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PERUMAL MANIMEKALAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION – THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR
Basic concepts – Advantages – Materials required – Systems and methods of prestressing – Analysis of
sections – Stress concept – Strength concept – Load balancing concept – Effect of loading on the tensile
stresses in tendons – Effect of tendon profile on deflections – Factors influencing deflections – Calculation of
deflections – Short term and long term deflections - Losses of prestress – Estimation of crack width.

Definition of Prestress:
Prestress is defined as a method of applying pre-compression to control the stresses resulting due to external
loads below the neutral axis of the beam tension developed due to external load which is more than the
permissible limits of the plain concrete. The pre-compression applied (may be axial or eccentric)
will induce the compressive stress below the neutral axis or as a whole of the beam c/s. Resulting either no
tension or compression.

Terminology
1. Tendon: A stretched element used in a concrete member of structure to impart prestress to the concrete.
2. Anchorage: A device generally used to enable the tendon to impart and maintain prestress in concrete.
3. Pretensioning: A method of prestressing concrete in which the tendons are tensioned before the concrete
is placed. In this method, the concrete is introduced by bond between steel & concrete.
4. Post-tensioning: A method of prestressing concrete by tensioning the tendons against
hardened concrete. In this method, the prestress is imparted to concrete by bearing.

1. INTRODUCTION

Concrete is strong in compression, but weak in tension: its tensile strength varies from 8 to 14 percent of its
compressive strength. Due to such a low tensile capacity, flexural cracks develop at early stages of loading. In
order to reduce or prevent such cracks from developing, a concentric or eccentric force is imposed in the
longitudinal direction of the structural element. This force prevents the cracks from developing by eliminating
or considerably reducing the tensile stresses at the critical midspan and support sections at service load,
thereby raising the bending, shear, and torsional capacities of the sections. The sections are then able to
behave elastically, and almost the full capacity of the concrete in compression can be efficiently utilized across
1

the entire depth of the concrete sections. when all loads act on the structure. Such an imposed longitudinal
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force is called a prestressing force, i.e., a compressive force that prestresses the sections along the span of the
structural element prior to the application of the transverse gravity dead and live loads or transient horizontal
live loads.

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The type of prestressing force involved, together with its magnitude, are determined mainly on the basis of
the type of system to be constructed and the span length and slenderness desired. Since the prestressing
force is applied longitudinally along or parallel to the axis of the member, the prestressing principle involved is
commonly known as linear prestressing.
Circular prestressing, used in liquid containment tanks, pipes, and pressure reactor vessels, essentially follows
the same basic principles as does linear prestressing. The circumferential hoop, or “hugging” stress on the
cylindrical or spherical structure, neutralizes the tensile stresses at the outer fibers of the curvilinear surface
2

caused by the internal contained pressure.

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Figure 1.1 illustrates, in a basic fashion, the prestressing action in both types of structural systems and the
resulting stress response. In (a), the individual concrete blocks act together as a beam due to the large
compressive prestressing force P. Although it might appear that the blocks will slip and vertically simulate
shear slip failure, in fact they will not because of the longitudinal force P. Similarly, the wooden staves in (c)
might appear to be capable of separating as a result of the high internal radial pressure exerted on them. But
again, because of the compressive prestress imposed by the metal bands as a form of circular prestressing,
they will remain in place.

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Comparison with Reinforced Concrete

From the preceding discussion, it is plain that permanent stresses in the prestressed structural member are
created before the full dead and live loads are applied, in order to eliminate or considerably reduce the net
tensile stresses caused by these loads. With reinforced concrete, it is assumed that the tensile strength of the
concrete is negligible and disregarded. This is because the tensile forces resulting from the bending moments
are resisted by the bond created in the reinforcement process. Cracking and deflection are therefore
essentially irrecoverable in reinforced concrete once the member has reached its limit state at service load.
The reinforcement in the reinforced concrete member does not exert any force of its own on the member,
contrary to the action of prestressing steel. The steel required to produce the prestressing force in the
prestressed member actively preloads the member, permitting a relatively high controlled recovery of
cracking and deflection. Once the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is exceeded, the prestressed
member starts to act like a reinforced concrete element. By controlling the amount of prestress, a structural
system can be made either flexible or rigid without influencing its strength. In reinforced concrete, such a
flexibility in behavior is considerably more difficult to achieve if considerations of economy are to be observed
in the design. Flexible structures such as fender piles in wharves have to be highly energy absorbent, and
prestressed concrete can provide the required resiliency. Structures designed to withstand heavy vibrations,
such as machine foundations, can easily be made rigid through the Contribution of the prestressing force to
the reduction of their otherwise flexible deformation behavior.

1.1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF PRESTRESSING

Prestressed concrete is basically concrete in which internal stresses of a suitable magnitude and distribution
are introduced so that the stresses resulting from the external loads are counteracted to a desired degree.
1.1.1 Introduction
The prestressing force P that satisfies the particular conditions of geometry and loading of a given element
(see Figure 1.2) is determined from the principles of mechanics and of stress-strain relationships. Sometimes
simplification is Necessary, as when a prestressed beam is assumed to be homogeneous and elastic.
Consider, then, a simply supported rectangular beam subjected to a concentric prestressing force P as shown
in Figure 1.2(a). The compressive stress on the beam cross section is uniform and has an intensity
3

where Ac = bh is the cross-sectional area of a beam section of width b and total depth h. A minus sign is used
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for Compression and a plus sign for tension throughout the text. Also, bending moments are drawn on the
tensile side of the member. If external transverse loads are applied to the beam, causing a maximum
moment M at midspan, the resulting stress becomes

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Where
f t = stress at the top fibers
fb = stress at the bottom fibers
c = __ h for the rectangular section
Ig = gross moment of inertia of the section (bh3/12 in this case)
Equation 1.2b indicates that the presence of prestressing-compressive stress − P/A is reducing
the tensile flexural stress Mc/I to the extent intended in the design, either eliminating tension totally (even
inducing compression), or permitting a level of tensile stress within allowable code limits. The Section is then
considered uncracked and behaves elastically: the concrete’s inability to withstand tensile stresses is
effectively compensated for by the compressive force of the prestressing tendon.

The compressive stresses in Equation 1.2a at the top fibers of the beam due to prestressing are compounded
by the application of the loading stress − Mc/I, as seen in Figure 1.2(b). Hence, the compressive stress capacity
of the beam to take a substantial external load is reduced by the concentric prestressing force. In order to
avoid this limitation, the prestressing tendon is placed eccentrically below the neutral axis at midspan, to
induce tensile stresses at the top fibers due to prestressing. [See Figure 1.2(c), (d).] If the tendon is placed at
eccentricity e from the center of gravity of the concrete, termed the cgc line, it creates a moment Pe, and the
ensuing stresses at mid span become

Since the support section of a simply supported beam carries no moment from the external transverse load,
high tensile fiber stresses at the top fibers are caused by the eccentric prestressing force. To limit such
stresses, the eccentricity of the prestressing tendon profile, the cgs line, is made less at the support section
4 Page

than at the midspan section, or eliminated altogether, or else a negative eccentricity above the cgc line is
used.

