CHAPTER I

STATIC ELECTRIC FIELD: PART (I)

Solution:

The point must lie between the charges because

Electric Field
the two electric fields are opposite in directions. If
The electric field at the point is defined as the
E1 is the electric field due to q1 and E2 that due to
force on a test charge divided by the magnitude of
q2.We must have
the test charge.
E1 = E2
Thus the force per unit test charge q0 is
1 q1 1 q2
⃗E= F
⃗ =
4π ε 0 x 2 4π ε 0 (l−x )2
q
1.0× 10−6 2.0 ×10−6
=
⃗E= 1 q r^ x2 (10−x )2
4π ε 0 r 2
1 2
-1 = √
SI unit of E is newton per coulomb (NC ). x 10−x
⃗E= E⃗ + ⃗E +−−− 10−x=1.414 x
1 2
1 q q
= [ 21 r^ 1 + 22 r^ 2 +−−−] 2.414 x=10
4π ε 0 r 1 r2
x=2.1 cm

q1
+++
+ r1
P Example 1.2

 E Point charges q1 and q2 of +12x10-9 C and
-12x10-9 C respectively are placed 0.1 m apart as

E  in Fig 1.3. Compute the electric field due to these

E
r2 charges at 'a'.
_ q2
E1

Example(1.1)Figure shows a charge q1 = +1.0x10- a E

6
C is 10 cm from a charge
E2
-6
q2 = +2.0x10 C. At what point on the line joining
the two charges is the electric field zero?
q1 + - q2

Solution:
x
q1 P q2
+ + At point 'a' the magnitude of the electric field due
E2 E1 to q1 is
l q1
⃗E = 1 r^
1
4π ε 0 r 2
 12x10
−9 x =+α
E1 =9x109 × =1. 08×10 4 NC−1
(0 . 1)2 E= ∫ cosθ dE
x=−α

The direction of E1 is as shown in Figure.

⃗
x =+α
=2 ∫ cos θ dE
The components of E1 are
⃗
x=0

⃗E1x= E1 cos 60 { x^ =1. 08×10 4 × 1 x^ ¿ Substituting the expression for dE into this
2
equation gives
⃗E1y =E1 sin 60 { ^y =1.08×10 4 ×0.866 ^y ¿ ρ x=+ α
dx
E= L
∫ cos θ 2 2
⃗E 2π ε 0 x=0 a +x
The direction of 2 is as shown in Figure.

The relation between x and θ is x=a

The components of E2 are
⃗
tan θ

⃗E2x =E2 cos 60 { ^x =1.08×104× 1 x^ ¿ dx adtanθ

2 = =a sec 2 θ
dθ dθ
⃗E2y =E2 sin 60 { ^y =−1.08×10 4×0.866 { ^y ¿¿
dx=a sec 2 θdθ
The total electric field at point 'a' is +π
ρ 2 a sec 2 θdθ
E= l ∫ cosθ 2 2 2
⃗E=E⃗ +⃗E +⃗E + ⃗E 2 π ε0 0 a + a tan θ
1x 1y 2x 2y +1.08× 0.866 {^y +1.08×0.5 {^x ¿−1.08× 0.866 {^y ¿)10 4 ¿ =1.08 ×104 x^ NC-1 ¿¿
π

=(1.08×0.5 { x^
θ= 2
ρL
E= ∫ cos θ dθ
2π ε 0 a θ=0

Example 1.3 ρL π
E=
Find the electric field at a point at a distance 'a' 2 π ε 0 a [ sin θ ]02
along the perpendicular bisector of a long
uniformly charged wire. ρL
E=
2π ε 0 a
Solution:
ρL
Let the linear charge density of the wire be ⃗E= ^y
2π ε 0 a
dE
dq dEy
ρl =
dx
P
dEx
dq=ρl dx Electric Field due to a Dipole
r
1 dq 1 ρ L dx A pair of equal and opposite point charges
dE= = a
4π ε 0 r 4π ε 0 (a2 + x 2 )
2
separately by a small vector distance ⃗a is
x called a dipole. The vector ⃗a is drawn from the
∫ dE=∫ d E x+ ¿∫ d E y ¿ ++++++++++++++++
o dx negative to the positive charge and is along the
+∞
axis of the dipole. The product q a⃗ is called
∫ dE= ∫ d E y
−∞ dipole moment and it is denoted by ⃗p .

Thus ⃗p = q ⃗a
 Compute the electric field of the dipole along its Es = E+sinθ +E-sinθ= [E+ + E-] sinθ
axis from the centre of the dipole. (or)
a
Show that the electric field of the dipole along its 1 q q 2
Es = [ + ] 1
4π ε 0 2 a 2 2 a 2 a
axis from the centre of the dipole is r 2 +( ) r 2 +( ) [ r 22 +( )2 ] 2
2 2 2
1 2p 1 qa
=
Ep= ^x for r 1 ≫a . 4π ε 0 2 a 2 32
4π ε 0 r 31 [ r 2 +( ) ]
2

The field of the dipole along its axis and the field For distances much greater than the separation 'a'
along perpendicular to the axis from the center of (i.e. r1>>a and r2>> a) the term a2/4 can be
the dipole are calculated as follows. neglected.

1 2p
Y E p=
4π ε 0 r 31

E and Es=
1 p
 4π ε 0 r 32

EEs
S
  Thus at large distances from the dipole the
electric field is inverselyproportional to thecube

r2 of the distance from the center of the dipole.

 Torque on a Dipole
-
a
+
+q
P
Ep X
A dipole in a uniform electric field ⃗E whose
-q
direction makes an angle θ with the line joining
r1 the two charges called dipole axis.
The field at P at a distance r1 from the center of
the dipole is given by
Field at point Q
1 q q
E p= [ − ] 
4π ε 0 a 2 a 2
(r 1− ) (r 1 + )
2 2
Q EQ

1 2qr a E
= [ 1 2 ] Field at point P P
4π ε 0 2 a 2
(r 1 − )
4 P

The field at S due to +q and –q are designated as

⃗E ⃗E−
+ and respectively. Their y-components
cancel, while their x-components add to yield the ⃗F =q E⃗
⃗E 1
resulting field s .

+q  
a F1  qE
  
F2  qE -q ⃗τ τ
 The moment of the couple is Solution:

 = (q E) a sin  = p E sin  Because ⃗E is perpendicular to d A on four of

⃗
In vector notation the faces, the flux through those four faces is zero.
For each
⃗τ =⃗p x ⃗E 
Line of Force φ E=∫ ⃗E .d ⃗A =∫ E(cos 90∘ )dA=0
A line of force is an imaginary line drawn in
such a way that its direction at any point is For the other two faces, the field lines enter
the left-hand face, so the angle θ between ⃗E
the same as the direction of the field at the
point. and d ⃗A on that face is 180•. Thus

φ E=∫ ⃗E .d ⃗A =∫ E(cos180∘ )dA=−El 2 .

