University of Gujrat

New Campus, Hafiz Hayat, Gujrat

Course Title : Numerical Analysis-I

Course Code : MATH-401
Semester: Fall-2019
Program: MSc/BS Mathematics
Instructor : Aisha Tabassum, Office S-08, Hafiz Hayat Campus, UOG
Contact No.: 0302-5850525
1. Numerical Analysis, Richard L. Burden, J. Douglas
Faires, (9th Edition), 2010, Brooks/Cole Publishing
Company.
Recommended Books : 2. Numerical Methods, S.R.K. Iyenger R.K. Jain, New
Age International Publishers.
3. Dr. Saeed Akhtar Bhatti, Numerical analysis with C+
+, Edition Latest, Publisher Urdu Bazar Lahore
4. Applied Numerical Analysis, Curtis F. Gerald, Patrick
O, Wheatley, (7th Edition), 2003, Addison Education.
5. Numerical Methods for Mathematics, Science and

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Reference Books:
Engineering, John H. Mathews,
(4th Edition), 2004, Prentice Hall International.
6. Numerical Methods, V. N. Vedamurthy, Ch. S. N.
Iyenger, 2002, Vikas Publishing House PVT Ltd.

Email ID : aisha.tabassum@uog.edu.pk
Lectures 32 sessions of 90 minutes each

Homework Homework is assigned within each lecture. The homework

assigned within a week is due on the
next week.

Attendance Policy A minimum of 70% attendance is required for a student to be

eligible to take the final examination.
The students with less than 70% of the attendance in a course shall
be given the grade SA (Short Attendance) in such a course and
shall not be allowed to take its End Term Exams and will have to
reappear in the course to get the required attendance to be eligible
to sit in the exam when the course is offered the next time.
Grading The course will be evaluated on the basis of the following

1
 percentage:
 Mid Term 25%
 Sessional work 25%
o Presentation/Practical 5%
o Assignment/Practical 10%
o Quizzes 10%
Final term: 50%
Quizzes, Assignments 4 Quizzes, 2 Assignments and a presentation will be taken in the
and Presentation semester.
Schedule (tentative)

Course Objectives

Computation has become one of the three legs of science and engineering: Theory,
Experiment, and Computation. No discipline has escaped the influence of computation
and many disciplines have been reinvented because of new computational capabilities. A
single CPU can perform over 1012 double-precision floating-point operations per second.
Good mathematical algorithms are essential to effectively harness this power.

This course is the first part of a two semester sequence of numerical analysis courses.

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This course is an introduction to the numerical analysis. The primary objective of the
course is to develop the basic understanding of numerical algorithms and skills to
implement algorithms to solve mathematical problems on the computer. Also, this course
provides a systematic introduction to aspects of numerical methods. It provides a sound
foundation in numerical analysis for students of Mathematics.

Course Contents

Number System and errors; Round off Errors and Computer Arithmetic. Error estimation,
Floating point Arithmetic, Algorithm and Convergence Solution if non Linear
Equations: Iterative Methods and Convergence: Regular Falsi, Secant and Newton´s
Method; Systems of Linear Equations. Introduction to splines
Direct Methods: Gaussian Elimination methods, Gauss-Jordan Method, Matrix Inversion
Methods, Factorization(Doolittle, Crout and Cholesky) Method and its various Forms
Iterative Methods and convergence: Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel, SOR Methods, III-Condition
system and condition number, Eigen values and Eigen Vectors, Power and Rayleigh
Quotient method, Interpolating and Polynomial Approximation: Difference Operators,
Interpolation with unequal intervals: Lagrange´s Interpolation Formula. Newton´s
Divided Difference Formula, Hermite Interpolation, Error in Polynomial Interpolation.
Interpolation with equal intervals: Gregory Newton Forward/Backward Interpolation
Formula, Error in Polynomial Interpolation., Central Difference Interpolation
Formulae; Gauss´s Forward/Backward Interpolation Formula, Stirling´s Formula,
Laplace Everett´s Formula, Bessel´ s Formula, Aitken´s Interpolation, Hermite
2
Interpolation.