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What are the advantages of Prestressed Concrete

5

1. In case of fully prestressed member, which are free from tensile stresses under working loads.
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2. The cross section is more effectively utilized when compared with a reinforced concrete section
which is cracked under working loads. Within certain limits, a permanent dead load may be
counteracted by increasing the eccentricity of the prestressing force in a prestressed structural
elements, thus effecting saving in the use of materials.
3. Prestressed concrete members possess improved resistance to shearing forces, due to the
effect of compressive prestress, which reduces the principal tensile stress.
4. The use of high strength concrete and steel in prestressed members results in lighter and
slender members than is possible with reinforced concrete.
5. It is free from cracks, contributes to the improved durability of the structure under aggressive
environmental conditions.
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6. The economy of prestressed concrete is well established for long span structures.
7. A prestressed concrete flexural member is stiffer under working loads than a reinforced
concrete member of the same depth.
8. The use of high strength concrete and steel in prestressed members results in lighter and
slender members than is possible with RC members.
9. In fully prestressed members the member is free from tensile stresses under working loads, thus
whole of the section is effective.
10. In prestressed members, dead loads may be counter-balanced by eccentric prestressing.
11. Prestressed concrete member posses better resistance to shear forces due to effect of compressive
stresses presence or eccentric cable profile.
12. Use of high strength concrete and freedom from cracks, contribute to improve durability under
aggressive environmental conditions.
13. Long span structures are possible so that saving in weight is significant & thus it will be economic.
14. Factory products are possible.
15 Prestressed members are tested before use.
16 Prestressed concrete structure deflects appreciably before ultimate failure, thus giving ample warning
before collapse.
17. Fatigue strength is better due to small variations in prestressing steel, recommended to dynamically
loaded structures.

Disadvantages of Prestressed Concrete

1. The availability of experienced builders is scanty.
2. Initial equipment cost is very high.
3. Availability of experienced engineers is scanty.
4. Prestressed sections are brittle
5. Prestressed concrete sections are less fire resistant

1.3 MATERIALS FOR PRESTRESS CONCRETE MEMBERS:

1. Cement: The cement used should be any of the following

(a) Ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS269
(b) Portland slag cement conforming to IS455. But the slag content should not be more than 50%.
(c) Rapid hardening Portland cement conforming to IS8041. The losses in prestress members due
2 2
to various reasons are generally in the range of 250 N/mm to 400 N/mm . If mild steel or
deformed steel is used the residual stresses after losses is either zero or negligible. Hence
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2
high tensile steel wires are used which varies from 1600 to 2000 N/mm .
(d) High strength ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS8112. The losses in prestress
2 2
members due to various reasons are generally in the range of 250 N/mm to 400 N/mm . If
mild steel or deformed steel is used the residual stresses after losses is either zero or
2
negligible. Hence high tensile steel wires are used which varies from 1600 to 2000 N/mm .

2. Concrete: Prestress concrete requires concrete, which has a high compressive strength reasonably
early age with comparatively higher tensile strength than ordinary concrete. The concrete for the
members shall be air-entrained concrete composed of Portland cement, fine and coarse aggregates,
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admixtures and water. The air-entraining feature may be obtained by the use of either air-entraining
Portland cement or an approved air-entraining admixture. The entrained air content shall be not less
than 4 percent or more than 6 percent.
3
Minimum cement content of 300 to 360 kg/m is prescribed for the durability requirement.
The water content should be as low as possible.

3. Steel:- High tensile steel , tendons , strands or cables

The steel used in prestress shall be any one of the following:-

(a) Plain hard-drawn steel wire conforming to IS1785 (Part-I & Part-III)
(b) Cold drawn indented wire conforming to IS6003
(c) High tensile steel wire bar conforming to IS2090
(d) Uncoated stress relived strand conforming to IS6006

High strength steel contains:

0.7 to 0.8% carbons,
0.6% manganese,
0.1% silica

Durability, Fire Resistance & Cover Requirements For P.S.C Members:-

According to IS: 1343-1980
20 mm cover for pretensioned members
30 mm or size of the cable which ever is bigger for post tensioned members.
If the prestress members are exposed to an aggressive environment, these covers are increased by another 10
mm.

Necessity of high grade of concrete & steel:

Higher the grade of concrete higher the bond strength which is vital in pretensioned concrete, Also higher
bearing strength which is vital in post-tensioned concrete. Further creep & shrinkage losses are minimum with
high-grade concrete.
Generally minimum M30 grade concrete is used for post-tensioned & M40 grade concrete is used for
7

pretensioned members.
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The losses in 2
prestress members due to various reasons are generally in the range of 250 N/mm to 400
2
N/mm . If mild steel or deformed steel is used the residual stresses after losses is either zero or negligible.
2
Hence high tensile steel wires are used which varies from 1600 to 2000 N/mm
Classifications and Types
Prestressed concrete structures can be classified in a number of ways depending upon the feature of designs
and constructions.

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1.
Pre-tensioning: In which the tendons are tensioned before the concrete is placed, tendons are temporarily
anchored and tensioned and the prestress is transferred to the concrete after it is hardened.
2. Post-tensioning: In which the tendon is tensioned after concrete has hardened. Tendons are placed in
sheathing at suitable places in the member before casting and later after hardening of concrete.

The various methods by which pre-compression are imparted to concrete are classified as follows:
1. Generation of compressive force between the structural elements and its abutments using flat jack.
2. Development of hoop compression in cylindrically shaped structures by circumferential wire binding.
3. Use of longitudinally tensioned steel embedded in concrete or housed in ducts.
4. Use of principle of distortion of a statically indeterminate structure either by displacement or by
rotation of one part relative to the remainder.
5. Use of deflected structural steel sections embedded in concrete until the hardening of the latter.
6. Development of limited tension in steel and compression in concrete by using expanding cements.

The most widely used method for prestressing of structural concrete elements is longitudinal tensioning of
steel by different tensioning devices. Prestressing by the application of direct forces between abutments is
generally used for arches and pavements, while flat jacks are invariably used to impart the desired forces.