The field lines emerge from the right hand face,

and so θ= 0•

φ E=∫ ⃗E .d ⃗A =∫ E(cos 0∘)dA=El 2

The total flux through all of the faces of the cube

The Electric Flux is thus

Total φ E = - El + El = 0
The electric flux is a measure of the number of 2 2

electric field lines that penetrate a surface.

Gauss’ Law
∅ E= E Acosθ
The surface integral of normal component of ⃗E
The units of electric flux are N-m2/C.
over a closed surface is equal to a constant times
Example 1.4 the total charge inside the closed surface.

A uniform electric field ⃗E exists in the + x- 1

∮ ⃗E . d ⃗A = ε ∑ q
direction. Find the net electric flux E through 0

the surface of a cube, edge length l, that is Applications of Gauss’ Law

oriented with its edges along the coordinate
Y axes
as shown in Fig 1.14. (a)Coulomb’s law can be derived from Gauss’
law.

 Consider the electric field ofa single positive point

dA charge q.
Then from Gauss law 
 E
dA X ∮
1
{ ⃗E . d { ⃗A ¿= ∑ q¿
ε0
q r
∮ Ecos0 dA = +
Z ε0 r q


 E
E
 q Let ρ S be the charge per unit area of the
E 4 π r2 = ε 0 charged plane.

1 q 1
E= ∮ { ⃗E . d { ⃗A ¿= ∑ q¿
4π ε 0 r 2 Applying Gauss’ law, ε0

The force on a point charge ‘q’ at a distance r 1

from the charge q is E2A= ε0 ρ A
S

1 q q' ρS
2 E=
F = q E = 4π ε 0 r which is 2 ε0
Coulomb’s law.

(b) Electric field due to a long uniformly

charged wire. 1.8 The Energy Density of the Electric Field

The total work done to charge the body to some

potential V by bringing up small increments of
1 charge from a place of zero potential to a place of
∮ { ⃗E . d { ⃗A ¿= ∑ q¿
Applying Gauss’ law, ε0 final potential V is
q
1 W=∫ Vdq
∮ E cos0 dA = ρℓ
ε0 l 0
q
1 q
1 =∫ dq
0
4π ε 0 r
E.2 π a l = ε 0 ρl ℓ
1 q2
1 ρl W = 12 ( )
E= 4π ε 0 r
2π ε 0 a

The stored energy per unit volume (energy

(c ) Electric field due to an infinite plane of density) is proportional to E⃗ . E⃗ , then We

charge =k.E2.

To solve this problem, an imaginary cylinder

Thus
W=k ∫ E2 dV
whose ends have area A and whose walls are
perpendicular to the plane of charge is taken as a Considering a volume element ‘dV’
Gaussian surface. consisting of a thin shell of thickness ‘dr’ and area
4 πr2

q2
∞
W=k ∫ 2 4
4π r 2 dr
r (4π ε 0 ) r

k 1 q2
= ( )
  ε 0 4π ε 0 r

E E
Comparing equations (a)q=Ze=79 × 1.6× 10−19

k 1 1 r =10−2 cm=10− 4 m
∴ = ∴ k= ε 0
ε0 2 2
1 q
E=
Thus the energy density of the 4 π ε0 r 2
electric field is
79 ×1.6 ×10−19
¿ 9 ×10 9 × 2
We = ½ ε 0 E 2 ( 10−4 )

¿ 1.14 ×10 21 N C−1

Problems ( away ¿the nucleus )

7. A small object carrying a charge of -5x10-9 C (b)q=1.6 ×10−19 C

experiences a downward force of 20x10 -9 N
when placed at a certain point in an electric r =5.28× 10−11 m
field.
1 q
E=
(a) What is the electric field at the point? 4 π ε0 r 2

(b) What would be the magnitude and 1.6 × 10−19

¿ 9 ×10 9 × 2
direction of the force acting onan electron placed ( 5.28 ×10−11 )
at that point?
=5.17 ×1011 N C−1
Solution
( away ¿the proton )
−9
q=−5 ×10 C

F=20 ×10−9 N
10.What is the magnitude of an electric field in
F 20 × 10 −9
which the force on an electron is equal in
(a)E= =
q 5 × 10−9 magnitude to the weight of the electron?
¿ 4 N C−1 (upward direction )
Solution
(b)q e =1.6 ×10−19 C The force on an electron = weight of an
electron
F=Eq=4 × 1.6× 10−19
Ee=m e g
¿ 6.4 × 10−19 N
me g
( downward direction ) E=
e

9.1× 10−31 × 9.8

¿
8. (a) What is the electric field of a gold nucleus, 1.6 ×10−19
at a distance of 10-12 cm from the nucleus? (Z
= 79, A =179) ¿ 5.57 ×10−11 N C−1

(b) What is the electric field of a proton, at a

distance of 5.28x10-9 cm from the proton? 12.In a rectangular coordinate system, two
Solution positive point charges of 10-8 C each are fixed
 at the points x = +0.1 m, y = 0 and x = -0.1 m, the center? Express your answer in terms of
y = 0. Find the magnitude and direction of the the total charge ‘q’ within the spherical
electric field at the following points. volume.

(a)The origin (b) x = 0.2m, y = 0. Solution

Solution (a)At r < R

(a)At the origin, Consider a spherical surface of radius r < R

as a Gaussian surface.
q 1=10−8 C , r 1=0.1m
By Gauss’s Law,
−8
q 2=10 C , r 2=0.1m
1
E =⃗
⃗ E1−⃗
E2
∮ ⃗E . d ⃗A = ε ∑ q
0

1 q1 q2 1
∮ EdAcos 0= ε ∫ ρV dV
¿
( −
4 π ε 0 r 12 r 2 2 ) 0

1
10−8 10−8 E ∮ dA= ρ V
¿ 9 ×10
0.1
9
2 (
− 2 =0 N C−1
0.1 ) ε0 V

1
EA= ρ V
(b)At x=0.2m, y=0 ε0 V

q 1=10−8 C , r 1=0.1m 2 ρV 4 3
E .4 π r = πr
ε0 3
q 2=10−8 C , r 2=0.3 m
ρV r
E =⃗
⃗ E1 + ⃗
E2 E=
3 ε0

1 q1 q2
¿
( +
4 π ε 0 r 12 r 22 ) (b)At r > R

Consider a spherical surface of radiusr > R

10−8
10 −8 as a Gaussian’s surface.
¿ 9 ×10 9 ( 2
+
0.1 0.3 2 )
=104 N C−1(+ ^x )
By Gauss’s Law,

