Control Volume Analysis

Used for flow through systems

HEAT

CONTROL
VOLUME WORK

Use closed system analysis (fixed system mass M) to

derive expressions for conservation of mass and energy

Time t Time t+∆t

MS(t) = MCV(t) + mi MS(t+∆t) = MCV(t+∆t) + me

Note: mi doesn’t have to be equal to me since MCV(t)

doesn’t have to be equal to MCV(t+∆t)

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For a closed system MS(t) = MS(t+∆t), so

MCV(t) + mi = MCV(t+∆t) + me

MCV(t+∆t) - MCV(t) = mi - me

Divide through by ∆t to get time rate quantities

M CV (t + ∆t ) − M CV (t) mi me
= −
∆t ∆t ∆t

Taking limit as ∆t
0, closed system and control volume

boundaries coincide

 M (t + ∆t ) − M CV (t) 
lim  CV
∆t →0  ∆t  = m& i − m& e

Note: m& is called the mass flow rate with units kg/s,
subscript i is for inlet and e is for exits

dM CV
= m& i − m& e
dt

Time rate of change of mass contained within the control

volume equals the net mass flow rate m& into the control
volume

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For multiple inlets and outlets

dM CV
= ∑ m& i − ∑ m& e
dt i e

For steady-state (dMCV/dt=0)

& i = ∑ m& e
∑m
i e

Mass flow rate in terms of local properties

Consider
r a small quantity of matter flowing with velocity
V across an incremental area dA, in a time interval ∆t
r
V
α
V∆t Vn∆t
A
dA

Vn is the normal component of the velocity vector

The volume of matter in the cylinder is Vn∆tdA

Mass of matter crossing dA in ∆t is ∆m=ρVn∆tdA

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Divide through by ∆t and take the limit as ∆t
0 defines
the mass flow rate through the area dA,
 ∆m 
m& dA = lim   = ρVn dA
∆t → 0 ∆t 

Integrating over the entire area A yields the total mass

flow rate
m& = ∫ ρVn dA
A

If the flow is one-dimensional

r across area A, i.e.,:
(i) Flow velocity V is normal to area A
(ii) Intensive properties are uniform across area A

VA
m& = ρVA =
v
Substituting into mass conservation

dM CV
= ∑ ρAV − ∑ ρAV
dt i e

Mass flux defined as mass flow rate per unit area

units (kg/m 2 s )
m& V
e.g., = ρV =
A v

m&
Volumetric flow rate defined as = VA units (m 3 /s)
ρ

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Conservation of Energy for a Control Volume

Perform closed system analysis where the system at time t

includes the fluid in the CV and inlet region i

Time t Time t+∆t

At time t, the energy of the system is:

E S (t) = ECV (t) + mi(ui + Vi 2 / 2 + gZ i )

At time t+∆t, the energy of the system is:

E S (t + ∆t) = ECV (t + ∆t) + me(u e + Ve2 / 2 + gZ e )

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First law applied to the closed system gives:

E S (t + ∆t) − E S (t) = QS − WS

ECV (t + ∆t) + me(u e + Ve2 / 2 + gZ e )

− [ ECV (t) + mi (ui + Vi 2 / 2 + gZ i )] = QS − WS

ECV (t + ∆t) − ECV (t) = QS − WS + mi(u i + Vi 2 / 2 + gZ i )

− me(u e + Ve2 / 2 + gZ e )

The change in energy in the CV is equal to the energy

transferred to the system by heat and work plus the energy
entering into the CV by mi less the energy leaving the CV
by me

Divide through by ∆t, take limit as ∆t
0, closed system

and control volume boundaries coincide, note
Q& s = Q& CV , W& s = W& CV

dECV (t)
= Q& − W& + m& i(ui + Vi 2 / 2 + gZ i )
dt
− m& e(u e + Ve2 / 2 + gZ e )

where ui, Vi, Zi are evaluated at the inlet

ue, Ve, Ze are evaluated at the exit

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Consider the work term

Work consists of shaft type work and flow work

Wshaft

Work to push Work to push

mi into CV me out of CV

Consider the inlet of cross-sectional area A

Fluid mi enters CV in time ∆t

Pi

∆x

Flow work is the energy used to get fluid into CV in time

∆t
∆W = F∆x = ( Pi Ai ) ∆x

Dividing through by ∆t and taking limit as ∆t
0

∆W ∆x
lim = ( Pi Ai ) lim
∆t → 0 ∆t ∆t → 0 ∆t

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This yield the rate of work done, note m& i = ρ i AiVi

W& i = ( Pi Ai )Vi = Pi ( AiVi ) = Pi (m& i / ρ i )

Flow work at the inlet is W& i = m& i ( Pi vi )

Similarly, flow work at the exit W& e = − m& e ( Pe ve )

Substituting into the energy conservation equation

dECV (t)
= Q& − W& shaft + m& i Pi vi − m& e Pe ve
dt
+ m& i(u i + Vi 2 / 2 + gZ i ) − m& e(u e + Ve2 / 2 + gZ e )

Generalizing for multiple inlets and exits and substituting

for h = u + pv

dECV (t)
= Q& − W& shaft + ∑ m& i(hi + Vi 2 / 2 + gZ i )
dt i

− ∑ m& e(he + Ve2 / 2 + gZ e )

e

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Common engineering applications involve one inlet and
one exit and the flow is steady, dE dt = 0, m& i = m& e = m&

dE dt Q& W& shaft

= − + (hi + Vi 2 / 2 + gZ i ) − (he + Ve2 / 2 + gZ e )
m& m& m&

0 = q& − w& s + (hi + Vi 2 / 2 + gZ i ) − (he + Ve2 / 2 + gZ e )

Q& W& shaft

where q& = , w& = are heat added and shaft work
m& m&
done per unit mass, units are J/kg

Note q& , w& are not rates, i.e., J/s

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