Week-wise Breakup

Week Topics
1 Introduction and motivation to Numerical Analysis, Number System and
errors; Round off Errors and Computer Arithmetic. Error estimation
2 Floating point Arithmetic, Algorithm and Convergence Solution of non
Linear Equations: Iterative Methods and Convergence
3 Bisection Methods, Fixed point iterative Method
4 Regular Falsi method, Secant and Newton´s Method, Quiz#1
5 Gaussian Elimination methods, Gauss-Jordan Method, Assignment#1
6 Matrix Inversion Methods, Factorization(Doolittle, and Crout) Method and
its various Forms
7 Factorization(Cholesky) Method and its various Forms, Quiz#2
8 Jacobi method, Gauss-Seidel method, SOR Methods.
9 Mid Term Exams
10 On III-Condition system and condition number, splines
11 Eigen values and Eigen Vectors, Power and Rayleigh Quotient method,
12 Interpolating and Polynomial Approximation: Difference Operators,
Interpolation with unequal intervals: Lagrange´s Interpolation Formula.

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Quiz#3.
Newton´s Divided Difference Formula, Error in Polynomial Interpolation.
Assignment#2
14 Interpolation with equal intervals: Gregory Newton Forward/Backward
Interpolation Formula,
15 Gauss´s Forward/Backward Interpolation Formula, Stirling´s Formula,
Laplace Everett´s Formula, Quiz#4
16 Bessel´ s Formula, Aitken´s Interpolation, Hermite Interpolation,
Presentation
17 Presentation
18 Final Term Exams

3
 UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT
Department of Mathematics
Hafiz Hayat Campus

Course Code: MATH-403 Course Title: Partial Differential

Equations
Semester Fall-2019 Semester: BS-VII/MSc-III
Instructor’s Name: Dr. Jamshad Ahmad Office (Room No): S-9
Cell No. 03004155573 E-mail: jamshad.ahmad@uog.edu.pk

Course Description First order PDEs: Introduction, formation of PDEs, solutions of

PDEs of first order, The Cauchy’s problem for quasilinear first order
PDEs, First order nonlinear equations, Special types of first order
equations.
Second order PDEs: Basic concepts and definitions, Mathematical
problems, Linear operators, Superposition, Mathematical models: The
classical equations, the vibrating string, the vibrating membrane,

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conduction of heat solids, canonical forms and variable, PDEs of
second order in two independent variables with constant and variable
coefficients, Cauchy’s problem for second order PDEs in two
independent variables
Methods of separation of variables: Solutions of elliptic, parabolic
and hyperbolic PDEs in Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates.
Laplace transform: Introduction and properties of Laplace
transform, transforms of elementary functions, periodic functions,
error function and Dirac delta function, inverse Laplace transform,
convolution theorem, solution of PDEs by Laplace transform,
Diffusion and wave equations.
Fourier transforms: Fourier integral representation, Fourier sine and
cosine representation, Fourier transform pair, transform of elementary
functions and Dirac delta function, finite Fourier transforms, solutions
of heat, wave and Laplace equations by Fourier transforms.

Course Type: Compulsory

(Compulsory/Core/Elective)

Goals The course provides a foundation to solve Partial Differential

Equations with special emphasis on wave, heat and Laplace equations.
Formulation and some theory of these equations are also intended.
This course provides an introduction to several fundamental
algorithms for solving scientific problems, along with their
derivation and application. Students will learn how to apply these

1
 algorithms.
Recommended text 1. Lawrence C. Evans, Partial differential equations, American
Mathematical Soc., 2nd edition, 2014.
2. D. W. Jordan and P. Smith, Mathematical Techniques (Oxford
University Press, 4th Edition, 2003).
3. E. Kreyszig, E., Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 10th edition,
Wiley, New York (2011).

4.Partial Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers, Myint

UT, (3rd Edition), 1987, North Holland, Amsterdam.

Lectures 32 sessions of 90 minutes each

Attendance Policy A minimum of 70% attendance is required for a student to be

eligible to take the final examination.
The students with less than 70% of the attendance in a course shall be
given the grade SA (Short Attendance) in such a course and shall not be
allowed to take its End Term Exams and will have to reappear in the
course to get the required attendance to be eligible to sit in the exam
when the course is offered the next time.
Grading The course will be evaluated on the basis of the following percentage:
 Mid Term 25%
 Sessional work 25%

rebrand.ly/bsmath o
o
o
Presentation/Practical
Assignment/Practical
Quizzes
5%
10%
10%
 Final term50%
Quizzes, Assignments and 2 Quizzes,2 Assignments and a presentation will be taken during the
Presentation Schedule semester
(tentative)

2
 16-Weak Plan
Week Topic
Introduction, formation of PDEs, solutions of PDEs of first order, The Cauchy’s problem
1 for quasilinear first order PDEs
2 First order nonlinear equations, Special types of first order equations.