1
∮ ⃗E . d ⃗A = ε ∑ q
0
13. Suppose that positive charge is uniformly
distributed throughout a spherical volume of q
radius R, the charge per unit volume being ∮ EdAcos 0= ε
0
ρv .
q
EA=
(a) Using Gauss’ law, prove that the magnitude ε0
of the electric field insidethe volume, at a q
E .4 π r 2=
ρv r ε0
E=
distance r from the center is 3 ε0 .
1 q
E=
4 π ε0 r 2
(b) What is the electric field at a point outside
the spherical volume at a distance ‘r’ from
14. A uniform electric field E = 30 NC-1 exists Solution
parallel to the axis of a square pipe of side
The force on the electron is upward, the
length l = 5 cm (see Fig). Find the total flux force along ‘x’ direction is zero.
∅ E emerging from the slanted face of the pipe.
∑ F x=0
l ∑ F y =ma y
l 35◦ For horizontal motion

Solution x=2 cm=2 ×10−2 m

E=30 N C−1 ,l=5 cm=5 ×10−2 m v 0=107 m s−1

´
A=¿ Acosθ x
¿ v 0=
t
l× l
¿ [ sin 35 °]cos 55 °
t=
x
v0
cos 55 °
¿ l2 2× 10−2
sin 35 ° ¿
−9
=2× 10 s
7
10
∅ E=E Á
For vertical motion,
cos 55 °
¿ E l2 y=0.5 cm=0.5 ×10−2 m
sin 35 °

2 0.574 m e =9.1 ×10−31 kg

¿ 30 × ( 5 ×10−2 )
0.574
1
y=v t + a t 2
¿ 7.5 ×10 N m C−2 2 −1
2

1
y= at 2
2
15. An electron projected with an initial velocity
v0 =107 ms-1 into the uniform electric field 1 Ee 2
¿ t
2 me
between the parallel plates in the given Fig.
The direction of the field is vertically 2 y me
downward, and the field is zero except in the ¿
et2
space between the plates. The electron enters
the field at a point midway between the plates.
If the electron just misses the upper plate as it 2× 0.5× 10−2 ×9.1 ×10−31 4 −1
emerges from the field, find the magnitude of ¿ −19 −9
=1.4 × 10 N C
1.6 × 10 × 2× 10
the electric field.


e
2 cm
E
1 cm _ 
E
 The relative permittivity єr of the dielectric is the
ratio of its permittivity to that of vacuum.

∈
∈ r=
∈0

Where єr = relative permittivity of dielectric

є =permittivity of dielectric

є0 = permittivity of vacuum

= 8.85 pFm-1

Where as є or є0 is expressed in farads per meter

(Fm-1), the relative permittivity of is a
dimensionless ratio.

Polarization

Although there is no migration of charge when a

dielectric is placed in an electric field , there does
occur a slight displacement of the electrons with
respect to their nuclei so that individual atoms
behave like very small, or atomic, dipoles. When
these atomic dipoles are present, the dielectric is
said to be polarized or to be in a state of
polarization. When the field is removed and the
atoms return to their normal, or unpolarized, state,
the dipoles disappear.
CHAPTER II

STATIC ELECTRIC FIELD: PART(2)

UNPOLARIZED ATOM (a)
Homogeneity, Linearity, and Isotropy Positive
Negatively
nucleus E
A medium is homogeneous if its physical charged cloud

characteristics (mass density, molecular

Effective center POLARIZED ATOM (b)
structures, etc.) do not vary from point to point. If of cloud
the medium is not homogeneous, it may be
described as inhomogeneous, nonhomogeneous, E -Q +Q
EQUIVALENT DIPOLE (c)
or heterogeneous. l ( Moment = Q l )
A medium is linear with respect to an Figure2.1 Unpolarized atom as in (a) becomes
electrostatic field if the flux density is polarized as in (b) when electric field is applied
proportional to the electric field intensity. equivalent dipole is shown at (c).

An isotropic material is one whose properties are Dielectric strength

independent of direction.
The maximum field intensity that a dielectric can (a)V =Ed
sustain without breakdown is called its dielectric
V 100
strength. E= = −2 =10 4 V m−1
d 10
Problems
D 0=ϵ 0 E=8.85 × 10−12 ×10 4
1. A plane slab of dielectric (r = 5 ) is placed
normal to a uniform field with flux ¿ 8.85 ×10−8 C m−2
density D of 1 Cm-2.If the slab occupies a
In the air space
volume of 0.1 m3 and is uniformly
polarized, what are (a) the polarization in A Q
C=k ϵ 0 =
the slab and (b) the total dipole moment of d V
the slab?
Q V
Solution =k ϵ 0
A d
ϵ r=5 , D=1 C m−2 , V =0.1 m 3
(a)polarization P=? V
Psp=k ϵ 0
P=D d−ϵ 0 E d
Dd =ϵE=ϵ 0 ϵ r E For air space k=1
D 1
E= d = V
ϵ 0 ϵ r 8.85 ×10−12 ×5 P=P sp =k ϵ 0
d
¿ 0.0226 ×1012 V m−2
P=D d−ϵ 0 E 100
¿ 8.85 ×10−12 ×
¿ 1−( 8.85× 10−12 × 0.0226 ×1012 ) 5× 10−3
¿ 0.8 C m−2
¿ 1.75 ×10−7 C m−2
P
(b) p=
v In the dielectric
p=Pv=0.8× 0.1=0.08 Cm
V V
P=P sp =ϵ =3 ϵ 0
d d
2. A horizontal parallel-plate capacitor has a ¿ 3 ×1.75 ×10−7=5.25 ×10−7 C m−2
10-mm plate separation and a 100-V
potential difference. There is a dielectric of Dd =D0 + Psp
permittivity  and thickness 5mm on the
¿ 8.85 ×10−8+ 5.25× 10−7
lower plate. The space above is air-filled.
(a) Find E, D, and P in the airspace and in ¿ 61.35 ×10−8 C m−2
the dielectric.(b) Find V as a function of
the distance between the plates. ( = 3 0)

Solution 3. A parallel-plate capacitor is 1m square and

has a plate separation of 1mm.The space
 = 3 0, d=10mm=10×10-3m between the plates is filled with a
dielectric (r = 25). If 1kV potential
V=100V, L(v=AL)=5mm=5×10-3m
difference is applied to the plates, find the
A=0.5×0.5=0.025m2 force in newtons squeezing the plates
together.
E=?, D=? and P=?
Solution
 A=1m2, d=1mm=1×10-3m 4 D 0=D0 + ρ sp