Tensioning Devices

The various types devices used for tensioning steel are grouped under four principal categories, viz.
1. Mechanical devices: The mechanical devices generally used include weights with or without lever
transmission, geared transmission in conjunction with pulley blocks, screw jacks with or without gear
devices and wire-winding machines. These devices are employed mainly for prestressing structural
concrete components produced on a mass scale in factory.
2. Hydraulic devices: These are simplest means for producing large prestressing force, extensively used as
tensioning devices.
3. Electrical devices: The wires are electrically heated and anchored before placing concrete in the mould.
This method is often referred to as thermo-prestressing and used for tensioning of steel wires and
deformed bars.
4. Chemical devices: Expanding cements are used and the degree of expansion is controlled by varyinthe
curing condition. Since the expansive action of cement
while setting is restrained, it induces tensile forces in tendons and compressive stresses in concrete.
Differnces of Prestressed Concrte Over Reinforced Concrete:
1. In prestress concrete member steel plays active role. The stress in steel prevails whether external load is
there or not. But in R.C.C., steel plays a passive role. The stress in steel in R.C.C members depends upon
8

the external loads. i.e., no external load, no stress in steel.

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2. In prestress concrete the stresses in steel is almost constant where as in R.C.C the stress in steel is variable
with the lever arm.
3. Prestress concrete has more shear resistance, where as shear resistance of R.C.C is less.
4. In prestress concrete members, deflections are less because the eccentric prestressing force will induce
couple which will cause upward deflections, where as in R.C.C., deflections are more.
5. In prestress concrete fatigue resistance is more compare to R.C.C. because in R.C.C. stress in steel is
external load dependent where as in P.S.C member it is load independent.
6. Prestress concrete is more durable as high grade of concrete is used which are more dense in nature. R.C.C.
is less durable.
7. In prestress concrete dimensions are less because external stresses are counterbalance by the internal
stress induced by prestress. Therefore reactions on column & footing are less as a whole the quantity of
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concrete is reduced by 30% and steel reduced by about 60 to 70%. R.C.C. is uneconomical for long span
because in R.C.C. dimension of sections are large requiring more concrete & steel. Moreover as self-
weight increases more reactions acted on columns & footings, which requires higher sizes.

Comparative Study: Pretension Vs Post-tensioned Member

Pretension member Post-tensioned member

1. In pretensioned prestress concrete, steel is 1. Concreting is done first then wires are
tensioned prior to that of concrete. It is released tensioned and anchored at ends. The stress
once the concrete is placed and hardened. The transfer is by end bearing not by bond.
stresses are transferred all along the wire by
means of bond.
2. Suitable for short span and precast products 2. Suitable for long span bridges
like sleepers, electric poles on mass production.
3. In pretensioning the cables are basically straight 3. The post tensioning cables can be aligned in any
and horizontal. Placing them in curved or inclined manner to suit the B.M.D due to external load
position is difficult. However the wire’s can be system. Therefore it is more economical
kept with eccentrically. Since cables can not be particularly for long span bridges. The curved or
aligned similar to B.M.D. structural advantages inclined cables can have vertical component at
are less compare to that of post-tensioned. ends. These components will reduce the design
shear force. Hence post-tensioned beams are
superior to pretensioned beams both from
flexural and shear resistances point.
4. Prestress losses are more compare to that of 4. Losses are less compare to pre-tensioned
post-tensioned concrete. concrete

1.3 ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESS MEMBER

Basic assumption
1. Concrete is a homogenous material.
2. Within the range of working stress, both concrete & steel behave elastically, notwithstanding the
small amount of creep, which occurs in both the materials under the sustained loading.
3. A plane section before bending is assumed to remain plane even after bending, which implies a
linear strain distribution across the depth of the member.
9
Page

Analysis of prestress member

The stress due to prestressing alone are generally combined stresses due to the action of direct load
bending from an eccentrically applied load. The following notations and sign conventions are used for the
analysis of prestress members.

P-=Prestressing force (Positive when compressive)

E-=Eccentricity of prestressing force
M = Pe -=Moment

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A-= Cross-sectional area of the concrete member

I-= Second moment of area of the section about its centroid

ZbZ,-= Section modulus of the top & bottom fibre respectively

ftopfbott-= Prestress in concrete developed at the top & bottom fibres

yby,-= Distance of the top & bottom fibre from the centroid of the section

r-= Radius of gyration

(i) Concentric tendon

In this case, the load is applied concentrically and a compressive stress of magnitude (P/A) will act
through out the section. Thus the stress will generate in the section as shown in the figure below.

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EXAMPLE
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A rectangular concrete beam of cross-section 30 cm deep and 20 cm wide is prestressed by means of 15
wires of 5 mm diameter located 6.5 cm from the bottom of the beam and 3 wires of diameter of 5 mm, 2.5
cm from the top. Assuming the prestress in the steel as 840 N/mm 2, calculate the stresses at the extreme
fibers of the mid-span section when the beam is supporting its own weight over a span of 6 m. If a
uniformly distributed live load of 6kN/m is imposed, evaluate the maximum working stress in concrete.
The density of concrete is 24kN/m3.
Solution:-

Data Provided:
Cross section of beam: 30 cm × 20 cm
Prestressed by ; 15 no. 5 mm diameter wires (6.5 cm from bottom)
3 no. 5mm diameter wires (2.5 cm from top) 98
Prestress in steel: 840 N/mm2
Span of the beam: 6 m

Density of concrete: 24 kN/mm2

LL=6kN/m
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2
The resultant working stresses due to (self weight + prestress + LL) in the concrete =11.16N/mm
2
(compressive) and 1.16N/mm (tensile)

1.4 LOSSES IN PRESTRESS

The initial prestressing concrete undergoes a gradual reduction with time from the stages of transfer due
to various causes. This is generally defined as total “Loss of Prestress”. The various losses are explained
below:
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Types of losses in prestress

Pretensioning

1. Elastic deformation of concrete

2. Relaxation of stress in steel
3. Shrinkage of concrete
4. Creep of concrete
Post-tensioning
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1. No loss due to elastic deformation if all wires are simultaneously tensioned. If the wires are
successively tensioned, there will be loss of prestress due to elastic deformation of
concrete.
2. Relaxation of stress in steel
3. Shrinkage of concrete
4. Creep of concrete
5. Friction
6. Anchorage slip

1. Loss due to elastic deformation of the concrete

The loss of prestress due to deformation of concrete depends on the modular ratio & the average stress
in concrete at the level of steel.

If

Therefore, Loss of stress

in steel = eα cf

If the initial stress in steel is known, the percentage loss of stress in steel due to elastic deformation of
concrete can be computed.