3 Basic concepts and definitions, Mathematical problems, Linear operators, Superposition

4 Mathematical models: The classical equations, the vibrating string, the vibrating
membrane, conduction of heat solids
canonical forms and variable, PDEs of second order in two independent variables with
5 constant and variable coefficients, Assignment#1
6 Solutions of elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic PDEs in Cartesian coordinates.
Solutions of elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic PDEs in Cartesian coordinates. Quiz#1
7
8 Solutions of elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic PDEs in cylindrical coordinates.

Mid Term Examination

10 rebrand.ly/bsmath
Introduction and properties of Laplace transform, transforms of elementary functions

inverse Laplace transform, convolution theorem

11 solution of PDEs by Laplace transform, Diffusion and wave equations.

12 solution of PDEs by Laplace transform, Diffusion and wave equations. Assignment#2

13 Fourier integral representation, Fourier sine and cosine representation,

14 Fourier transform pair, transform of elementary functions and Dirac delta function, finite
Fourier transforms, Quiz#2
15 solutions of heat, wave and Laplace equations by Fourier transforms. Presentations

16 solutions of heat, wave and Laplace equations by Fourier transforms, Presentations

3
 University of Gujrat
New Campus, Hafiz Hayat, Gujrat

Course Code: MATH-404 Course Title:Functional Analysis

Year: 2019 Semester: BS-7

Instructor’s Name: Dr. ZaffarIqbal Office (Room No): S-13

E-mail: zaffar.iqbal@uog.edu.pk Contact: 03348773492

Course Description Completeness and convergence, Complete metric spaces

and completeness, Linear spaces, Normed spaces,

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Difference between a metric and a normed space, Banach
spaces, Bounded and continuous linear operators and
functionals, Dual spaces, Finite dimensional spaces, F.
Riesz Lemma, The Hahn-Banach Theorem, The HB
theorem for complex spaces,The open mapping theorem,
The closed graph theorem, Uniform boundedness principle
and its applications,Banach-Fixed-Point Theorem, Inner-
product space, Hilbert space, orthogonal and orthonormal
sets, orthogonal complements, representation of functionals,
Reiz-representation theorem, Orthonormal sets and
sequences. Series related to orthonormal sequences.
Course Type: Compulsory

Compulsory/Core/Electiv
e

Pre-requisites Linear algebra, complex analysis

Lectures 32 sessions of 90 minutes each

Attendance Policy A minimum of 70% attendance is required for a student

to be eligible to take the final examination.

The students with less than 70% of the attendance in a

 course shall be given the grade SA (Short Attendance) in
such a course and shall not be allowed to take its End Term
Exams and will have to reappear in the course to get the
required attendance to be eligible to sit in the exam when
the course is offered the next time.

Grading The course will be evaluated on the basis of the following

percentage:

 Mid Term 25%

 Sessional work 25%
o Presentation/Practical 10%
o Assignment/Practical 10%
o Quizzes 05%
 Final term50%
Quizzes, Assignments and 2 Quizzes, Assignments and a presentation will be taken in
Presentation Schedule the full semester
(tentative)

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 Week-wise breakup
Department of Mathematics
University of Gujrat

Course title: Functional Analysis Course code: MATH-404

Instructor: Dr. ZaffarIqbal

Wee Topics
k
1 Metric Spaces: Definition and examples
2 Sequences Spaces.
3 Convergence in metric spaces and Cauchy sequence and examples in metric spaces.
4 Complete metric spaces and completeness.
5 Incomplete metric spaces, normed linear spaces, Banach spaces.
6 Compactness and finite dimensional spaces.
7 F. Riesz’s Lemma and related theorems.The Hahn-Banach Theorem
8 Linear operators: continuous and bounded linear operators.
9 Mid-Term Examination.
10
11 rebrand.ly/bsmath
Linear operator on finite dimensional normed spaces.
Linear functional and dual spaces, inner product spaces: definition and related
theorems.
12 Hilbert spaces: definitions, examples and theorems.
13 Orthogonal complements.
14 Orthonormal sets and sequences.
15 Series related to orthonormal sequences.
16 Representation of linear functional on Hilbert spaces.

