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PROPANE VAPOR DENSITY AT TEMP-PRESSURE RELATION

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BUTANE VAPOR DENSITY AT TEMP-PRESSURE RELATION

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Natural Vaporisation at 80% level

1200

1000

800
Kg/Hr of natural vapour

Propane
LPG
600

400

200

0
5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 100 150
Tank Capacity (MT)
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Natural Vaporisation at 50% level

700

600

500
Kg/Hr of natural vapour

400
Propane
LPG
300

200

100

0
5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 100
Tank Capacity (MT)
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Natural Vaporisation at 30% level

600

500

400
Kg/Hr of natural vapour

300
Propane
LPG

200

100

0
5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 100
Tank Capacity (MT)
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DEW POINT FOR n-BUTANE

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DEW POINT CALCULATIONS BY De Priester RELATIONS

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Safety Distances for LPG bulk installations as per SMPV Rules

Sr No LPG Storage Capacity in MT Xm Ym

Above But not Above Ground Mounded/ Above Ground Mounded/
above Underground Underground
1. 0.00 0.85 5 3 1 1
2. 0.85 3.18 10 3 1 1
3. 3.18 4.25 10 5 1.5 1
4. 4.25 8.50 15 7.5 2 1
5. 8.50 17.00 20 10 2 1
th
6. 17.00 148.75 30 15 = Max (2 m, 1/4 1
7. 148.75 191.25 40 15 of the sum of dia. 1
8. 191.25 318.50 60 15 of adjacent vessels, 1
9. 318.50 1615.00 90 15 ½ the dia. of two 1
10. 1615.00 120 15 adjacent vessel) 1

Capacity calculated considering LPG sp gravity 0.5 and filling density 85%.

At the Unloading side the minimum distance from the bullet to the fence has to be 20m.
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3m

Xm 1m

To plant
Vaporizer and PRV
Dm

Ym LPG / Propane Bullets

Xm
3m
9m
3m

6m

9m

FLP U/L Pump

Xm 9m
(20 m) Min
U/L Point
Hardstand

9m
9m
Hydrant
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LIQUID DENSITIES
wrt
TEMPERATURE
FOR
BUTANE AND
PROPANE
RESPECTIVELY
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Supply Pressures for equal mm of water gauge

Hydrocarbon
Thermal input Primary Aeration

Ethane 405 250

Propane 350 455
Butane 270 555

Above supply pressures are based on 350mm water gauge for propane

Primary aeration= (Square root of Supply Pressure)/ Extended Wobbe

index

Extended Wobbe Index= Cal. Value*square root of ( Supply pressure/

Density)
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LPG Properties and some typical specifications

Important Properties:

1. Specific Gravity:

Definition: It is the ratio of density of a substance to that of water in case of liquid

specific gravity and air in case of gaseous specific gravity at same temperature and
pressure conditions.

Values:
At 15 deg C Propane n-Butane iso-Butane Commercial
and 1 atm. Butane
Liquid 0.5077 0.5844 0.5631 0.575
Gaseous 1.550 2.077 2.068 2.0

Importance: It can be seen that LPG is heavy twice than air and hence in case of any
leakage it settles down at floor level, and can be hazardous if it accumulates in pits,
drains, depressions. Hence ground level ventilation is very necessary.

2. Liquid to gas Ratio:

Definition: It is the ratio of volume of gas of certain mass to that of Volume of liquid
of same mass at the same temperature.

Value:
At 15 deg C Propane n-Butane iso-Butane Commercial
and 1 atm. Butane
Vol / Vol 267.4 229.8 222.3 233.0

Importance: Any leakage of LPG liquid can cause expansion in vapour, which
occupies 246 times, volume to that of liquid and can be very hazardous.

3. Specific Volume:

Definition: It is the reciprocal of Liquid density.

Value:
At 15 deg C Propane n-Butane iso-Butane Commercial
and 1 atm. In Butane
M3/Tonne.
Liquid 1.970 1.710 1.750 1.730
Gaseous 63.0 208.3 142.9 178.0

4. Vapour Pressure:
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Definition: Vapour pressure is the pressure exerted on the walls of the container
when the gas is enclosed in it. When liquid exists with the gas the pressure is called as
Saturated Vapour pressure at that temperature.

Vapour pressure depends of temperature and is independent on the quantity of liquid

present in the container.