ϵ r=25 , V =1 KV 3 D 0=ρ sp

F=? ρ sp 0.5 −2
D 0= = =0.167 C m
3 3
ϵ 0 ϵ r A 8.85 ×10−12 ×25 ×1
C= =
d 1×10−3 D=4 D0 =4 × 0.167=0.667C m−2

¿ 221.25 ×10−9 C (c)D0=0.167 C m−2

1 (d)D=ϵE
W = ×C V 2
2
D 0.667 0.667
1 2 E= = =
¿ ×221.25 ×10−9 × ( 103 ) ϵ ϵ 0 ϵ r 8.85 ×10−12 × 4
2
¿ 1.88 ×1010 N C−1
¿ 110.635 ×10−3 J
(e) D0=ϵ 0 E
W 110.635 × 10−3
F= = =110.625 N
d 103 D 0.167 9 −1
E= = =75.85 ×10 V m
ϵ 0 8.85 ×10 −12

4. A flat slab of sulfur (r = 4) is placed

normal to a uniform field. If the 5. The left half of a horizontal parallel-plate
polarization –surface charge density sp on capacitor is filled with a dielectric of
the slab surfaces is 0.5 Cm -2, what are (a) permittivity  while the right half is aired-
polarization in the slab, (b) flux density in filled. The plate separation is 10mm, and
the slab, (c) flux density outside the slab there is 100 V potential differences
(in air), (d) field intensity in the slab, and between the plates. Find E, D, and P in
(e) field intensity outside the slab (in air)? both halves. ( = 3 0)

Solution Solution

ρ sp =0.5 C m−2 , ϵ r=4  = 3 0, d=10mm=10-2m

(a)P=?, (b)D?, (c)D0=?, (d)E=? (e)Eair=? V=100V

(a)P= ρsp =0.5 C m −2 E=?, D=? and P=?

(b)D=ϵE Left-half dielectric

D0=ϵ 0 E V 100
E= = −2 =10 4 V m−1
d 10
D ϵE
= =ϵ =4 D=ϵE=3 ε 0 E
D0 ϵ 0 E r

D=4 D 0 ¿ 3 ×8.85 ×10−12 ×10 4

D=D 0+ P ¿ 26.55 ×10−8 C m−2

D=D 0+ ρsp P=D−ϵ 0 E

 ¿ 26.55 ×10−8−8.85 ×10−12 ×104 Dielectric (or) Insulators: Substances which
have very few or no free electrons. Although a
¿ 17.7 ×10−8 C m−2 field applied to an insulator may migration of
Right-half (air) charge, it can produce a polarization of the
V 100 insulator, or dielectric
E= = −2 =10 4 V m−1 Semiconductors: Other materials with properties
d 10
intermediate between conductors and insulators
D=ε 0 E=8.85 × 10−12 ×10 4 (or) Substances which have moderated amount of
free electrons
¿ 8.85 ×10−8 C m−2 Current: The current across an area is defined
P=D−ϵ 0 E quantitatively as the net charge flowing across the
area per unit time.
¿ 8.85 ×10−8−8.85 ×10−12 ×10 4
Thus if a net charge ΔQ flows across a certain
¿ 0 C m−2 area in a time interval Δt , the average current
across this area is
ΔQ
I avg =
Δt
The instantaneous current I is defined, using the
derivative as
ΔQ
I=
Δt
Current is a scalar quantity. The SI unit of current,
one coulomb per second, is called one ampere
(1A).
If each particle has a charge q, the charge ΔQ
flowing across the end of the cylinder in time
Δt is
Q = nqvA Δt

The electric current carried by the charged

particles is therefore
ΔQ
I= =nqvA
Δt
Electrical energy: The work or energy dissipated
per unit time in the conductor is given by the
product of its resistance R and the square of the
current I. This energy appears as heat in this
conductor.
CHAPTER III
STEADY ELECTRIC CURRENT
Conductor: Substances, which have plenty of free
electrons. In all conductors these electrons are
Power Relations and Joule's Law
loosely bound and can migrate readily from atom
to atom. Referring again to Fig (3.1), the potential
difference or voltage across the length of the
conductor is equal to the work per unit charge Resistivity: The resistivity of a material is
numerically equal to the resistance of a
(current × time) required to move a charge
homogeneous unit cube of the material with a
through the distance d. Multiplying by the uniform current distribution.
current I yields the work per unit time, or ρl RA
R= ρ=
A or l
power P. Thus,
the resistivity of a metal can be represented by
Work work
× current = = power the equation
current × time time or
VI = P  = 0 [1 + (T – T0)]
∘
This is the power dissipated in the length d of where T = temperature of material. C
∘
the conductor. The SI unit of power is the watt T0 = reference temperature (usually 20 C )
(W). Hence, 0 = the resistivity at a reference temperature
volts × amperes = watts (W) T0, m
2 2
ML ML ∘
3
I= 3 the resistivity at temperature T C
or in dimensional symbols IT T
temperature coefficient of resistivity,
Introducing the value of V from Ohm's law, V ∘
numerical unit C -
= IR, Eq. (3.2) yields
For temperature ranges that are not too great,
P = I2R
this variation may be represented by
Thus, the work or energy dissipated per unit
time in the conductor is given by the product R = R0 [1 + (T – T0)]
of its resistance R and the square of the where R = the resistance at temperature T.
current I. This energy appears as heat in this R0 = the resistance at temperature T0.
conductor. temperature coefficient of
The energy W dissipated in the conductor in a resistivity.
time T is then Example 3.1 For copper the resistivity 0 at20
W = PT = I2RT ∘
C is 17.7 n and the corresponding
where, W = energy, P = power, W ∘
coefficient  = 0.0038 C -1
. Find the
I = current, A R = resistance, 
∘
T = time, s resistivity at 30 C .

The relation is known as Joule's law. It is Solution: The resistivity  at a

assumed that P is constant over the time T. If temperature T is

it is not constant, I2R isintegrated over the  = 0 [1 + (T – T0)]

time interval T.  = 1.77 ¿ 10-8[1 + 0.0038(T - 20)] (m)
∘
Resistanceis defined as the ratio of the voltage V At a temperature of 30 C
to the current I.
 = 1.77 ¿ 10-8[1 + 0.0038(10)] = 18.4 It states that, ‘the algebraic sum emfs around a
closed circuit equals the algebraic sum of the
nm
ohmic or IR drops around the circuit’.
This is an increase of nearly 4 percent over the
∘
resistivity at 20 C . Example 3.2
Conductance: The reciprocal of resistance R is
conductance G. (i) Using the circuit diagrams (Fig 3.10a), find
Conductivity:The reciprocal of resistivity  is
the current in the resistor and potential
conductivity .
1 l difference across the resistor and terminal
σ= =
ρ RA voltage of the source. [emf  = 12 V].
l
R=
σA (ohms, ) (ii)If the source is short circuited (Fig. 3.10b),
or the conductance G of the block is find the current and the terminal voltage.
1 σA
G= =
R l (mhos, ) (iii) Find the rate of dissipation of energy in
the resistor.
Where  = conductivity of block material,
m-1
a b  Vab = 0
V V
A = cross-sectional area of block, m2
a b
l = length of block, m
r = 2
r=2
The conductivity of a semiconductor I R = 4 A A
a b R=0
 = ee +hh ( m-1).
Where e = charge density of electrons, C m-3
e = mobility of electrons, m2s-1 V-1 Fig 3.10(a) \Fig 3.10(b)