Recommended book: Kreyszing, E, Introductory Functional Analysis and Applications (John

Wiley, 1973)
 University of Gujrat

Department of Mathematics

Ms. Muqaddas BiBi-

Code: MATH-406 Title: Modeling and Simulation

16 Week Plan

Objectives:

Mathematics is used in many different areas such as engineering, ecological systems, biological
systems, financial systems, economics etc. In all situations one approximates actual situations by
an idealized model. This is an introductory course on modeling which aims at introducing
students with the techniques of constructing models and discussing their results.

Week Topics
1 Concepts of modeling and simulation, Linear
differential equations,

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2
3
non-linear and integral equations
Modeling with first order equations, radioactivity,
cooling,
4 motion in gravitational field,
5 population model, mixing problem
6 Modeling with second order equations, Vibration,
application to biological systems
7 modeling with periodic functions
8 Modeling with system of equations, competition
and hunting model
9 Predator Prey model
10 Partial differential equations
11 Methodology of modeling, objectives and
background
12 Compounding and modeling validation
13 Heat equation , RC circuit
14 Applications in fluid mechanics
15 Potential equation, introduction to Simulation
16 Techniques in Simulation
 Universityof Gujrat
New Campus, Hafiz Hayat, Gujrat
Department Of Mathematics

Course Title : Fluid Mechanics

Course Code : MATH -410
Instructor : Dr. Azad Hussain
1. Textbook of Fluid Dynamics, F.Chorlton, 2004, CBS
Publishers & Distributors.
2. Theoretical Hydrodynamics, M.Thomson, (5th
Edition), 2011,Dover Publications.
3. Continuum Mechanics, W.Jaunzemics, 1967,
Recommended Books Macmillan Company.
: 4. An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, G. K.Batchelor,
2000, Cambridge University Press.
5. Fluid Mechanics, L. D. Landau, and E. M.Lifshitz, (2nd
Edition),1987, Butterworth-Heinemann.

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Email ID : azadhussainsamote@yahoo.com

Course Objectives
Strong foundation and applications of Fluid Mechanics is the goal of the course.

Course Contents

Real fluids and ideal fluids, velocity of a fluid at a point, streamlines and path lines, steady
and unsteady flows, velocity potential, vorticity vector, local and particle rates of change,
equation of continuity, acceleration of a fluid, conditions at a rigid boundary, general analysis
of fluid motion, Euler’s equations of motion, Bernoulli’s equation, steady motion under
conservative body forces, some potential theorems, impulsive motion, sources, sinks and
doublets, images in rigid infinite plane and solid spheres, axis-symmetric flows, Stokes’
stream function, complex potential for two dimensional irrotational, incompressible flow,
complex velocity potential for uniform stream, line sources and line sinks, line doublets and
line vortices, image systems, Milne –Thomson circle theorem, Blasius theorem, use of
conformal transformation and Schwartz-Christoffel transformation in solving problems,
vortex rows, Kelvin’s minimum energy theorem, uniqueness theorem, fluid streaming past a
circular cylinder, irrotational motion produced by a vortex filament, Helmholtz vorticity
equation, Karman’s vortex-street.

Week-wise
Breakup

Week Topics

1 Introduction of Fluid Mechanics+ Real fluids and ideal fluids.

2 Velocity of a fluid at a point, streamlines and path lines.

Steady and unsteady flows, velocity potential, vorticity vector, local and
3
particle rates of change +Assignment #1.
4 rebrand.ly/bsmath
Equation of continuity + acceleration of a fluid.
5 Conditions at a rigid boundary, general analysis of fluid motion+QUIZ#1.

