Exercise No.

2
COMMON
LABORATORY TECHNIQUES
Ricardo Jr. N. Arellano, RPh
 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Preliminary Steps
• Cleaning of Glassware
• Rinsing and Drying of Glassware
• Workplace
– Use only the necessary glasswares.
• Labeling
– Apply proper rules in nomenclature.

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Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Heating Liquids and Water Bath

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Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Cooling Liquids

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Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Precipitation

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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Precipitation
• The precipitating agent should be
added dropwise with
shaking/stirring/swirling
until precipitation is complete.
• Completeness of precipitation
– No precipitate is formed in the layer of the
solution upon the addition of an excess
drop of the reagent
• Large excess → Increase Solubility
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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Precipitation
• Formation of colloidal particles
– too small to be separated from the liquid
phase by filtration or centrifugation
– can be coagulated by heating the mixture in
a water bath for a few minutes (DIGESTION)
• "Clear" and "colorless" do not have the
same meaning.
– A clear solution is transparent.
– A colorless solution has no color.
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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Decantation
• The process of separation Supernatant/
of liquid from solid and decantant
other immiscible liquids,
by removing the liquid
layer at the top from the
layer of solid or liquid
below.

Residue
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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Decantation
• The process can be carried
out by tilting the mixture
after pouring out the top
layer

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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Filtration
• Common method of separation of
solids and liquids
• the act of pouring a mixture onto a
membrane (filter paper) that allows the
passage of liquid (the filtrate) and results
in the collection of the solid (residue)
– Gravity filtration
– Vacuum filtration
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Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Filtration

Stirring rod
Mixture
Iron stand Filter paper
Funnel

Beaker
Filtrate
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Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Folding Filter Paper

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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Fluted Filter Paper

• Often better with organic solvents
• High surface area

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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Gravity Filtration
• The precipitate
should be allowed
to settle.
– greater portion of
the supernatant
liquid should be
poured through the
filter in the funnel
without clogging.
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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Centrifugation
• separation process which uses the action
of centrifugal force to promote accelerated
settling of particles in a solid-liquid mixture
• Uses a centrifuge machine

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Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

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Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Measurement of Liquids

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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Pipets
• Pipets deliver known volume of liquids.
– Transfer pipet: calibrated to deliver one fixed
volume.
– Measuring pipet: delivers a variable volume

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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Using Pipets
1) Using a rubber bulb or other pipet suction
device, not your mouth, suck liquid up past the
calibration mark.
2) Discard one or two pipet volumes of liquid to
rinse traces of previous reagents from the
pipet.
3) After taking up a third volume past the
calibration mark, quickly replace the bulb with
your index finger at the end of the pipet.
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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Using Pipets
4) Wipe the excess liquid
off the outside of the pipet
with a clean tissue.
5) Touch the tip of the pipet
to the side of a beaker
and drain the liquid until
the bottom of the
meniscus just reaches
the center of the mark.

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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Using Pipets
6) Transfer the pipet to a receiving vessel and
drain it by gravity while holding the tip against
the wall of the vessel.
7) After liquid stops draining, hold the pipet to the
wall for a few more seconds to complete
draining. Do not blow out the last drop.

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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Burets
• A precisely manufactured
glass tube with
graduations
– measure the volume of
liquid delivered through the
stopcock (the valve) at the
bottom.
• The 0-mL mark is near the
top.
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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Using a Buret
1. Wash buret with
new solution.
2. Eliminate
air bubble before
use.
3. Drain liquid
slowly.

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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Using a Buret
4. Deliver fraction of a drop near end point.
5. Read bottom of concave meniscus
6. Estimate reading to 1/10 (0.10) of a
division
7. Avoid parallax.
(Parallax - error that occurs when your eye
is not at the same height as the liquid)

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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Analytical Balance
• A typical balance with a
capacity of 100–200 g
and a readability of
0.01–0.1 mg.
– Readability
> the smallest increment
of mass that can be
indicated.

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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Precautions
• Center the load on the pan as well as
possible.
• Protect the balance from corrosion.
• Consult your instructor if the balance
appears to need adjustment.
• Keep the balance and its case
scrupulously clean. A camel’s-hair brush is
useful for removing spilled material or
dust. 26
 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Precautions
• Always allow an object that has been
heated to return to room temperature
before weighing it.
• Use tongs, finger pads, or a glassine
paper strip to handle dried objects to
prevent transferring moisture to them.

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Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Using the balance.

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Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Using the balance.

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Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Using the balance.

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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Using the balance.

• Check the balance.
• Place a clean receiving vessel on the
balance pan.
• The mass of the empty vessel is called
the tare.
– On most balances, you can press a
button to reset the tare to 0 (zero).
• Add the chemical to the vessel and read
its mass. 31
 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Using the balance.

• To protect the balance from corrosion,
chemicals should never be placed
directly on the weighing pan.
• Be careful never to spill chemicals into the
mechanism below the balance pan.

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Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Folding a Paper Box

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Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Folding a Paper Box

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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Exemplary Competent Needs Work

RUBRIC: USING A PIPET (3) (2) (1)

✓ Set-up: All equipment accurately placed. All

necessary supplies on hand. Very neat and
organized.
✓ Using a suction bulb, aspirate the liquid up
past the calibration mark.
✓ Discard one or two pipet volumes of liquid to
rinse traces of previous reagents from the
pipet.
✓ After taking up a third volume past the
calibration mark, quickly replace the bulb with
your index finger at the end of the pipet.

