BUILDING SERVICES-III

HVAC,LIFTS AND ESCALATORS AND FIRE

FIGHTING
HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) refers to technology of indoor or
automotive environmental comfort.
HVAC is important in the design of medium to large industrial and office buildings such as
skyscrapers and in marine environments such as aquariums, where safe and healthy building
conditions are regulated with temperature and humidity, as well as "fresh air" from
outdoors.
INTRODUCTION
Ventilation ?...
Definition - a means of changing the air in an enclosed
space to :
•Control Carbon
Dioxide

• Keep fresh air for • Preserve correct level

respiratory system Of Oxygen in the air

• Remove dust and odors

• Control the moisture • Lowering the heat level
level
 VENTILATION
 Ventilating is the process of "changing" or replacing air in any space
to control temperature or remove moisture, odors, smoke, heat,
dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and to replenish oxygen.
 Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as
circulation of air within the building.
 It is one of the most important factors for maintaining
acceptable indoor air quality in buildings.
 Methods for ventilating a building may be divided
into mechanical/forced and natural types.
 A habitable room requires one or more ventilation openings, the
total area of which must not be less than 1/20 th. of the floor area of
the room.
 When ventilation is by mechanical means, one air change per hour
must be provided to habitable rooms and three air changes per hour
to bathrooms and kitchens.
Methods

Natural
Ventilation Mechanical
Ventilation
N A T U R A L V E N T I L A T I O N:
 Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside
air without the use of a fan or other mechanical system.
 It can be achieved with operable windows or trickle vents when
the spaces to ventilate are small and the architecture permits.
 In more complex systems warm air in the building can be allowed
to rise and flow out upper openings to the outside (stack effect)
thus forcing cool outside air to be drawn into the building
naturally through openings in the lower areas.
 These systems use very little energy but care must be taken to
ensure the occupants' comfort.
 In warm or humid months, in many climates, maintaining thermal
comfort solely via natural ventilation may not be possible so
conventional air conditioning systems are used as backups.
Natural ventilation
 Definition - the process of supplying and removing
air through an indoor space without using mechanical
systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an
indoor space as a result of pressure or temperature
differences
 The benefits of natural ventilation include:-
1. Improved Indoor air quality (IAQ)
2. Energy savings
3. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
4. Occupant control
5. Reduction in occupant illness associated with Sick
Building Syndrome
6. Increased worker productivity
 Design Criteria
To design a ventilation system, the engineer has to meet two basic
requirements:
1. To supply fresh air for the occupants
2. To change the air in the room sufficiently so that smells, fumes and
contaminants are removed.
TYPICAL NATURAL VENTILATION CONFIGURATION
Mechanical/forced/artificial ventilation
 Definition - mechanical ventilation systems circulate fresh air using
ducts and fans rather than relying on airflow through small holes or
crack’s in a home’s wall, roof or windows. Homeowners can
breath easier knowing their home has a good ventilation.
 Benefits of using mechanical ventilation:-
1. Better indoor air quality –can remove pollutants, allergens, and
moisture that can cause mold problems
2. More control – provide proper fresh air flow along with
appropriate locations for intake and exhaust
3. Improved comfort – allow a constant flow of outside air into the
home and can also provide filtration, dehumidification, and
conditioning of the incoming outside air.
 These systems employ an electrically driven fan or fans to provide
the necessary air movement;
 They also ensure a specified air change and the air under fan
pressure can be forced through filters.
NEED FOR MECHANICAL VENTILATION IN BUILDINGS

Mechanical or forced ventilation:

 Mechanical ventilation is necessary, where natural ventilation
is not possible and to remove pollutants.
 "Mechanical" or "forced" ventilation is provided by an air
handler and used to control indoor air quality.
 Excess humidity, odors, and contaminants can often be
controlled via dilution or replacement with outside air.
 However, in humid climates much energy is required to
remove excess moisture from ventilation air.
 Kitchens and bathrooms typically have mechanical exhaust to
control odors and sometimes humidity.
 Buildings of different use demand different quantities of fresh
air for their occupants.

 It expressed in terms of air changes per hour.

 Ceiling fans and table/floor fans circulate air within a room

for the purpose of reducing the perceived temperature
because of evaporation of perspiration on the skin of the
occupants.
RATE OF VENTILATION
 The ventilation rate, for CII [commercial, industrial, and
institutional] buildings, is normally expressed by the volumetric
flow rate of outside air being introduced to the building.
 The typical units used are cubic feet per minute (CFM) or liters
per second (L/s). The ventilation rate can also be expressed on a
per person or per unit floor area basis, such as CFM/p or
CFM/ft², or as air changes per hour.
 For residential buildings, which mostly rely on infiltration for
meeting their ventilation needs, the common ventilation rate
measure is the number of times the whole interior volume of air is
replaced per hour, and is called air changes per hour (I or ACH;
units of 1/h). During the winter, ACH may range from 0.50 to
0.41 in a tightly insulated house to 1.11 to 1.47 in a loosely
insulated house
Table 2.0 - Air changes rates (BS 5720)
 Ventilation Calculations
The following formulae may be used:
1. For General Mechanical Ventilation
Ventilation rate (m3/h) = Air Change Rate (/h) x
Room Volume (m3)
Air Change Rate (/h) comes from CIBSE Guide B2
Table 3.1
Air changes per hour = quantity of air x occupancy

room volume
Example 1
A private office of 30 m3 volume designed for 2 people
43
X2 = 2.86 air changes per hour
30
Table 1.0 - Fresh air supply rates (BS 5720)
METHODS OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION IN BUILDINGS
 Mechanical ventilation may be accomplished by
power-driven fans, either by exhausting the air
from the building or by forcing air into it, and
under some conditions a combination of the two
methods is used.
 The exhaust method of ventilation is that in which
air is blown out of the building by a fan and the
supply, to replenish that taken away, is conducted
into the building through ducts prepared for the
purpose.
EXHAUST METHOD  In Fig is shown a simple exhaust
fan installed to produce such a
change of air.
 It is suitable for kitchens and other
places where it is desired to
eliminate smoke or gases rather
than to produce a supply of air.
 With this apparatus the air of the
room is blown out by the rotating
fan and new air to take the place
of that exhausted is drawn in at
any convenient opening.
PLENUM METHOD  That form of mechanical
ventilation by means of which air
is forced into the rooms is
known as the plenum method.
 It is the most positive means of
air supply because its action is
attended by a slight pressure
above the outside air
 It is continuous in action and the
amount of entering air is under
control.
 The escape of the expelled air is
made through vent flues
especially constructed for the
purpose
 TYPES OF FAN

-Centrifugal Fan
can produce high pressure and has the
-Propeller Fan -Axial Flow Fan capacity for large volumes of air. Most
does not create much air can develop high pressure suited to larger installations such as air
pressure and has limited and is used for moving air conditioning systems. It may have one
effect in ductwork. Ideal through long sections of or two inlets. Various forms of impeller
for use at air openings in ductwork. The fan is integral can be selected depending on the air
windows and walls. with the run of ducting and condition. Variable impellers and pulley
does not require a base. ratios from the detached drive motor
make this the most versatile of fans.
This successfully ends Unit – 01……!!
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AIR CONDITIONING