other, then the quantities are said to be in proportion. (Chua, S., 2018)
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A. DIRECT PROPORTION

Two quantities are said to be directly proportional if as the value of one quantity
increases (or decreases), the value of the other also increases (or decreases) in such a
way that the ratio of the value of the two quantities remains the same. (Chua, S., 2018)

TIP!

When setting up a direct proportion in fraction form, the numerator of the first ratio
must correspond to the numerator of the second ratio. The denominator of the first
ratio must correspond to the denominator of the second ratio.

https://images.app.goo.gl/DkpHHJTCn6a698F57

Example:

A machine in a fruit juice factory fills 840 bottles in 6 hours. How many bottles
will it fill in 5 hours?

Solution:

Let the number of bottles filled in 5 hours be x. Then, the above data can
be presented in the following tabular form:
Time 6 5

Number of Bottles 840 x

We know that the time taken to fill the bottle is directly proportional to
the number of bottles filled.

6 5
Hence, 6 :840=5 : x∨ ×
840 x
Cross Multiply
6 x=4200
6 x 4200
= =700
6 6
Therefore, 700 bottles will be filled in 5 hours.
Chua, Simon L., et.al, 2018 Soaring 21 st Century Mathematics Grade 11 Business Mathematics. p.78. Quezon City, Philippines.
Phoenix Publishing House.
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B. INVERSE PROPORTION

In direct proportion, we learned that two quantities may change in such a manner
that if one quantity increases (decreases), the other will increase (decrease). Sometime, two
quantities may change in such a manner that if one quantity increases, the other quantity
decreases and vice-versa. (Chua, S.,2018)

TIP!

Two quantities are inversely proportional if a change in one produces a change in the
other in the opposite direction, that is, an increase in one produces a decrease in the
other, or a decrease in one produces an increase in the other.

Example:

1. On increasing the number of workers to complete a work, the number of days to

complete the work will decrease.
2. On decreasing the speed of the car, the time needed to cover the same
distance will increase.

https://images.app.goo.gl/H4pRRzZiG4jMMjN2A

Note: The word vary means change and the word rate means how a quantity changes
with another quantity. So, two quantities are said to be in variation if the values of
two quantities depend on each other in such a way that a change in one causes a
corresponding change in the other.

TIP!

When setting up an inverse proportion in a fraction form, the numerator of the first ratio must
correspond to the denominator of the second ratio. The numerator of the second ratio must
correspond to the denominator of the first ratio.

Example:
In a Supermarket raffle grand draw, the cash prize of P1,000,000 is to be divided
equally among the winners. Complete the following table and find whether the prize
money give to an individual winner is directly or inversely proportional to the
number of winners.
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Number of
1 2 3 4 5 10 20
winners
Price for each 1,000,00 500,00
- - - - -
winner 0 0

Solution:
Number of
1 2 3 4 5 10 20
winners (a)
Price for each 1,000,00 500,00
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5
winner (b) 0 0

Since:
ab=a1b1=a2b2=…=1*1,000,000=2*500,000=…1,000,000 so, a and b are said vary inversely.
1 t1
Then, we have = = P250,000
4 1,000,000
Similarly, t2, P200,000; t3, P125,000; t4, P100,000; t5, P50,000.
Also, the cash prize given to an individual winner is inversely
proportional to the number of winners.

Chua, Simon L., et.al, 2018 Soaring 21 st Century Mathematics Grade 11 Business Mathematics. pp.80-81 Quezon City,
Philippines. Phoenix Publishing House.

a c
If
= , then ad=bc. Note that this is so because of the Multiplication
b d
Property of Equality. That is, multiplying the whole equation by bd yields the result
as shown below.
a c
× bd= ×bd it gives us ad =bc because we cancelled out the same variable .
b d
Example:
n+4 n−2
Solve for = Cross multiplication
5 3
Solution:
The cross product is equated as shown below.
5 n−10=3 n+12
5 n−3 n=10+12
2 n=2 2
2n 22
=
2 2
n=11
 Licuanan , Patricia B . , et .al , 2016 Teaching Guide for Senior High School Business Mathematics . p .52. Quezon C
Philippines. CHED.

C. PARTITIVE PROPORTION

Partitive proportion involves identifying parts of a whole based on given

ratios of these parts. (Chua, S., 2018)

Example:
A father wants to leave P467,500 to his four children in the ratio of 1 : 3 : 3 : 4, so the first child will
1 3 3
receive of P467,500; the second child will receive of P467, 500; the third child will receive of
11 11 11
4
P467,500, and the fourth child will receive of P467,500.
11 To get the denominator, add all the given
numbers in the ratio.

Example. 1 + 3 + 3 + 4 = 11

TIP!
When number is partitioned into different parts, we may use partitive
proportion to solve the given problem.

Example:

Peter and Paul shared a sum of money in the ratio of 4:5. If Peter got
P56,000, what was the original amount of money?

