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Week 3 - Introduction To Transport & Application Layers

The document discusses the transport and application layers. [1] It describes how the transport layer handles multiplexing and demultiplexing using ports, and defines common ports like 80 for HTTP. [2] It explains the differences between connection-oriented protocols like TCP and connectionless protocols like UDP. [3] TCP uses three-way and four-way handshaking to establish and terminate connections, and has several socket states to represent the connection status.

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301 views3 pages

Week 3 - Introduction To Transport & Application Layers

The document discusses the transport and application layers. [1] It describes how the transport layer handles multiplexing and demultiplexing using ports, and defines common ports like 80 for HTTP. [2] It explains the differences between connection-oriented protocols like TCP and connectionless protocols like UDP. [3] TCP uses three-way and four-way handshaking to establish and terminate connections, and has several socket states to represent the connection status.

Uploaded by

James
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WEEK - 3

Introduction to the Transport & Application Layers

Transport Layer :
Transport layer handles multiplexing and demultiplexing through ​ports​.

Port : ​A 16 bit number that’s used to direct traffic to specific services running on a
networked computer. Ports are normally denoted with a colon after the IP addresses.

Eg : 10.1.1.100:80 - ​Here 80 is the port where remaining things are IP. Both IP and Port are
collectively called as Socket Address/ socket number.

Source Port : ​A high- numbered port chosen from a special section of ports known
as ephemeral ports.
Destination port : ​The port of the service the traffic is intended for.

Note : Traditional port for HTTP is port 80 where port 21 for FTP

Connection oriented & Connectionless protocols :


Connection oriented protocol (TCP):
Establishes a connection, and uses this to ensure that all data has been properly
transmitted.

Connectionless protocol (UDP):


UDP doesn’t rely on connections & it doesn’t even support the concept of
acknowledgement. Mostly UDP is used in the cases like video streaming, broadcast etc.,
WEEK - 3
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
TCP is a connection oriented protocol used in wide applications. It follows a special
process called Handshake to establish / terminate the connections.

TCP CONTROL FLAGS :


● URG ​(Urgent)
● ACK ​(Acknowledge - Sending/ receiving an alert message)
● PSH ​(Push - Push the data to the buffer)
● RST ​(Reset)
● SYN ​(Synchronize - It means Let’s catchup)
● FIN ​(Finish - It means the transmitting computer doesn’t have any more data
to send and the connection be closed.)

HANDSHAKE​ :
A way for two devices to ensure that they are speaking the same protocol and will be
able to understand each other.

THREE WAY HANDSHAKING (Connection Establishment) :


Consider Two systems ​Computer A​ & ​Computer B​. ​To start the process off,
Computer A​, ​sends a TCP segment to ​Computer B ​with a ​SYN​ flag set. This is Computer
A’s way of saying ​“Let’s establish a connection and look at my sequence number field.
So, we know where this conversation starts”.
Computer B​ ​then responds with a TCP segment where both ​SYN & ACK​ flags are
set. This is ​Computer B​ ​of saying “​Let’s establish a connection and I acknowledge your
sequence number”​ .
Then ​Computer A ​responds again with just the ​ACK​ flag set. Just say “​I
acknowledge your acknowledgement. Let’s start sending data​”.

This is known to be three way handshaking. Once the three way handshaking is
done, TCP connection is established. Now ​Computer A​ ​is free to send whatever data it
wants to ​Computer B​ ​& vice versa.

FOUR WAY HANDSHAKING (Connection Termination)


If two systems want to close their connection they need to carry out four way
handshaking.
Consider the same two systems, ​Computer A​ & ​Computer B ​, ​If Computer B wants
to close the connection means it will send a FIN flag set to ​Computer A​. By saying like
“​Computer A​ shall we close our connection and I wish to close our connection​”
Computer A​ ​accepts the flag set and sends ​ACK​ & ​FIN​ flag set to ​Computer B​. By
saying “​Okie, let’s wind up our connection​”. ​Note​ : Here ​ACK​ & ​FIN​ flag set will be sent to
Computer B​ as individual TCP segments.
Finally, ​Computer B​ sends the T
​ CP​ segment with the ACK flag set by saying ​“Okie
thanks for your connection and acknowledgement”.
WEEK - 3
This is known to be four-way handshaking. Once the four-way handshaking is
done,TCP connection is terminated.

TCP SOCKET STATES :


Socket : ​The instantiation of an end-point in a potential TCP connection. There are 7
states in TCP connections.
● LISTEN ​- A TCP socket is ready & listening for incoming connections.
● SYN_SENT​ - A synchronization request has been sent, but the connection
hasn’t been established yet.
● SYN_RECEIVED​ - A socket previously in a ​LISTEN​ state has received a
synchronization request and sent a SYN/ACK back.
● ESTABLISHED ​- The TCP connection is in working order and both sides are
free to send each other data.
● FIN_WAIT ​- A FIN has been sent, but the corresponding ACK from the other
end hasn’t been received yet,
● CLOSE_WAIT ​- Connection is closed, but the application receiving sockets
are not closed.
● CLOSED ​- Complete close.

Application Layer

Application layer is generally of two things: ​Web browsers​ & ​Web servers. M
​ ost
Web browsers are called Client and Web servers are called Servers.
● Examples for Web browsers are Chrome, Firefox, IE, Safari etc.,.
● ExamplesExamples for Web Servers are Microsoft IIS, Apacke , nginx etc.,

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