h = charge density of holes, C m-3, Solution:

h= mobility of holes, m2s-1 V-1
(i) The current from the circuit
Mobility:The mobility is defined as the drift equation
velocity v of the electron (or hole) per unit field E. ε 12V
Current density: The current density is called the I=
r+R = 2 Ω+4 Ω = 2A
current per unit cross-sectional area.
I
J= The potential difference across the
A
SI unit is expressed in amperes per square resistor:
meter (A m-2).
Va b ' '

⃗J =  = IR = (2A) (4) = 8V
⃗E

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

 The terminal voltage of the source Fig ( 3.17) Boundary between two differential

Vab =  – Ir = 12V – (2A) (2) = 8V conducting media showing change in direction of

current or field line.

(ii) When the source is short circuited, For steady currents we have the boundary
the current is relation
ε 12V
I= =
r 2Ω = 6A Jn1 = Jn2

The terminal voltage Vab =  – Ir = where Jn1= component of current density

12V – (6A) (2) = 0 normal to boundary in medium 1

(iii) The rate of dissipation of energy in Jn2= component of current density

the resistor is normal to boundary in medium 2

P = I2R = (2A) 2 (4) = 16 W From relation (3.46), we also have

Et1 = Et2
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
It states that, ‘the algebraic sum of the currents at
Where Et1= component of field tangent to
a junction is zero’.
boundary in medium 1
Current and Field at A Conductor-Conductor
Et2 = component of field tangent to
Boundary
boundary in medium 2
Consider the conductor-conductor boundary
It follows that
shown in Fig. 3.17 between two media of
constants 1,1 and2,2 . The direction of J t1 J t2
=
the current is changed in flowing from one σ1 σ 2

medium to the other. where Jt1= component of current density

tangent to boundary in medium 1
Normal
Current or field line
1 Jt2= component of current density
J1
E1 Medium 1(1,1)
tangent to boundary in medium 2
s
Boundary
Dividing Eq(3.49) by Eq (3.47) gives
Medium 2(2,2)
2
J2
E2
 J t1 J t2 l 2
= (i) R= σA = 7
σ 1 J n1 σ 2 J n2 5.7 × 10 ×1.6 ×10−3
or
¿ 2.193 ×10−5 Ω
tan α 1 σ1 1 1
= (ii)G= R = =45.6 ×103 Ω
tan α 2 σ2 2.193× 10−5

V 50 ×10−3 3
where 1 and 2 are as shown in Fig. 3.17. (iii) I = = =2.28 ×10 A
R 2.193 ×10−5

This relation is similar to Snell’s law of I 2.28 ×103

(iv) J= =
refraction. A 1.6 ×10−3

V 50 ×10−3 −3 −1
(v) E= = =25 × 10 V m
Laplace’s Equation for Conducting Media d 2
(vi) P=VI =50 ×10−3 × 2.28 ×103
⃗ ⃗J = 0
∇. ⃗J = 
For steady currents , but ¿ 114 W
⃗E ; so σ ∇ . ⃗E = 0 . Recalling that P 114
=35.625× 103 W m−3
(vii) V = −3
1.6 ×10 × 2
⃗ ¿ ⃗ ⃗
, Weget σ ∇ . ( ∇ V )= 0 or
⃗E= - { ∇V
(viii)W =I 2 RT ( T =1hr =3600 s )
2
2 ¿ ( 2.28 ×103 ) ×2.193 ×10−5 × 3600
∇ V=0
¿ 410 × 103 J
This is Laplace’s equation. σE 5.7 × 107 ×25 ×10−3
(ix) v= =
ρ 2× 109
Problems
¿ 712.5 ×107 m s−1
1. A copper bar 20 by 80 mm in cross-section
by 2m in length has 50mV applied
2. A silver wire 1 mm diameter transfers a
between its ends. Find the following
charge of 90C in 1 hr and15 min. Silver
quantities and give units in each case: (i)
contains 5.8×1028 free electrons per m3. (i)
resistance of the bar (ii) conductance of the
What is the current in the wire? (ii) What
bar (iii) current (iv) current density (v)
is the drift velocity of the electrons in the
electric field (vi)power loss in the bar (vii)
wire?
power loss per unit volume (ix) energy
Solution
loss per hour (x) drift velocity of electrons.
∘ d=1mm=10−3 m ,r =0.5 ×10−3 m
Take T = 20 C and r = 2G Cm-3.
2
Solution A=π r 2 =3.142× ( 0.5 ×10−3 )
A=20 mm× 80 mm=1.6× 10−3 m2
¿ 0.7856 ×10−6 m2
−3
l=2 m ,V =50 mV =50 ×10 V
q=90 C
ρ=2GC m−3=2 ×10 9 C m−3
σ =5.7 ×107 ℧ m−1 t=75 min=60× 75 s
 ni =5.8× 1028 m−3 1
¿ −8
=0.039 ×10 10 m s−1
25.6× 10
q 90
(i) I = = =0.02 A
t 60 ×75 4. A copper wire has a square cross section,
2.0 mm on a side. It is 4 m long and carries
(ii)I =nqvA
a current of 10A. The density of free
I 0.02 electrons is 8×1028 m-3. (i) What is the
v= =
nqA 5.8 ×1028 × 90 ×0.7856 × 10−6 current density in the wire? (ii) What is the
electric field? (iii) How much time is
¿ 4.88 × 10−27 ms−1
required for an electron to travel the length
3. A certain electrical conductor has a square of the wire?
cross section, 2.0 mm on a side, and is 12
m long. The resistance between its ends is Solution
0.072 Ω. (i) What is the resistivity of l=2.0 mm=2 ×10−3 m
the material? (ii) If the electric field
A=l 2=4 × 10−6 m2
magnitude in the conductor is 0.12 Vm-1, I =10 A
what is the total current? (iii) If the
ρ=8 ×1028 Cm−3
28
material has 8.0×10 free electron per
cubic meter, find the average drift velocity I 10
(i) J= = =0.25× 107 A m −2
A 4 ×10 −6
under conditions of part (ii).