Solution:

When we say that the ratio of Peter’s money to Paul’s money is 4:5, it means
that if Peter’s money is P4, then Paul’s money is P5. In other words, Peter’s
4 5
money is times Paul’s money and Paul’s money are times Peter’s money.
5 4
Now in this case, we can determine Paul’s money by:

4 5
=
56,000 x
4 x=280,000
4 x 280,000
=
4 4
x=70,000
56,000 + 70,000 =126,000
Therefore, the original amount of money is 126,000 pesos.
Chua, Simon L., et.al, 2018 Soaring 21 st Century Mathematics Grade 11 Business Mathematics. pp.81-82 Quezon City,
Philippines. Phoenix Publishing House.
 6

ACTIVITIES
Individual Activity.
Directions: Solve the following problems. Write your answer in the yellow pad.
1. Eight tea bags are needed to make 5 litters of iced tea. How many tea bags are
needed to make 15 litters of iced tea?

2. A manufacturer knows that during an average production run, out of 1,000 items
produced by a certain machine, 25 will be defective. If the machine produces 2,030
items, how many can be expected to be defective?
3. If 1 out of 6 people buy a branded item, how many people can be expected to buy this
item in a community of 6,000 people?

Licuanan, Patricia B., et.al, 2016 Teaching Guide for Senior High School Business Mathematics. pp.54-55. Quezon City,
Philippines. CHED

REMEMBER

Two quantities are said to be

directly proportional if as the value of
one quantity increases (or decreases),
the value of the other also increase (or
decreases) in such a way that the ratio
of the value of the two quantities
remains the same.
Two quantities may change in
such a manner that if one quantity
increases, the other quantity decreases
and vice-versa and that is what we called
indirect or inverse proportion while
partitive proportion involves identifying
parts of a whole based on given ratios
https://images.app.goo.gl/2bGWjUFoKon4VN 1 of these parts.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Directions: Find the unknown terms in the following proportions.
1. A:9 = 7.5:6
3 6
2. =
6 x
 3. X:15 =5:24
1 x
4. =
2 100
1
5. 2 : 6=3 : y
2
Chua, Simon L., et.al, 2018 Soaring 21 st Century Mathematics Grade 11 Business Mathematics. p.75 Quezon City,
Philippines. Phoenix Publishing House.

POSTTEST
Directions: Solve the problem below and write your answer in the space
provided below.

1. Two boxes of chocolates cost P180. How much do 7 boxes of chocolates cost?

2. Forty liters of water is transformed into 3 containers in the ratio 1:3:4. How much
water is in each container?
3. If Trina works 20 hours, she earns P600. How much does she earn if she
works 30 hours?

4. If nine men take 15 days to assemble 18 machines, how many days s will it take to
assemble 60 machines?

5. A deceased person stated in his testament that his 30-hectare land be divided
among his three children using 1:2:3 partition, the oldest getting the biggest share.
How much did the second child receive?

Licuanan, Patricia B., et.al, 2016 Teaching Guide for Senior High School Business Mathematics. pp.56-58. Quezon City,
Philippines. CHED

REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEET

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E-SITES

To further explore the concept learned today and if it possible to connect the
internet, you may visit the link:

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/pre-algebra/pre-algebra-ratios-rates/pre-algebra-write-and-solve-
proportions/v/find-an-unknown-in-a-proportion.

REFERENCES

Chua, Simon L., et.al, 2018 Soaring 21st Century Mathematics Grade 11 Business Mathematics. 2-85. Quezon
City, Philippines. Phoenix Publishing House.

Licuanan, Patricia B., et.al, 2016 Teaching Guide for Senior High School Business Mathematics.pp.51-58.
Quezon City, Philippines. CHED.

Tussle over George Ty’s fortune erupts. https://bilyonaryo.com.ph/2019/02/14/tussle-over-

george-tys-fortune-erupts/. Retrieved June 25, 2020
Module Images:

https://images.app.goo.gl/2bGWjUFoKon4VNct5. Retrieved June 25, 2020

https://images.app.goo.gl/f3g6k4GCN6UsUruEA. Retrieved June 25, 2020
https://images.app.goo.gl/H4pRRzZiG4jMMjN2A. Retrieved June 25, 2020
https://images.app.goo.gl/DkpHHJTCn6a698F57. Retrieved June 25, 2020
https://www.edutopia.org/blog/restorative-justice-tips-for-schools-fania-dav. Retrieved
June 25, 2020
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ANSWER KEY
PRETEST
1. B
2. B
3. D
LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON
1. Proportion
2. Term
3. Means
ACTIVITIES
1. 24 Tea bags
2. 50.75 or 51 defectives
3. 1,000 people
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
1. 11.25
2. 12
3. 3
4. 50
5. 7.2
POST TEST
1. P630
2. Container 1 (1 portion) = 5L Container 2 (3 portions) = 15 L Container 3 (4 portions) =
20 L
3. 900
4. 22 ½ days
5. 10
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