Example 1: (Elastic deformation)

14

A pre-stressed concrete beam, 100 mm wide and 300 mm deep, is pre-tensioned by straight,
wires carrying an initial force of 150kN at an eccentricity of 50 mm. The modulus of elasticity of
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steel and concrete are 210 and 35 kN/mm2 respectively. Estimate the percentage loss of stress in

steel due to elastic deformation of concrete if the area of steel wires is 188 mm 2

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2. Loss due to shrinkage of concrete

Factors affecting the shrinkage in concrete

1. The loss due to shrinkage of concrete results in shortening of tensioned wires & hence contributes to
the loss of stress.
2. The shrinkage of concrete is influenced by the type of cement, aggregate & the method of curing
used.
3. Use of high strength concrete with low water cement ratio results in reduction in shrinkage and
consequent loss of prestress.

4. The primary cause of drying shrinkage is the progressive loss of water from concrete.
5. The rate of shrinkage is higher at the surface of the member.
6. The differential shrinkage between the interior surfaces of large member may result in strain
gradients leading to surface cracking.
Hence, proper curing is essential to prevent cracks due to shrinkage in prestress members. In the case of
pretensioned members, generally moist curing is restored in order to prevent shrinkage until the time of
transfer. Consequently, the total residual shrinkage strain will be larger in pretensioned members after
15

transfer of prestress in comparison with post-tensioned members, where a portion of shrinkage will have
already taken place by the time of transfer of stress. This aspect has been considered in the
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recommendation made by the code (IS:1343) for the loss of prestress due to shrinkage of concrete and is
obtained below:
If

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Example 2: (Shrinkage)
A concrete beam is pre-stressed by a cable carrying an initial pre-stressing force of 300kN. The cross-
sectional area of the wires in the cable is 300 mm 2. Calculate the percentage loss of stress in the cable only
due to shrinkage of concrete using IS: 1343 recommendations assuming the beam to be, (a) pre-tensioned
and (b) post-tensioned.
Assume Es = 210 kN/mm2 and age of concrete at transfer = 8 days.
Solution:

3. Loss due to creep of concrete

16

The sustained prestress in the concrete of a prestress member results in creep of concrete which is
effectively reduces the stress in high tensile steel. The loss of stress in steel due to creep of concrete can be
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estimated if the magnitude of ultimate creep strain or creep-coefficient is known.

1. Ultimate Creep strain method

The magnitude of creep coefficient varies depending upon the humidity, concrete quality, duration of
applied loading and the age of concrete when loaded. The general value recommended varies from 1.5 for
watery situation to 4.0 for dry conditions with a relative humidity of 35%.
E

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xample 3: (Creep)
A concrete beam of rectangular section, 100 mm wide and 300 mm deep, is pre-stressed by five wires of 7
mm diameter located at an eccentricity of 50 mm, the initial stress in the wires being 1200 N/mm 2.
Estimate the percentage loss of stress in steel due to creep of concrete using the ultimate creep strain
method and the creep coefficient method (IS: 1343-1980). Use the following data:
Solution: Here,
17
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4. Loss due to relaxation of stress in steel

Most of the codes provide for the loss of stress due to relaxation of steel as a percentage of initial stress
2
in steel. The BIS recommends a value varying from 0 to 90 N/mm for stress in wires varying from 5.0 f
puo to 8.0f pu

Where,  f pu Characteristic strength of pre-stressing tendon.

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The IS code
recommends the following value for k

k = 0.15 per 100 m for normal condition

= 1.5 per 100 m for thin walled ducts where heavy vibration are encountered and in other adverse
conditions.
Example 4 (friction)

A concrete beam of 10 m span, 100 mm wide and 300 mm deep, is pre-stressed by 3 cables. The
2 2
area of each cable is 200 mm and the initial stress in the cable is 1200 N/mm . Cable 1 is
parabolic with an eccentricity of 50 mm above the centroid at the supports and 50 mm below at
the center of span. Cable 2 is also parabolic with zero eccentricity at supports and 50 mm below
the centroid at the center of span. Cable 3 is straight with uniform eccentricity of 50 mm below
the centroid. If the cables are tensioned from one end only, estimate the percentage loss of
stress in each cable due to friction. Assume μ = 0.35 and k= 0.015 per m.
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20Page

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Total loses allowed for in a design

It is a normal practice in the design of prestressed concrete members to assume the total loss of
stress as a percentage of the initial stress & provide for this in the design computation. Since the
loss of prestress depends on several factors it is difficult to generalize the exact amount of total
loss of prestress. However, typical values of the total losses of the stress that could be encountered
21

under normal conditions of work are recommended as follows:

Page

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Loss of stress due to friction

The magnitude of loss of stress due to friction is of following types: -

a. Loss due to curvature effect, which depends upon the tendon form or alignment, which generally
follows a curved profile along the length of the beam.

b. Loss of stress due to wobble effect, which depends upon the local deviations in the alignment of
the cable. The wobble or wave effect is the result of accidental or unavoidable misalignment,
22

since ducts or sheaths cannot be perfectly located to follow a predetermined profile throughout
the length of beam.
Page

Losses

Elastic Shortening (ES) – Cl 18.5.2.4

Shortening in steel that occurs as soon as Fi is transferred to the concrete member and the member as a

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whole shortens.
Fi = Pre-stress just before transfer

F = Final stress after losses

Fo = Immediately after transfer – very difficult to estimate

Note: The value of Fo may not be known, but it is not necessary, as the losses from Fi to Fo is only a small
percentage of Fi . Total accuracy is relative anyway, as Ec – the young’s modulus of concrete –
cannot be determined accurately.

Therefore

 ES = Es  where  is the shortening in steel that occurs as soon as Fi is transferred to the


 concrete member and themember as a whole shortens. Thus  is the shortening in the
 member due to Fi at the level of steel.





 f c
EC
F
 O

AC EC

FO
Since f c is the stress in concrete at level of steel and is
AC

F
ES  O AC EC
23Page

FO E
ES  AC EC

 n
F
O AC As Fo cannot be estimated, Fi can be used to calculate ES.

Fi
 at level of steel  AC EC  AS ES
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ES  Es
 Fi
E
s AE AES
C C S
nFi

AC  nAS

Taking At  AC EC  AS ES

24Page

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nF
ES  i

AT

whichever way the ES is calculated

ES = n (concrete stress at level of steel)

If external loads are actingon the member, then concrete, then concrete stress due to
all loads at level of steel must be determined.

F O
FOe 2 M Ge
f c 
A  
G I I
Note: AG , the gross-area, instead of the transformed sectional area, leads to simpler calculations and
fairly accurate results.

Fo  0.9Fi for pre-tensioned member

FO A
fc  G

ES  nf c

Creep (CR) Cl 18.5.2.1

Among the many factors affecting creep are volume to surface ratio, age of concrete at time of pre-
stress, relative humidity, type of concrete (lightweight / normal). Creep is assumed to occur in the
member after permanent loads are imposed after pre-stress. Creep occurs over a long period of time
under sustained load. Part of initial compressive strain induced in concrete immediately after transfer is
reduced by the tensile strain produced by superimposed permanent loads.