(ii) E=J . ρ=0.25 ×107 ×8 ×10 28

Solution ¿ 2.0 ×1035 V m−1
ρlA 8 ×10 28 ×2 ×10−3 × 4 × 10−6
2 (iii)t= =
A=( 2.0 ×10−3 ) m 2 , E=0.12 V m −1 I 10
−29
¿ 12.8 ×10 s
l=12 m , R=0.072Ω 13. The current in a wire varies with time
according to the relation i = 4A +
RA 0.072× ( 2.0 ×10−3 ) 2
(i) ρ= = (2As-2) t2. (i) How many coulombs pass a
l 12
cross section of the wire in the time
−3
¿ 24 ×10 Ωm interval between t = 5s and t = 10s? (ii)
−3 2 What constant current would transport the
EA 0.12 × ( 2.0 × 10 )
(ii)I =JA=σEA= =
ρ 24 ×10−3 sample charge in the same time interval?
Solution
−5
¿ 2 ×10 A i = 4A + (2As-2) t2
t=5s and t=10s
(iii)n=8.0 ×1028 m−3 (i)Q=? (ii) I=?
∆Q
(i) I =
I 2 ×10−5 ∆t
v=
nqA 8.0 ×10 28 ×1.6 ×10−19 × 4 ×10−6 ∆ Q=I ∆ t
 10
Q=∫ ( 4+ 2t 2 ) dt
5
10
2t 3
( )
¿ 4t+
3 5
3 3
2 ×10 2 ×5
¿ ( 4 × 10+ )−( 4 × 5+
3 3 )
¿ 270 C CHAPTER IV
∆ Q 270 MAGNETIC FIELD OF STEADY
(ii) I = = =54 A
∆t 5 CURRENT

1. The current in a wire varies with time Magnetic field: The magnetic force per moving

according to the relation i = (20A) sin (377 electric charge.

s-1t).How many coulombs pass a cross

Conduction current: The current through a
section of the wire in the time interval
resistor is called conduction current.
between (i) t = 0 and t = 1/120 s (ii) t = 0
and t = 1/60 s? Displacement current: The current through

(iii) What constant current would transport the capacitor is known as the displacement current.

same charge in each of the intervals above? Solenoid: A spiral of wire tightly wound on a
cylindrical former.

Effect of a current on a magnet

S Direction of field
N S
N Radial
line N
I I S
Wire
S
Magnetic N
Compass
Wire field line needles
(a) (b)
S

Fig. (a)
Magnetic field around wire carrying a current. (b)
Cross section perpendicular to the wire. The

Effect of a Magnet on a Current-Carrying

Wire
Fig. Right-hand rule relating direction of field Fig. Lorentz force diagram
or flux lines (fingers) to direction of current
This equation is known as the Lorentz equation.
I(thumb)

F = LBI (N) B⃗ is perpendicular to the plane of ⃗r and u⃗ .

⃗F
where L = length of the conductor in the magnetic m is perpendicular to the plane of B
⃗ and ⃗v
field, m .

I = current in conductor, A ⃗F is the resultant of q ⃗E and F⃗ m .

B = factor involving the magnetic field Magnetic Field of a Moving Charge

The magnetic field B at a point produced by a

F force
B= = ( NA −1 m−1 or T ) single moving point charge is proportional to the
IL current moment
charge ‘q’ and its speed ‘u’ and inversely
The unit is the weber per square meter (Wb m-2),
proportional to the square of the distance ‘r’ from
or tesla (T) (1Wb m-2 = 1T).
the charge.
If I is not perpendicular to B, we find that
The field is also proportional to the sine of the
F is a function of .
angle ‘’ between ⃗r and u⃗ .
dF=BIdlsin
qu
B∝ sinθ
F = BIL are the basic motor equations. r2

Lorentz Equation and Lorentz Force Diagram ' qu

B =k sinθ
r2
When a charged particle moves through a region
of space where both electric field and magnetic ⃗ =k ' q ⃗u ×^r
B
field are present, both fields exert forces on the r2
charged particle. μ0
k'= μ0 =4π×10
−7
The total force is the vector sum of the electric- where 4π and N A-2
field and magnetic-field forces.
μ0 is called permeability of vacuum.
 ⃗F = ⃗F + F⃗
Q u e m
μ0 ⃗u ×r^ μ0 ( ⃗u ×⃗r )

B
⃗=
4π
q
( r2 ) or
B⃗ =
4π
q
r3
u

v 
q
u


r
+
q
u
⃗F =q ⃗E +q ( ⃗v × ⃗B )

⃗F =q [ ⃗E + ( ⃗v ×B⃗ ) ]
 Solution:

Fig. 4. 5 B = 10 Wb m-2

The direction of B⃗ is perpendicular to v = 3107 ms-1

the plane of ⃗r and ⃗u .  = 90

∘

μ0 d ⃗s q = 1.610-19C
B⃗ =
4π r 2 ( q
dt
× r^ )
Fm = ?
μ0
B⃗ =
4π r 2 ( i dt dtd ⃗s × ^r ) Fm = q v B sin

and if one consider the magnetic flux due to the Fe 1 qe q p 1

= 2
×
Fm 4π ε r qe v B
current element i d ⃗s , then

μ 0 id {⃗s×^r Fm = 1.610-19 3107 10 sin

d B⃗ =
4π (
r2
¿ ) 90∘

Fm = 4.810-11N
This is the relationship between the current
flowing along a wire and the magnetic field it The weight of electron is
produces. This equation is known as Biot-Savart W=mg
Law.
W = 9.110-31 9.8
Two important things about the magnetic field
W = 8.910-30N

1. Since r^ appears in the numerator and F m 4 . 8×10−11

= =5 . 4×1018
r
2
in the denominator we are dealing
W 8. 9×10 −30

with an inverse-square law. Since Fm W, the gravitational force is

2. The direction of the element of the negligible in comparison with the
magnetic force.
magnetic flux is given by the vector

product of d ⃗s and r^ . The magnetic Example 4.2

field is thus perpendicularto both d ⃗s and The electron in a hydrogen atom executes uniform
circular motion around the proton with a speed of
r^ .
2.2106 ms-1 in an orbit of radius 5.310-11 m. (a)
Example 4.1 If the hydrogen atom is placed in a magnetic field
of flux density 0.1 Wb m-2, with the plane of the
An electron is projected into a magnetic field of orbit perpendicular to the field, calculate the ratio
flux density B = 10 Wb m-2 with a velocity of of the electrostatic force between electron and
3107 ms-1 in a direction at right-angle to the field. proton to the magnetic force on the electron. (b)
How will the magnetic force affect the motion of
Compute the magnetic force on the electron and
the electron?
compare it with the weight of the electron.
Solution:
 B = 0.1 Wb m-2 μ 0 i d ⃗x ×r^
d B⃗ =
4π r2
r = 5.310-11 m
d B⃗ is directed out of the paper.
v = 2.2106 ms-1
μ0 i dx sinθ
 = 90
∘
dB=
4π r2
qe = qp = 1.610-19C μ0 i dx sin ( 90∘−φ )
dB=
Fe 4π r2
=?
Fm μ0 i dx cosφ
dB=
4π r2
1 qe q p
F e=
Electrostatic force 4πε 0 r 2 x=a tan φ
From the figure,
∘
Magnetic force: Fm = qe v B sin 90 = qe v B dx=a sec2 φ dφ