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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Exemplary Competent Needs Work

RUBRIC: USING A PIPET (3) (2) (1)

✓ Wipe the excess liquid off the outside of the

pipet with a clean tissue.

✓ Touch the tip of the pipet to the side of a

beaker and drain the liquid until the bottom of
the meniscus just reaches the center of the
mark.
✓ Transfer the pipet to a receiving vessel and
drain it by gravity while holding the tip against
the wall of the vessel.
✓ After liquid stops draining, hold the pipet to the
wall for a few more seconds to complete
draining. Do not blow out the last drop.
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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Exemplary Competent Needs Work

RUBRIC: USING A PIPET (3) (2) (1)

✓ Safety: Proper safety precautions are

consistently used.

✓ Clean-up: Consistently uses proper

clean-up procedures.

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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

RUBRIC: Exemplary Competent

Needs
Work
(3) (2)
USING ANALYTICAL BALANCE (1)

✓ Set-up: All equipment accurately placed. All

necessary supplies on hand. Very neat and
organized.
✓ Check the balance and turn it on.

✓ Place a clean receiving vessel on the balance pan.

✓ Press a button to reset the tare to 0 (re-zero).

✓ Add the chemical to the vessel.
✓ Read its mass.
✓ Record up to the correct decimal places and units.
✓ Turn off the balance and clean with a soft bristle
brush. 38
 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

RUBRIC: Exemplary Competent

Needs
Work
(3) (2)
USING ANALYTICAL BALANCE (1)

✓ Safety: Proper safety precautions are

consistently used.
✓ Clean-up: Consistently uses proper clean-
up procedures.

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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

The Laboratory Notebook

• Recording:
– Use only permanent BLACK/BLUE ink pen.
• In case of corrections, do not erase.
– Cross-out the mistake, write the correct entry and
place your signature.

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 Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

The Laboratory Notebook

• Write only on ONE SIDE of each page
(front, right side).
• Keep your notebook clean and neat at all times.

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Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques
Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

-7 spaces -

- 1 space -

BSP1C TTh 7am-8am LAH 319

Instructor:
- 1 space -

Group 1
Surname, First Name, M.I.
Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques
Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Group No. ___ Date Performed: ___________

Members: [1] Surname, First [4]

[2] [5]

[3] [6]

- 1 space -

Exercise No. ____

[Title of Experiment]

- 1 space -
Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

I. Intended Learning Outcomes:

- 1 space -

II. Materials:

- 1 space -

*include chemicals, glassware, equipment

III. Procedure:

- 1 space -

IV. Data Sheet: [DIFFERENT PAGE]

- 1 space -
V. Answers to Questions: [DIFFERENT PAGE]

*include the questions

Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Sample Format for Exercise 1

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Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Group No. 1 Date Performed: July 10, 2019

Members: Bloodhoof, Cairne Moonfang, Luna

Crestfall, Rylai Silkhood, Shendelzare

Juggernaut, Yurnero Stonehoof, Raigor

- 1 space -

Exercise No. 1

COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

- 1 space -
Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

I. Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the exercise, the students should be able to:

1. Familiarize and identify the different common apparatus used in

the laboratory.

2. Recognize the use/s of laboratory apparatus.

II. Materials

Enumerate all apparatus, glassware etc.

Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

III. Procedure:

1. Each group will be given different sets of apparatus to complete

the list of apparatus in the worksheet.

2. Allow each member of the group to identify, describe and give

the use of these laboratory apparatus.

3. Take pictures of the apparatus assigned in all groups.

4. Tabulate your answers on the worksheet provided.

Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

IV. Data Sheet: [DIFFERENT PAGE]

Used for mixing,

stirring, and heating
chemicals
Have spouts on their
rims to aid in pouring

Note:
1. Resize the pictures w/ minimum of 1in. x 1in.
2. Print the pictures in laser printer.
3. Cut and paste neatly.
4. Original pictures must be used.
Otherwise, points will not be credited.
Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

V. Answers to Questions: [DIFFERENT PAGE]

Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

Group No. 1 Date Performed: July 10, 2018

Members: Bloodhoof, Cairne Moonfang, Luna

Crestfall, Rylai Silkhood, Shendelzare

Juggernaut, Yurnero Stonehoof, Raigor

- 1 space -

Exercise No. 4

NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

- 1 space -
Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

I. Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the exercise, the students should be able to:

1. Understand and effectively use the periodic table elements.

2. Identify the symbol, atomic weight, atomic number and

oxidation number of the different elements.

3. Familiarize with the common cations and anions.

4. Apply the rules in naming and writing the chemical

formula of the compound

5. Translate the chemical name to chemical formula

or vice versa of the compound
Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

II. Materials:

Periodic Table of Elements

List of Common Ion and Their Charges

III. Procedure:

A. Familiarize with the Periodic Table of Elements and

Common Ions complete the given table.

B. Complete the table by fillin in each box with the proper formula.

C. Write the formula for each of the listed compounds.

D. Provide the name of the given formula of compounds.
Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

IV. Data Sheet: [DIFFERENT PAGE]

Exercise No. 2: Common Laboratory Techniques

V. Answers to Questions: [DIFFERENT PAGE]