Therefore for bonded members, loss due to creep

25

CR nf cir  f cds f c

Page

E
n S

EC

 = Creep coefficient – Cl 4.5.3 & Cl 5.2.5.1

f cir = concrete stress at level of steel immediately after transfer.

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fcds = stress in concrete at steel level due to superimposed dead loads applied to
the member after transfer of pre-stress

Shrinkage of concrete (SH) Cl 18.5.2.2

Factors like volume to surface ratio, relative humidity, time from end ofmoist curing to application of
pre-stress, affect shrinkage in concrete. Shrinkage is time-dependant and about 80% of the final loss
due to shrinkage occurs in the first year and 100% after several years.

Shrinkage strain

sh  0.0003 for pretensioned member

0.0002
 for posttensioned member and
log10 t 2 Cl 5.2.4.1
may be increased by 50% in dry
condition but not more than 0.0003

Relaxation of steel (RE) Cl 18.5.2.3

When elongation is sustained over pre-stressing cablefor a long time, the pre-stress will decrease
gradually. The RE – loss due to relaxation depends ontype of steel, time, as well as the ratio of
26

fi
where f is the initial pre-stress and f is the characteristic strength of steel.
Page

i p
fp

RELAXATIONLOSSESFORPRESTRESSINGSTEELAT1000HAT27°C
INITIAL STRESS RELAXATION

INITIAL STRESS RELAXATION LOSS

N/mm2

0.5 fp 0
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0.6 fp 35

0.7 fp 70

0.8 fp 90

Anchorage slip (ANC) Cl 18.5.2.5

In post-tensioning, when the jack is released, the full pre-stress is transferred to the anchorage and
they tend to deform, allowing the tendon to slacken. Friction wedges will slip a little before they grip
the wire firmly. So, in post-tensioning the wedges are positively engaged before the jack isreleased. In
pre-tensioning also, the anchorage slip is compensated for during stressing operation.

The loss is caused by a fixed shortening of the anchorages, so the percentage loss
is higher in shorter wires than in long ones.

If a tendon is stressed to 1035 MPa, with Es  2105 MPa and the anchorage slips by 2.5 mm,

  1035
Total
2 10 5  0.005175

2.5
In a cable of 3m length, elongation l  0.005175 3000 15.53 mm , ie %l  100 16%
15.53

But in a cable of30 m length, elongation l  0.005175 30000 155.30 mm , ie

2.5 100 1.6% only
%l 
155.30

Frictional loss Cl 18.5.2.6

27

Frictional loss comprise of two parts: (1) The length effect and (2) The curvature effect.
Page

The length effect or the wobble effect of the duct is the friction that will exist between straight tendon
and the surrounding material. This loss is dependant on the length and stress in the tendon, the
coefficient of friction between the contact materials, the workmanship and the method used in
aligning and obtaining the duct.

The curvature effect is the loss due to intended curvature of the tendon. This again depends on the
coefficient of friction between thematerials and the pressure exerted by the tendon on the curvature.

For un-bonded tendon, lubrication, in the form of grease and plastic tube wrapping can be used
to advantage.
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For bonded tendon lubricant in the form of water soluble oils are used during stressing operation
and flushed off with after before grouting.

Jacking from both ends of the beam will also reduce loss due to friction.

PMC TECH Dept of Civil

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CE6702 Prestressed Concrete Structures

For straight or moderately curved structures, with curved or straight cables, thevalue of pre-stressing
force Px at a distance x meters from tensioning end and acting in the direction of the tangent to the
curve of the cable, shall be calculated as below:
– ( μα+ kx )
Px = Poe .

Where Po = pre-stressing force in the pre-stressed steel at the tensioning end acting in the direction of the
tangent to the curve ofthe cable, α =cumulative angleinradiansthroughwhich the tangent to the
cable profile has turned between any two points under consideration, μ = coefficient of friction in curve;
unless otherwise proved by tests, μ may be taken as: 0.55 for steel moving on smooth concrete, 0.30 for
steel moving on steel fixedto duct, and 0.25 for steel moving on lead, k = coefficient for wobble or wave
effect varying from 15 × 10–4 to 50 × 10–4 per meter. The expansion of the equation for P x for
small values of (μα+ kx) may be Px = Po (1 – μα – kx).

Examples

To calculate ES in Pre-tensioned beam - eccentric tendon

A pre-tensioned beam of 100 mm x 300 mm is pre-stressed by straight wires with Fi = 150 kN at an e =
50 mm. ES = 2.1x105 MPa, EC = 0.35x105 MPa and AP = 188 mm2. Estimate ES.
29Page

AG = 100 x 300 = 30000 mm2

100 300 3
I = = 225x106 mm4
12

N = 2.10 = 6.0
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0.35

PMC TECH Dept of Civil

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CE6702 Prestressed Concrete Structures

F F e2
i i

fc 
A 
G I
150 103 150 103 50 50
fc =   = -6.67 MPa
30000 225 10 6

ES  nf c

ES = 66.67 = 40.02 MPa

Loss = 40.02 188 = 5.02%

3
150 10

ES in Pre-tensioned beam - concentric tendon

A straight pre-tensioned beam 12 m long of 380 mm x 380 mm is concentrically pre-stressed with
780 mm2 wires anchored to bulkheads with a f i = 1035 MPa. E S = 2x105 MPa, EC = 0.33x105 MPa.
Estimate ES at transfer.
31
Page

Fi = 1035 x 780 = 807.30 Kn

AG = 380 x 380 = 144400 mm2

AC = AG - AS

= 144400 – 780 = 143620 mm2

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AT = AC + nAS

PMC TECH Dept of

Civil

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CE6702 Prestressed Concrete Structures

= 143620 + 6x780 = 148300 mm2

n
= 2.00
= 6.0
0.33

Fi
f c  AT

fc =  807.30
= -5.44 MPa
3
10 148300
ES  nf c

ES
= 65.44 = 32.66 MPa

If Fo  0.9Fi

FO
= 0.90x807.30 = 726.57 kN
FO
f c  AG

fc
=  726.57
= 5.03 MPa
3
ES 10 144400

= 5.03x6 = 30.18 MPa

ES in Pre-tensioned beam - Eccentric tendons at top & bot

A pre-tensioned beam of 200 mm x 300 mm is pre-stressed with 15#5mm  wires located at 65
33

mm from the bottom of the beam and 3#5mm  wires located at 25 mm from the top of the
Page

beam. f i = 840 MPa. ES = 2.1x105 MPa, EC = 0.315x105 MPa. Estimate ES at transfer.