r=a secφ
μ0 i a sec2 φ dφ
Fe qp dB= cos φ
=9×109 × 4π a2 sec 2 φ
Fm r2 v B
μ0
Fe 9 1 . 6×10−19 dB= i cosφ dφ
=9×10 ×
−11 2
4π a
Fm ( 5. 3×10 ) ×2 .2×10 ×0 .1 6

Thus the total magnetic field is

Fe
=2. 33×106 π
Fm 2
μ0 i
B= ∫ cos φ dφ
4π a
Since Fe Fm, the magnetic force will not −
π
2
affect the motion of electron.
π
2
4.5 Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire 2μ0 i
B= ∫ cosφ dφ
4π a 0
Fig 4.8
P μ0 i
π
dB
B= |sin φ|02
r 2π a
a
i
μ0 i
dx x B=
2π a

i ⃗
H= B
2πa

Consider a segment of length ‘dx’ of a long Magnetic Field of a circular loop

straight conductor. Current in the conductor is ‘i’.
Consider a single circular loop of wire carrying
A point P is at a distance ‘a’ from the conductor.
current i and having radius ‘a’. The magnetic field
By Biot-Savart law the magnetic field at P ( i d ⃗s ) is
at P due to the current element
due to the current element ( i d⃗x ) is
 i d ⃗s ×^r ni
d H⃗ = H
4π r 2 2a

i d ⃗s sinθ Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

¿
4 π r2
1 r A
since all elements of the coil are at right angle to 2 a solenoid
∘ P x
the line AP, sin 90 =1 is a
spiral of
i ds wire
dH=
4π r 2 tightly wound on a cylindrical former.

ds dH
a r
o x P
i

The sum of the

contributions of the vertical components of For a single turn the magnetic field is
d H⃗ is canceled. The sum of the contributions ia2
H
2 r3
H=∑ d H x
The field due to the whose solenoid is
H=∑ dHcos ∅
ia2
 r 
m
3
i ds H i
H=∑ cosφ 2 i
4π r 2
For large i,
a
cosφ=
r
 r    r
m
But 3 3
i m dx
i
i ds a ai
H 3
  ds
Thus 4π r 4π r 3 Thus

ai ia2 m
H
4π r 3
 2π a H
2 r 3
dx

a2 i Where m = the number of turns per unit length of

H the solenoid.
Therefore 2 r3
r
If the coil has ‘n’ turns  cosec α
From the figure, a
a2 i n a2 i n r  a cosec α
H (or) H 
2 r3
 
3
2 a2  x 2 2
x  a cotα
The field at the centre of the coil (when r = a ) is
dx   a cosec 2 α dα

Thus
 m   a cosec 2 α dα 
α2
ia2
H
2  a 3 cosec 3 α
α1
Fig 4.13

im 2 1
α ∮ B . dl=μ0 I
2 α1 cosecα
H dα
µ0= permeability of vacuum(4π×10-7NA2)
α
im 2 I=the net current
2 α1
H sinα dα
Questions and Problems
im α
H cosα α 2 1. Which pairs of vectors in the equation
 
2 1
  
F q vB are alwaysPerpendicularto
Thus
each other and which are not necessarily so?
im 2. Can a charged particle move through a
H  cosα 2  cosα1 
2 magnetic field without experiencing any
force? How?.
If the solenoid is infinitely long,
3. An electron at point A in Fig (4.14)
cosα 2  cos0  1 and cosα 1  cos 180    1 has a velocity v0 of 107 ms-1.Find(a) the

magnitude and direction of B that will
The field in the middle of solenoid is H = im
cause the electronto follow the semicircular
If the point P is at one end of the solenoid, path from A to B. (b) the time required
for the electron to move from A to B.
cosα 2  cos 90   0 and cosα 1  cos 180    1
v0
Then

im
H
2

The field at one end of the solenoid is half of that Fig 4.14
_ 10cm -
at the middle. A B

Ampere’s Law

The line integral of the magnetic field B around 4. (i)What is the velocity of a beam of
electrons when the simultaneous ofan
any closed path is equal to μ 0 times the net
electric field of intensity 34104 Vm-1
current across the area bounded by the path.
and a magnetic field of flux density
Ampere’s law is a relation between the tangential 210-3 Wb m-2 both fields being normal
component of magnetic field at points on a closed to the beam and to each other, produces
curve and the net current through the area no deflection of electron. (ii) Show in a
bounded by the curve. diagram the relative orientation of
  
v , E and B .(c) What is the radius of the
I electron orbit when the electric field is
removed?.
r B

B
5. A long straight conductor carries a current of 8. A long linear conductor with current of 10 A
10A. Find the magneticfield at a point 0.4m is coincident with the z axis.The current
 
from the conductor. B  x3  ŷ 4 T,
flows in the +z direction. If

Solution find the vector value of the force F per meter
i=10 A , a=0.4 cm , B=? length of conductor.
9. What is a solenoid? Show that the magnetic
μ0=4 π ×107 H m−1 field at one end of the solenoid is half of that
at the middle.
μ0 i 10. Proton movingperpendicular
B
2π a toamagneticfield at a velocity 2.0  106 ms-1
experience an acceleration of 2.3  1014 ms-2.
4 × 107 × 10 −6
¿ =5 ×10 T Find the magnitude of the magnetic field.
2 π ×0.4
(mass of proton = 1.67  10-27 kg )
6. A magnetic field of magnitude 510-4 T is to
Solution
be produced at a distance of 5cm from a long
straight wire.(i)What current is required to V=2.0  106 ms-1, a=2.3  1014 ms-2,
produce thisfield? (ii) With the current found
in (i) what is the magnitude of the field at a mp=1.67  10-27
distance of 20cm from the wire?
F=qvBsin θ
Solution m p a=qvBsin θ
a=5 ×10−2 m , B=5× 10−4 T ,i=? mp a
B=
(i) μ0=4 π ×10−7 H m−1 qvsin θ