6 Euler’s equations of motion + Bernoulli’s equation.

7 Steady motion under conservative body forces + some potential theorems.

8 Impulsive motion, sources, sinks and doublets.

Mid Term+ images in rigid infinite plane and solid spheres, axis-
9
symmetric flows
Stokes’ stream function, complex potential for two dimensional irrotational,
10
incompressible flow + Presentation Group#1
Complex velocity potential for uniform stream, line sources and line sinks,
11 line doublets and line vortices + Quiz#2+ Presentation
Group#2.
Image systems, Milne –Thomson circle theorem, Blasius theorem +
12
Presentation Group#3.
Use of conformal transformation and Schwartz-Christoffel transformation
13
in solving problems, vortex rows + Presentation Group#4.
Kelvin’s minimum energy theorem, uniqueness theorem, fluid streaming
14
past a circular cylinder + Presentation Group#5.
 Irrotational motion produced by a vortex filament + Presentation
15
Group#6.
Helmholtz vorticity equation, Karman’s vortex-street+
16
Discussions + Presentation Group#7.

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 UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT

Course Code MATH-434: Course Title: Theory of Rings & Fields

Course Code: MAT-434 Course Title: Theory of Rings & Fields

Year: 2019-2020 Semester: M.Sc 3rd and BS (Hons) 7th
Instructor’s Name: Dr. Shahida Bashir Office (Room No): S-10
E-mail: shahida.bashir@uog.edu.pk Office Hours: 8:40-5:00

Course Description Definitions and basic concepts, homomorphisms, homomorphism

theorems, polynomial rings, unique factorization domain,
factorization theory, Euclidean domains, arithmetic in Euclidean
domains, extension fields, algebraic and transcendental elements,
simple extension, introduction to Galois theory.

Course Type: Compulsory

(Compulsory/Core/Elective)

Pre-requisites Group Theory, Linear Algebra-I, Linear Algebra-II

Goals
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The purpose of this course is to study about the Rings and Fields,
on various aspects and its various applications. This is very
essential course in the field of Mathematics, Engineering, Algebra,
Physics and specially in Computer Science etc. Its Pre-requisites
are Group Theory and Vector space. In this course we will study
advance applications in that field.

Text Books 1. Fraleigh, J.A., A First Course in Abstract Algebra, Addison

Wesley Publishing Company, 1982.

Additional Readings 2. Herstein, I.N., Topics in Algebra, John Wiley & Sons 1975.
3. Lang, S., Algebra, Addison Wesley, 1965.
4. Hartley, B., and Hawke’s, T.O., Ring, Modules and Linear
Algebra, Chapman and Hall, 1980.
Lectures 32 sessions of 90 minutes each

Attendance Policy A minimum of 70% attendance is required for a student to be

eligible to take the final examination.
The students with less than 70% of the attendance in a course shall be
given the grade SA (Short Attendance) in such a course and shall not be
allowed to take its End Term Exams and will have to reappear in the
course to get the required attendance to be eligible to sit in the exam
when the course is offered the next time.
Grading The course will be evaluated on the basis of the following percentage:
  Mid Term 25%
 Sessional work 25%
o Presentation/Practical 10%
o Assignment/Practical 10%
o Quizzes 05%
 Final term
50%
Quizzes, Assignments and 2 Quizzes before mid term and 2 Quizzes after mid term.
Presentation Schedule Assignments or Exercises in each lecture
(tentative)

Session Schedule

Session Topic
Weeks

1 Introduction about course and basic definitions of Rings

2 Difinitions and basic conceptsof Fields.

3 Relation between Rings and Fields.

5
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Subrings, Ideals, Examples

Homomorphisms, definitions and examples

6 homomorphism theorems

7 Polynomials rings

8 Unique factorization domain

9 Euclidean Domain

10 Principal Ideal Domain

11 Factorization theory

12 Euclidean domains

13 Extension fields

14 Algebraic and transcendental elements

15 Simple extension

16 Introduction to Galois theory

 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Course Title Advanced group theory
Course Code Math-435
Instructor Kamran Shafique
Semester Fall-2019
Recommended Books
1. John B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra 7th
edition 2003, Pearson Education.
2. Derek J.S Robinson, Acourse in the theory of groups 2 nd
Editon 1996 Springer verlagg.
3. Geoff Smith, Olga Tabachnikova, Topics in Group Theory
2012, Springer verlagg.
4. J. F. Humphreys, A Course in Group Theory 2004,Oxford
university Press