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Aw = Area of one wire

 5 2
= = 19.63 mm2
4

Fi = 18x19.63x840 = 296.81 kN

200 3003
I = = 450x106 mm4
12

N = 2.10 = 6.67
0.315

= 1519.6384085 319.63840125
34

eeq = 50 mm
1819.63840
Page

Fe

Fi  i
f
CTop  yt
AG I
f 296.81103  296.81103 50 125
CTop =  = -0.824 MPa
60000 450 10 6
Fe

Fi  i
f
CBot  yt

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AG I

PMC TECH Dept

of Civil

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CE6702 Prestressed Concrete Structures

f 296.81103 296.81103 50

CBot =   85 = -7.75 MPa
60000 450 106

ES  nf c

ESTop = 6.67 0.824 = 5.50 MPa

ESBot = 6.67 7.75 = 51.69 MPa

To calculate ES in Post-tensioned beam

A straight post-tensioned beam 12 m long of 380 mm x 380 mm is concentrically pre-stressed with 780
mm2 wires made up of 4 tendons with 195 mm 2 and the tendons are pre-stressed sequentially with a f i
= 1035 MPa. ES = 2x105 MPa, EC = 0.33x105 MPa. Estimate ES at transfer.
36

The loss in the 1st tendon is due to the shortening of concrete by the pre-stressing of the previous 3
FI
tendons. We can assume that Fi in each of these tendons are constant and f c n
Page

.
AG

for the 1st tendon

31951035
ES1 =6 = 25.16 MPa
380 380

for the 2nd tendon

2 1951035
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ES2 =6 = 16.77 MPa
380 380

PMC TECH Dept of Civil

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for the 3rd tendon

11951035
ES3 =6 = 8.39 MPa
380 380

There is no loss in the 4th tendon

The average loss

ESav = 25.16 16.77 8.39 = 12.58 MPa

4

1
When there are many cables, it is quite enough to assume that ES av of the loss in the 1st cable.
2

Thus ESav = 1 25.16 = 12.58 MPa

2

If it is desired that there should be no loss at all, then the cables can be overstressed before
anchorage. So,
st
f i in 1 cable = 1035+25.16 = 1060.16 MPa

nd
f i in 2 cable = 1035+16.77 = 1051.77 MPa

rd
f i in 3 cable = 1035+8.39 = 1043.39 MPa

th
f i in 4 cable = 1035.00 MPa
38Page

But this stressing pattern is highly theoretical.

To calculate CR, SH and RE in post-tensioned beam

A straight post-tensioned beam of size 100 mm x 300 mm is pre-stressed with 5 wires of 7 mm  .
The average pre-stress after short-term losses is f pe = 1200 MPa. The gae at loading is 28 days. ES
= 2x105 MPa, EC = 0.35x105 MPa. Estimate CR, SH and RE assuming f p = 1715 MPa.

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 = 1.6 T.2c.1, Cl 5.2.5.1

N = 2.00 = 5.71
0.35
Aw = Area of one wire

 7 2
= = 38.45 mm2
4

Fpe = 5x38.45x1200 = 230.7 kN

A = 300 x 100 = 30000 mm2

G

100 3003 = 225x106 mm4

I =
12
F
f
pe Fpe e
cir  AG  I y
39Page

=  230700  230700 50 50 = -10.25 MPa

30000 22510 6
CR = 1.65.7110.25 = 93.64 MPa

T = 28 days

0.0002 

sh  log10 t 2 Cl 5.2.4.1

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0.0002
= = 1.35x10-4
log10 28 2

SH = sh  ES

= 1.35x10-4 x (2x105) = 27 MPa

f
pe = 1200 MPa
f
= 1200
pe
= 0.699
fp 1715

70 %

f
pe = 0.70 f p
RE = 70 MPa T.4, Cl 18.5.2.3

To calculate frictional losses – tensioned from one end

A post-tensioned beam 100 mm × 300 mm of le = 10 m is stressed by successive tensioning and
anchoring of 3 cables A, B, and C respectively as shown in figure. Each cable has cross section area of 200
2
mm and has initial stress of 1200 MPa. If the cables are tensioned from one end, estimate the
percentage loss in each cable due to friction at the anchored end. Assume μ = 0.35, K = 0.0015 / m.
40Page

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8y
 , the cable being considered a parabola of segment length = x and y = central sag. x

L = 10000 mm for all cables

 = 0.35

K = 0.0015 / m

Let F be the pre-stress at beginning of the 1 st segment

1

Cable L KL y   KL   e KL Stress @

mm end of seg
mm rad

A 10000 0.015 100 0.08 0.028 0.043 0.958 0.958F1

B 10000 0.015 50 0.04 0.014 0.029 0.971 0.931F1

C 10000 0.015 0 0 0 0.015 0.985 0.917F1

Loss = 1 – 0.917 = 0.08

= 8%

To calculate frictional losses – tensioned from both ends

A pre-stressed concrete beam is continuous over two spans and its curved tendon is to be tensioned
from both ends. Compute the percentage of loss of pre-stress due to friction from one end to the
center of the beam (A-E). The coefficient of friction between the cable and the duct is 0.40 and the
average wobble or length effect is represented by k = 0.0026/m. The cable is straight between A-B and
C-D. The change in angle between BC is 0.167 radians and that between DE is 0.100 radians.
41 Page

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Segment L KL   KL   e KL Stress @

end of seg
m rad

AB 5.334 0.014 0 0 0.014 0.986 0.986F1

BC 7.620 0.020 0.167 0.067 0.087 0.917 0.904F1

CD 5.334 0.014 0 0 0.014 0.986 0.892F1

DE 3.048 0.008 0.100 0.040 0.048 0.953 0.850F1

Loss = 1 – 0.850 = 0.15

= 15%
42Page

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Pressure line or thrust line

In prestress, the combined effect of prestressing force & external load can be resolved into a
single force. The locus of the points of application of this force in any structure is termed as the
pressure line or thrust line. The load here is such that stress at top fiber of support & bottom fiber
of the central span is zero.
Let us consider a beam which is prestressed by a force P at a constant eccentricity e. The
magnitude of load & eccentricity is such that the stress at the bottom fiber at the mid span
is zero. It is possible if the eccentricity is e = d/6 it can be seen from the resultant stress
distribution at the support due to a prestressing force P at an eccentricity e = d/6 &
bending moment zero is equivalent to a force P applied at an eccentricity e = d/6. At
quarter span the resultant stress distribution due force P applied at an eccentricity e =
d/12. Similarly, at mid span the resultant stress distribution due to a force P at an
eccentricity e = d/6 & BM due to uniformly distributed load is equivalent to a force P
applied at an eccentricity e = -d/6
43Page