μ i 1.67 ×10−27 ×2.3 ×10 14

B 0
¿ =1.2T
2π a 1.6× 10−19 × 2.0 ×106 sin 90 °

11. Two long straight wires separated by 10cm.

B × 2 πa
i= Each wire carries a current3.5A and 6.0 A
μ0
respectively. Find magnetic flux density at
5× 10−4 × 2 π ×5 ×10−2 mid-point,between two wires when (i)
¿ =125 A
4 π × 107 currents flow in the same direction.(ii)
currents flow in opposite direction.
(ii)a=5 ×10−2 m , B=?
Solution
μ0 i
B= Flux density at mid-point produced by current i1
2 πa
is
μ 0=4 π × 10−7 ×125 −4
¿ −2
=1.25 ×10 T μ 0 i1
2 π ×5 ×10 B=
2 πa
7. Two long parallel linear conductors carry
100A. If the conductors areseparated by 20 4 π ×10−7 ×3.5 −5 −2
¿ 2
=1.4 ×10 Wb m
mm, what is the force per meter of length on 2 π ×5 ×10
a conductor if the currents flow (i) in Flux density at mid-point produced by current i2
opposite directions and (ii) in the same is
direction?
 μ 0 i2
B=
2 πa

4 π ×10−7 ×6 −5 −2
¿ 2
=2.4 ×10 Wb m
2 π ×5 ×10

(i)When i1 and i2 are in the same direction, B1 and

B2 are in opposite direction,

B=B2−B1

¿ 2.4 ×10−5−1.4 × 10−5

¿ 1× 10−5 Wb m−2

(ii)When i1 and i2 are in the opposite direction, B1

and B2 are in same direction,

B=B2 + B1
−5 −5
¿ 2.4 ×10 +1.4 ×10

¿ 3.8 ×10−5 Wb m −2

1. A long cylindrical conductor of radius R

and  =  carries a current I = I0 sint, As a
function of radius R(for r < R and r > R), find

J
(a) conduction current density cond

J disp
(b) displacement current density

(c) magnetic field B

1 Bz B
 

 curl B r  
Hints: r  z

curl B  Br Bz



 
z r

1  r B Br 
 curl B 

   
r  r  
z

0 I
r B 
2

Solution:
  I
J cond  B ∮ dl=μ0 I
(a) Conduction current density A
μ0 I
 I sin t B= ( for r ≥ R )
J cond  0 2πr
A
I 0 sin ωt inside the conductor,
⃗J =
cond
π R2 ( for 0 ≤ r ≤ R )
⃗J cond =0 for r > R
∮ ⃗B .d ⃗l =μ0 I '
μ0 I '
B= ( for r ≤ R )
(current outside the conductor is zero ). 2πr
(b) Displacement current density I r2
'
I= 2
⃗J =ε d E
⃗ where R
disp 0
dt
For a perfect conducting medium = ,
2. State the meaning of the equation
J cond
J cond
E= = ∞ =0 ∮ ⃗B d l⃗ =μ 0 I in words. What is the name
σ
of this law? Deduce the Maxwell’s
dE equations from it (i) in integral form and
∴ J disp=ε 0 =0 for r < R (ii) in differential form.
dt
For r > R, Solution

⃗ ⃗B =μ ⃗J The line integral of the magnetic field around any

∇× 0 disp closed path is equal to times the net current across
the area bounded by the path. This law is
∫ ⃗B .d ⃗s =μ0 I Ampere’s law.
s

Maxwell’s equations in integral form,

μ 0 I 0 sin ωt φ^
B⃗ =
2πr ∂ ⃗E ⃗
For cylindrical coordinates,
A A
(
I=∫ ( ⃗J cond + ⃗J disp ) .d ⃗A =∫ ⃗J cond +ε 0 )
∂t
.d A

∮ ⃗B .d ⃗l =μ0 ∫ (⃗Jcond +ε0 ∂∂tE ) .d ⃗A

∂ Bz ∂ Bφ ∂ Br ∂ B z
⃗
⃗ ⃗B = 1 1 ∂r B φ ∂ Br
∇× (r ∂φ
−
∂z
r^ + ) (
∂z
−
∂r
φ^ +
r ∂r )
−
∂φ (
^z ) A

Maxwell’s equations in differential form,

μ0 ⃗J disp=0
By applying Stoke’s theorem,
∴ ⃗J disp = 0
⃗ ⃗B ) .d ⃗A
∮ ⃗B .d ⃗l =∫ ( ∇×
∂ E⃗ ⃗
(c) Applying Ampere’s law outside the ∫ ( ⃗
∇× B
⃗ ) .d A
⃗ =μ ⃗J (
0 ∫ cond 0
+ε
∂t
.d A )
conductor, ∮ ⃗B .d ⃗l =μ0 I
⃗ ⃗B =μ ⃗J +ε ∂ ⃗E
∇× (
0 cond 0
∂t )
 ⃗ ⃗B=0
⃗ ⃗B =μ σ ⃗E +ε ∂ ⃗E ∇.
∇× 0 0
∂t ( ) (2)

⃗ ⃗B =μ ( ⃗J +ε j ω E⃗ )
∇× 0 cond 0
(3)
3. What is the displacement current density
of a magnetic field in free space given by
⃗ E⃗ =− ∂ ⃗B
∇×
H Z =H 0 sin( ωt − Bx )? Hx = Hy = 0. (4) ∂t

Solution (ii)the differential form for harmonically varying fields,

⃗E= E⃗ 0 e jω t and ⃗B= ⃗B0 e jω t

⃗ ⃗B =μ ⃗J +ε ∂ ⃗E
∇× 0 cond 0 (
∂t ) where is angular frequency.
(or) ⃗
∇×⃗
H =( ⃗J cond + ⃗J disp )
∂ ⃗E
= j ω ⃗E0 e jω t = j ω E
J cond =0
In free space ⃗
∂t

∂ B⃗
⃗J disp =⃗
∇×⃗
H = j ω ⃗B0 e jω t = j ω ⃗B
∂t
i^ ^j k^
⃗J disp = ∂
∂x
Hx
| ∂
∂y
Hy
∂
∂z
Hz
|
⃗J disp =i^
( ∂∂Hy − ∂∂Hz )− ^j ( ∂∂Hx − ∂∂Hz )+ k^ ( ∂∂Hx − ∂∂Hy )
z y z x y x

Since H Z =H 0 sin( ωt − Bx ) Hx = Hy = 0
,

⃗J disp =i^ ∂ −0 − ^j ∂ −0
∂y( ∂x ) ( )
¿− ^j (−B )

¿ ^j B

4. (i) State Maxwell’s equations in

differential form. Explain the symbols in
it.
(ii) Derive them in the differential form for
harmonically varying fields.

Solution

(i) Maxwell’s equations in differential form:

ρv
⃗ . ⃗E =
∇
(1) ε0