5. Boiling Point:

Definition: It is the temperature at which the first bubble will form and has the same
Vapour pressure as that at the surface of liquid.

Value:
Propane n-Butane iso-Butane Commercial
Butane
At 1 atm. In -42.045 -0.50 -11.72 -7.0
Degree C

6. Flammability Limit:

Explanation: Fuel gases will burn only when mixed with air in the in the certain
proportion. The minimum and maximum concentrations of a fuel gas in a fuel/air
mixture between which the mixture between can be ignited are termed as the lower
and upper limit of inflammability. These limits are narrower in LPG than other fuel
gases, making LPG relatively safer in use.

Value:
Flammability Propane n-Butane iso-Butane Commercial
gas/air Vol% Butane
Lower Limit 2.10 1.86 1.80 1.80
Upper Limit 10.1 8.41 8.44 8.50

Calorific Value:

Definition: Calorific value is defined as the amount of heat released when a unit quantity
of gas is burned at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature.
Gross calorific value (GCV) is obtained when the contribution from the latent heat of
condensation of water vapour formed is recovered The net calorific value is obtained
from GCV by subtracting the heat of condensation of water vapour.

Value:
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At 25 Deg C Propane n-Butane iso-Butane Commercial

Butane
Gross 11945 11740 11715 11700
Kcal/Kg
Gross 23700 30600 30500 30200
Kcai/SM3
Net 10985 10830 10805 10800
Kcal/Kg
Net 22250 29400 29200 29000
Kcal/m3

Importance: Depending on the composition of the LPG the calorific value of fuel will
change and in turn it will change the net heating value also.

7. Dew Point:

Explanation: It is the maximum temperature at which the first drop of liquid is

formed when a saturated gas is cooled or is brought on contact with a cool surface. As
the pressure increases the dew point of LP Gases decreases.

Value: in deg C
Pressure in Propane n-Butane iso-Butane
ATM.
1.0 -42 -1 -11.7
2.0 -25 21 6.1
3.0 -14 32 20
4.0 -6 42 29.5
5.0 2 36

Importance: In cold climatic condition when outside temperature is low the LPG
tends to condense down which can be very hazardous. Hence by reducing the
pressure of gas the dew point can be depressed and the condensation phenomenon can
be avoided. When a customer uses a vaporizer the vapour coming out of the vaporizer
is in saturated vapour at high temperature and it can reach dew point if cooled to
atmospheric temperature at high pressure .

8. Toxicity: LPG contains no toxic material, In case of heavy leakage asphyxiation due
to lack of oxygen can be caused. LPG is slightly anesthetic when high concentrations
are breathed in for sufficiently long time.

9. Odour: LPG is purposefully odorized by adding Ethyl/Methyl Mercaptan. Its smell is

detectable in air at concentrations down to 1/5 of the lower explosive limit. In other
words it can be smelt long before it becomes dangerous enough to catch fire.

10. Air to fuel Ratio:

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Air required for complete combustion of a particular amount of fuel.

Value:
Propane n-Butane iso-Butane Commercial
Butane
Air to Fuel 23.8 31.0 31.0 30.0

Other Properties:
Propane n-Butane iso-Butane Commercial
Butane
Theoretical 1970 1975 1975 1975
Flame
temperature in
air Deg C
Theoretical 2740 2740 2740 2740
Flame
temperature in
oxygen Deg C
Ignition 95 405 462 420
Temperature
Deg C
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PERFORMANCE OF R 2304 (VANAZ MAKE)

REGULATOR
Outlet Pressure
Inlet Pressure-1.5Kg/cm2
1

Outlet Pressure
Kg/cm2
0.8

0.6
0 20 40 60 80 100
Flow Nm 3/hr

Outlet Pressure
Inlet Pressure-1.0Kg/cm2
Outlet Pressure

1
Kg/cm2

0.8

0.6
0 20 40 60 80 100
Flow Nm 3/hr

Outlet Pressure
Inlet Pressure-1.2Kg/cm2
Outlet Pressure

1
Kg/cm2

0.8

0.6
0 20 40 60 80 100
Flow Nm 3/hr

It can be seen that as the Flow Increases beyond the set point the Pressure Drops
drastically and as the flow decreases the pressure increases. This gives us an importance
of sizing the regulator and set point
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