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This document contains lecture material on concepts leading to quantum mechanics. It includes questions and explanations about electromagnetic waves, Maxwell's equations, Planck's quantum theory of radiation, the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, de Broglie's matter waves, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, and the wave-particle duality of light and matter. Key topics covered are the transverse nature of EM waves, polarization, derivation of wave propagation from Maxwell's equations, quantization of energy of oscillators, properties of matter waves, Compton shift calculations, and uncertainties in energy, time, and frequency as per the HUP.

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Satish Mudalagi
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91 views4 pages

Question Bank

This document contains lecture material on concepts leading to quantum mechanics. It includes questions and explanations about electromagnetic waves, Maxwell's equations, Planck's quantum theory of radiation, the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, de Broglie's matter waves, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, and the wave-particle duality of light and matter. Key topics covered are the transverse nature of EM waves, polarization, derivation of wave propagation from Maxwell's equations, quantization of energy of oscillators, properties of matter waves, Compton shift calculations, and uncertainties in energy, time, and frequency as per the HUP.

Uploaded by

Satish Mudalagi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit I: Concepts Leading to Quantum Mechanics 2020

Week#1
set:1
1. Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves shows that the electric and magnetic vectors are
(1M)
(a) Perpendicular (b) oppositely directed (c) in the same direction (d) none
of these
Expected Answer:
Perpendicular
Explanation:
Electromagnetic waves have coupled electric and magnetic field components mutually
perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the waves.
2. Differentiate between circular and elliptical polarization states of electromagnetic waves. (2M)
If light is composed of two plane waves of equal amplitude but differing in phase by 90°, then the
light is said to be circularly polarized. If two plane waves of differing amplitude are related in
phase by 90°, or if the relative phase is other than 90° then the light is said to be elliptically
polarized.
3. Starting from Maxwell’s equations, derive the equations of wave propagation in free space. (4M)
4. The frequency of harmonic oscillator at 55 oC is 6x1012 s-1. Estimate the average energy of the
oscillator as per Planck’s idea of cavity oscillators. (4M)
Set:2
1. Light is an electromagnetic wave and has
Longitudinal wave nature
Transverse wave nature
Quantum nature
Dual nature

2. Give the physical significance of Poynting vector.


The Poynting vector S describes the energy flow associated with an electromagnetic wave.

3. What are the assumptions of quantum theory of radiation?


i. The electrons in the black body are assumed as simple harmonic oscillators
ii. The oscillators will not emit energy continuously
iii. They emit radiation in terms of quanta of magnitude hν discretely

4. Calculate the average energy of Planck’s oscillator of frequency 5.6 ×1012Hz at 330 K.
Sol: ν=5.6 ×1012Hz ; T=330K
hν
The average energy of Planck’s oscillator = hv
=2.945× 10−21 Joules
kT
e −1
Set:3

1. The entire theory of electromagnetic waves is contained in Maxwell’s equations


a. True
b. False
2. In vacuum or free space, what observations are made?
a. ρ=ρ 0, J=0

1 Department of Science & Humanities (Physics) PESU


Unit I: Concepts Leading to Quantum Mechanics 2020

b. ρ=0, J= J0
c. ρ=0, J=0
d. ρ=ρ 0, J= J0
3. Find the energy density of electromagnetic wave, if the electric field of amplitude 6.2 V/m
oscillates with a frequency of 2.4 X 10 10 Hz.

Explanation: From Maxwell’s equation, we know, Energy density = εE 2


Here, Emax = 6.2 V/m and ε = 8.85 X 10-12 C2/Nm2
Therefore,
Energy Density = 8.85 X 10-12 X 6.2 X 6.2 = 3.4 X 10-10J/m3.

4. Maxwell’s equation can be written in


a. Integral form
b. Differential form
c. Logical form
d. Either in integral or differential form
5. State pointing theorem.
6. Derive the electromagnetic wave equation by using Maxwell’s equation.
7. What is polarization? Discuss its types.