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Example:-
A prestressed concrete beam of section 120 mm wide by 300 mm deep is used over an effective
span of 6 m to support a uniformly distributed load of 4 kN/m, which includes the self weight of
the beam. The beam is prestressed by a straight cable carrying a force of 180 kN & located at an
eccentricity of 50 mm. Determine the location of the thrust-line in the beam and plot its position
at quarter and central span sections.
44
Page

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45

Example:-
Page

A rectangular concrete beam 250 mm wide by 300 mm deep is prestressed by a force of 540 kN
at a constant eccentricity of 60 mm.The beam supports a concentrated load of 68 kN at the centre
of the span of 3 m. Determine the location of the pressure line at the centre, quarter span and
support sections of the beam. Neglect the self weight of the beam.
Solution:-
Here, Given

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46
Page

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47
Page

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48Page

A rectangular concrete beam 300 mm wide, 800 mm deep supports two concentrated loads of 20
kN each at third point of a span of 9 m.
a) Suggest a suitable cable profile. If eccentricity of the cable profile is 100 mm for middle
third portion of the beam, calculate the prestressing force required to balance the bending
effect of the concentrated loads neglecting the self weight.
b) For the same cable profile find effective force in cable if the resultant stress due to self wt.,
imposed load, and prestressing force is zero at the bottom fiber of mid span section.
(Assume density of concrete = 24 kN/m 3)

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Solution:-
Here given section = 300 mm × 800 mm; Span (L) = 9 m
For (a)
A trapezoidal cable profile is selected since the bending moment diagram is trapezoidal in shape.
e = 100 mm;

Example:- (Concrete beam with over hang)

A concrete beam with a single overhang is simply supported at A & B over a span of 8 m
& the overhang BC is 2 m. The beam is of rectangular section 300 mm wide 900 mm deep &
supports a uniformly distributed live load of 3.52 kN/m over the entire length in addition to its
self-weight. Determine the profile of the prestressing cable with an effective force of 500 kN
which can balance the dead & live loads on the beam. Sketch the profile of the cable along the
length of the beam. The single overhang beam ABC supporting the UDL is shown in the figure
below.
49

Solution:-
Span = 8 m, overhang = 2 m. Section = 300 mm × 900 mm
Page

Udl = 3.52 kN/m

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Prestressing force in the cable, P = 500 kN.

Self weight of the beam = (0.3×0.9×24) = 6.48 kN/m
Live load on the beam = 3.52 kN/m
Thus, the total load = 10.00 kN/m
Reactions at A and B are
Ra = 37.5 kN; Rb = 62.5 kN
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Example:-
A beam of symmetrical I-section spanning 8 m has a flange width of 150m m & flange thickness
of 80 mm respectively. The overall depth of the beam is 450 mm. Thickness of the web is 80 mm.
The beam is prestressed by a parabolic cable with an eccentricity of 150 mm at the centre of the
span & zero at the supports. The LL on the beam is 2.5 kN/m.
(a) Determine the effective force in he cable for balancing the DL & LL on the beams.
(b) Sketch the distribution of resultant stress at the centre of span section for the above case.
(c) Calculate the shift of the pressure line from the tendon–centre–line.

Span, L = 8 m
Live load, wl = 2.5 kN/m

Dead load, wd = 0.63 ×25 = 1.57 kN/m [Assuming unit weight of concrete as 25 kN/m 3]
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Deflections
Factors influencing deflection:
1. Imposed load & self load
2. Magnitude of prestressing force
3. Cable profile
4. Second moment of area of cross-section
5. Modulus of elasticity of concrete
6. Shrinkage, creep & relaxation of steel stress
7. Span of the member
8. Fixity condition

Short-term deflection of uncracked members

Mohr’s theorem θ
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6. Parabolic and straight Tendon

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1.1 Pre-stressed concrete

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Definition: Concrete in which there have been introduced internal stresses of such magnitude
and distribution that the stresses resulting from given external loadings are countered to a
desired degree - ACI

1.2 Types of pre-stressing

1.2.1 Pre-tensioning & Post-tensioning

In pre-tensioning the tendons are tensioned before the concrete is placed. The tendons are
temporarily anchored to abutments or stressing beds. Then the concrete member is cast
between and over the wires. After the concrete has attained the required strength, the wires are
cut from the bulkhead and pre-stress is transferred to the concrete member.

In post-tensioning the concrete member is cast with ducts for the wires. After concrete has
attained sufficient strength, wires are threaded into the ducts, tensioned from both or one
end by means of jack/jacks and at the precise level of pre-stress the wires are anchored by
means of wedges to the anchorage plates at the ends.

1.2.2 Bonded & Un-bonded tendon

In post-tensioned members, the wires are either left free to slide in the ducts or the duct is
filled with grout. In the former, the tendon is un-bonded and in the latter it is bonded.

Stages of loading

Initial stage
The member is under pre-stress but is not subjected to any superimposed external loads.
Further subdivision of this stage is possible.

1. Before pre-stressing: Concrete is weak in carrying loads. Yielding of supports must be

prevented.
2. During pre-stress:
a. Steel: This stage is critical for the strength of tendons. Often the maximum
stress to which the wires will be subjected throughout their life may occur at
this stage.
b. Concrete: As concrete has not aged at this stage, crushing of concrete at
anchorages is possible, if its quality is inferior or the concrete is honeycombed.
Order of pre-stressing is important to avoid overstress in the concret
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3. At transfer of pre-stress: For pre-tensioned members, where transfer is within a short

period, and for post-tensioned members where transfer maybe gradual, there are no
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external loads on the member except its own weight.

4. De-shuttering: The removal of form-work must be done after due consideration
Thus the initial pre-stress with little loss imposes a serious condition n the concrete and often
controls the design of the member.

Final stage
This is the stage when actual working loads come on the structure. The designer must consider
various combinations of live loadson different parts of the structure with lateral loads such as
wind and earthquake forces and strain loads produced by settlement of supports and

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temperature. The major loads in this stage are:

1. Sustained load: It is often desirable to limit the deflection under sustained loads sue to its
own weight and dead loads.
2. Working load: The member must be designed for the working load. Check for excessive
stress and deflection must be made. But this design may not guarantee sufficient
strength to carry overloads.
3. Cracking load: Cracking in a pre-stress member signifies a sudden change in bond and
shearing stresses. This stage is also important
4. Ultimate load: This strength denotes the maximum load the member can carry before
collapse.