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5. W.R. Scott, Group Theory Dover Publication 1987 and 2012
INC, New York

Reference Books
1. John B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra 7th
edition 2003, Pearson Education.
2. Geoff Smith, Olga Tabachnikova, Topics in Group Theory
2012, Springer verlagg.
3. J. F. Humphreys, A Course in Group Theory 2004,Oxford
university Press

Emagil & Mob# kagmragnuog@gmagil.com/ 03315260358

Objective
In this course we will study more agdvagnced structure of group theory which is very helpful for
students those wagnt to do reseagrch in the feld of group theory.
 Week- Wise Breakup
Weeks Topics
1 The free groups, basic theorems
2 definitions and examples of free products of groups +ASSIGNMENT#01
3 P-groups and sylow-p-groups and Series of normal groups and related topics to series
of groups
4 Series of normal groups and related topics to series of groups( continue)
5 Upper and lower central series+ QUIZ# 01
6 Upper and lower central series(continue)
7 Soluble groups
8 Soluble groups(continue)
9 Mid Term
10 Theorem on soluble groups+ ASSIGNMENT# 02
11 Nilpotent groups
12 Characterization of finite nilpotent groups+ QUIZ# 02
13 Characterization of finite nilpotent groups (continue)
14 Linear groups and types of linear groups +PRESENTATIONS
15
16 rebrand.ly/bsmath
Representations of linear groups
Group algebra and representation modules
Final Exam
UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT

Course Code MATH-441: Course Title: Special Theory of Relativity

Course Code: MATH-441 Course Title: Special Theory of Relativity

Year: Fall -2019 Semester: BS (Hons) 7th
Instructor’s Name: Jamila Habib Office (Room No): S-11
E-mail: jamila.habib@uog.edu.pk Office Hours: 8:30-4:30

Course Description This course covers Lorentz Transformation and velocity

addition formula with complete understanding in 2,3 and 4
dimensions. Minkoiski Space-time, 4-Momentum and
application of special relativity like Dollper shift , Aberration,
Compton Effect and Scattering of particle in relativistic view
point, Maxwell’s equation importance in special relativity.
Course Type: Elective
(Compulsory/Core/Elective)

Pre-requisites Vector and Tensor Analysis

Text Books 1. Qadi. A., “Relativity: An Introduction to the Special

rebrand.ly/bsmathTheory”, World Scientific, 1989

2. Inverno, R. D., “Introducing Einstein’s Relativity”, Oxford
University Press, 1992

Additional Readings 1. Golstein, H., “Classical Mechanics”, Addison Wesley, 1962

2. Jackson, J. D., “Classical Electrodynamics”, John Wiley
1962
3. Rindler, W., “Essential Relativity”, Springer Verlag, 1977

Attendance Policy A minimum of 70% attendance is required for a student to be

eligible to take the final examination.

Grading The course will be evaluated on the basis of the following percentage:
 Mid Term 25%
 Sessional work 25%
o Presentation 10%
o Assignment/Practical 10%
o Quizzes 05%
 Final term
50%
 16 Week Plan
Course Code MATH-441: Course Title: Special Theory of Relativity

Session Topic
Weeks

1 Introduction, basic definitions Tensor and Special Relativity

2 Lorentz transformations, and its application

3 Application of Special relativity, length contraction, time dilation and simultaneity

4 velocity addition formulae Quiz 1, Assignment 1

5 3- dimensional Lorentz transformations, introduction to 4-vector formalism

6 Lorentz transformations in the 4-vector formalism, the Lorentz and Poincare groups

7 Introduction to classical mechanics, Assignment. Quiz 2 , Assignment 2

8 Minkowski Spacetime and Null Cone

10
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4-velocity, 4-momentum and 4-force.

MID TERMS
Quiz 3 , Assignment 3

11 Application of special relativity to Doppler shift and Compton effect

12 Particle scattering, binding energy. Quiz 4, Assignment 4

13 Particle production and decay, Electromagnetism in relativity.

14 Electric current, Maxwell’s equations and Electromagnetic waves. . Quiz 5 ,

Assignment 5

15 The 4-vector formulation of Maxwell’s equations, special relativity with small

acceleration

16 Revision