Week#2
Set:1
1. Select the correct alternative(s): the heavier of the two particles has smaller de-Broglie
wavelength when both of them
Move with same velocity
Move with same kinetic energy
Move with same momentum
Fall through the same height

2. Why classical physics failed to explain the results of compton’s experiment?


According to classical wave theory, X-rays are electromagnetic waves. Therefore the scattered
radiation should have the same wavelength as the incident radiation. Further, electrons in the
material radiate uniformly in all directions and therefore Compton shift should not depend on the
scattering angle.

3. List the properties of matter waves


i. Matter waves are not electromagnetic waves
ii. Matter waves are called probability waves
iii. The phase velocity of matter wave is greater than the velocity of light
iv. They exhibit diffraction phenomenon as any other waves
v. The smaller the velocity of the particle, the longer is the wavelength of the matter wave
associated with it
vi. The lighter the particle, the longer is the wavelength of the matter wave associated with it

4. Uncertainty in time of an excited atom is about 10 -8 s. what are the uncertainties in energy and in
frequency of the radiation?

2 Department of Science & Humanities (Physics) PESU


Unit I: Concepts Leading to Quantum Mechanics 2020

Sol: The uncertainty relation for energy E and time t for a physical system can be written as
∆ E ∆ t ≥ ℏ/2 where ∆ E is the uncertainty in the energy E of a system and ∆ t is the uncertainty
in the time in which this energy is estimated.

ℏ
∆ E ∆t≥
2

6.63× 10−34 5.28 ×10−27 −8


∆ E= −8
= −19
=3.3 ×10 eV
4 × 3.142×10 1.602 ×10

∆ E 5.28 ×10−27
∆ ν= = =7.96 MHz
h 6.63 ×10−34
Set:2

1. Maximum wavelength shift in the Compton scattering of photons from electrons is -------
(a) 2.65 x 10-15 m (b) 2.65 x10-10 m (c) 0.0484 x10-10 m (d) 0.0242 x10-10 m
Expected Answer:
0.0484 x10-10 m
Explanation:
The maximum shift in the wavelength is when θ = 180 o, and is equal to 0.0484 x 10-10 m
2. Explain why a single monochromatic wave cannot represent a particle? (2M)
3. Explain why electron cannot exist in the nucleus of radius 10 -14 m.
4. X-rays of wavelength 0.112 nm is scattered from a carbon target. Calculate the wavelength of X-
rays scattered at an angle 90o with respect to the original direction.

Set:3

1. Define Compton shift?


2. Define wave packet?
3. State Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle?
4. At what angles the Compton shift is maximum and minimum?
5. The Compton effect can be explained on the basis of
a. Wave theory of light
b. Quantum theory of light
c. Wave optics
d. Ray optics
6. X-rays with wavelength 0.1 nm are scattered from a carbon block. The scattered radiations are
viewed at right angles to the direction of incident beam. What is the Compton shift?
Explanation: As we know, Δλ=h/m0c(1–cosθ)
Here, cosθ = 0. Therefore,
Δλ = 2h/m0c
= 0.0024 nm.
7. Which property does the Compton Effect describe about photons?
a. Mass
b. Momentum
c. Wave properties

3 Department of Science & Humanities (Physics) PESU


Unit I: Concepts Leading to Quantum Mechanics 2020

d. Speed rate
8. What happens to a high energy photon after it strikes an electron?
a. decreases frequency
b. decreases wavelength
c. increases energy
d. increases momentum
9. The phase and group velocity does not depend on which of the following?
a. Frequency
b. Wavelength
c. Phase constant
d. Attenuation constant
10. State three forms of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle? Discuss the gamma ray microscope.
11. Distinguish between group velocity and phase velocity?
12. What are phase velocity and group velocity? Derive a relation between them?

4 Department of Science & Humanities (Physics) PESU

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