PRESTRESSING SYSTEM:

1. Pretensioning system:
In the pre-tensioning systems, the tendons are first tensioned between rigid anchor-blocks cast on
the ground or in a column or unit –mould types pretensioning bed, prior to the casting of concrete in
the mould. The tendons comprising individual wires or strands are stretched with constant
eccentricity or a variable eccentricity with tendon anchorage at one end and jacks at the other. With
the forms in place, the concrete is cast around the stressed tendon. The system is shown in Fig. 1
below.
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2. Post-tensioned system:
In post-tensioning the concrete unit are first cast by incorporating ducts or grooves to house the
tendons. When the concrete attains sufficient strength, the high-tensile wires are tensioned by
means of jack bearing on the end of the face of the member and anchored by wedge or nuts. The
forces are transmitted to the concrete by means of end anchorage and, when the cable is curved,
through the radial pressure between the cable and the duct. The space between the tendons and
the duct is generally grouted after the tensioning operation.
Most of the commercially patented prestressing systems are based on the following principle of
anchoring the tendons:
1. Wedge action producing a frictional grip on the wire.
2. Direct bearing from the rivet or bolt heads formed at the end of the wire.
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3. Looping the wire around the concrete.

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Methods:
1. Freyssinet system
2. Gifford-Udall system
3. Magnel blaton system
4. Lee-McCall system

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In concrete structures, prestress is introduced by stretching steel wire and anchoring them
against concrete. Therefore, the prestressing systems should comprise essentially a method
of stretching the steel and a method of anchoring it to the concrete. Different systems are
adopted for pre-tensioning and post tensioning.

PRE-TENSIONING SYSTEM:
Hoyer system or long line method is often adopted in pre-tensioning. Two bulk heads or
abutments independently anchored to the ground are provided several meters apart, say,
100m. wires are stretched between the bulkheads. Moulds are placed enclosing the wires.
Concrete is placed surrounding the wires. With this Hoyer system, several members can be
produced along one line. This method is economical and is used in almost all pre-tensioning
factories. For tensioning, a hydraulic jack is used. Wires are gripped at the bulkheads, using
split-cone wedges. These wedges are made from tapered conical pins. Flat surface of the pin
carries serrations to grip the wire (fig. 1 and 2).

There is another pre-tensioning method known as Shorer system. In this system a central
tube of high strength steel carries the prestress from surrounding wires and the entire
assembly is placed in position and concreted. After the concrete has attained sufficient
strength, the tube is removed and the prestress is transferred to concrete through bond.
The hole left by the tube is grouted.

The advantage in pre-tensioning system is that there is no expenditure on end anchorages

and on rubber core or metal sheath required for post-tensioning system. There is greater
certainty about the prestressing force. In post-tensioned members certainty of the force
depends on the two end anchorages.

Disadvantages in this system are that the end abutments should be very strong and are
provided only in pre-cast factories. This naturally limits the size of the member as large sizes
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are difficult to transport from factory to the site of construction. Loss is more in pre-
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tensioned members.

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Fig.2: Some Typical Wire Gripping System

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POST-TENSIONING:
A metal tube or a flexible hose following intended profile is placed inside the mould and
concrete is laid. Flexible hose is then removed leaving a duct inside the member. Steel cable
is inserted in the duct. The cable is anchored at one end of the member and stretched using
a hydraulic jack at the other end. After stretching the cable is anchored at the other end
also. Therefore post tensioning system consists of end anchorages and jacks. The popular
post-tensioning systems are the following:

1. Freyssinet system

2. Magnel Blaton system

3. Gifford-Udall system

4. Lee-McCall system

1. Freyssinet System:
Freyssinet system was introduced by the French Engineer Freyssinet and it was the first
method to be introduced. High strength steel wires of 5mm or 7mm diameter, numbering 8
or 12 or 16 or 24 are grouped into a cable with a helical spring inside. Spring keeps proper
spacing for the wire. Cable is inserted in the duct.
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Anchorage device consists of a concrete cylinder with a concentric conical

hole and corrugations on its surface, and a conical plug carrying grooves
on its surface (Fig. 3). Steel wires are carried along these grooves at the
ends. Concrete cylinder is heavily reinforced. Members are fabricated with
the cylinder placed in position. Wires are pulled by Freyssinet double
acting jacks which can pull through suitable grooves all the wires in the

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cable at a time. One end of the wires is anchored and the other end is
pulled till the wires are stretched to the required length. An inner piston in
the jack then pushes the plug into the cylinder to grip the wires.

2. Magnel Blaton system:

In Freyssinet system several wires are stretched at a time. In Magnel
Blaton system, two wires are stretched at a time. This method was
introduced by a famous engineer, Prof. Magnel of Belgium. In this system,
the anchorage device consists of sandwich plate having grooves to hold
the wires and wedges which are also grooved. Each plate carries eight
wires. Between the two ends the spacing of the wires is maintained by
spacers. Wires of 5mm or 7mm are adopted. Cables consists of wires in
multiples of 8 wires. Cables with as much as 64 wires are also used under
special conditions. A specially deviced jack pulls two wires at a time and
anchors them. The wires with the sandwich plate using tapered wedge is
shown in fig.4.
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3. Gifford Udall System:

This system originated in Great Britain, is widely used in India. This is a single wire system.
Each wire is stressed independently using a double acting jack. Any number of wires can be

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grouped together to form a cable in this system. There are two types of anchorage device in
this system.

a) Tube anchorages

b) Plate anchorages

Tube anchorage consists of a bearing plate, anchor wedges and anchor grips. Anchor plate
may be square or circular and have 8 or 12 tapered holes to accommodate the individual
prestressing wires. These wires are locked into the tapered holes by means of anchor
wedges. In addition, grout entry hole is also provided in the bearing plate for grouting.
Anchor wedges are split cone wedges carrying serrations on its flat surface. There is a tube
unit which is a fabricated steel component incorporating a thrust plate, a steel tube with a
surrounding helix. This unit is attached to the end shutters and form an efficient cast-in
component of the anchorage (fig.5).
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Fig.5: Plate Anchorage

4. Lee McCall System:

This method is used to prestress steel bars. The diameter of the bar is between 12 and
28mm. bars provided with threads at the ends are inserted in the performed ducts. After

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stretching the bars to the required length, they are tightened using nuts against bearing
plates provided at the end sections of the member (fig.6).

Fig.6: End Anchorage for Lee McCall System

. Other Methods of Prestressing:

a) Electrical Prestressing:
in this method, reinforcing bars is coated with thermoplastic material such as sulphur or low
melting alloy and buried in the concrete. After the concrete is set, electric current of low
voltage but high amperage is passed through the bar. Electric current heats the bar and the
bar elongates. Bars provided with threads at the other end are tightened against heavy
washers, after required elongation is obtained. When the bar cools, prestress develops and
the bond is restored by resolidification of the coating.
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b) Chemical Prestressing:
Chemical prestressing is done using expanding cement. Prestressing can be applied b
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embedding steel in concrete made of expanding cement. Steel is elongated by the

expansion of the concrete and thus gets prestressed. Steel in turn produces compressive
stress in concrete

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