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11-Rusts of Wheat PDF

Yellow rust, brown rust, and black rust are three common wheat rust diseases caused by fungi in the genus Puccinia. Yellow rust causes losses of up to 40% and appears as yellow pustules on leaves. Brown rust causes 1-20% losses and appears as scattered orange-brown spots. Black rust, the most damaging, causes 50-70% losses and appears as reddish-brown pustules on stems. Management strategies include growing resistant varieties, controlling volunteer wheat plants, and using appropriate fungicides.

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168 views29 pages

11-Rusts of Wheat PDF

Yellow rust, brown rust, and black rust are three common wheat rust diseases caused by fungi in the genus Puccinia. Yellow rust causes losses of up to 40% and appears as yellow pustules on leaves. Brown rust causes 1-20% losses and appears as scattered orange-brown spots. Black rust, the most damaging, causes 50-70% losses and appears as reddish-brown pustules on stems. Management strategies include growing resistant varieties, controlling volunteer wheat plants, and using appropriate fungicides.

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Yellow Rust (Stripe Rust)

Puccinia striiformis
Puccinia f.striiformis
sp. tritici
Order: Uredinales
•Generally occur through out wheat
Family: Pucciniaceae
production areas at high elevations
• Generally occur through out wheat
•In northern
production& areas
southern areas
at high of
elevations
temperate regions
In northern & southern areas of
•Losses
temperate
due toregions
this are 40 % with some
•field
Losses due to completely
destroyed this are 40 % with some
field destroyed completely
Symptoms
• Small yellowish uredia appear in linear
rows on the leaf
• Uredia can also seen on spikes
• Yellow spore mass is exposed for wind
dispersal
• Telia appear as black patches on under
surface of the leaf
• Plants show poorly developed root system
Disease cycle
• Urdospores are single source of inoculum
• Inoculum comes from volunteer plants
• Free water on leaves & temp <25 °C
required for spore germination
• Appear in Dec, Jan, opt. temp. for disease
spreadness is 12.8-18.3 °C
• Fungus survive between crop seasons by
dormant mycelium & uredia
• Windblown uredospores are secondary
source of infection
Management
• Resistant varieties (Galaxy13, Millat 11, Sehar,
Shafaq)
• Control of volunteer plants
• Cultivation of early sowing and early maturing
varieties.
• Avoiding thick sowing and heavy irrigation.
• Destroying the weed plants and diseased tillers.
• Avoiding heavy doses of nitrogenous fertilizers.
• Judicious use of potashic fertilizer help in minimizing
the susceptibility of plants
• Use fungicides (sulphur dusting), propiconazole,
azoxystrobin
Brown Rust (Leaf Rust)
Puccinia triticina
Puccinia f. sp. tritici
triticina
•Order: Uredinales Family: Pucciniaceae
•Occur though out the world
•Most important where dews at night
time are common
•Disease severe prior to heading
•Early infection results weak plants, poor
roots & tiller
•Cause losses from 1-20 %
Symptoms
• Uredia develop as points of bright orange
to brown color on leaves in scattered form
• Spots rarely seen on sheath & stalk
• Bigger in size than yellow type rust,
scattered irregularly
• Plants take longer time to produce mature
ears
Disease cycle
• Over wintering/summering in form of
mycelium & uredia on volunteer plants
• Alternate host isThallactrum flavum which
is not present in Pakistan
• Aeciospores from alternate host dispersed
by wind
• Free water on leaf & and temperature of
18.3-23.9 °C favour the disease epidemic
• Appear mostly in February
Pak.
Management
• Resistant varieties (Galaxy13, Millat 11, Sehar,
Shafaq)
• Control of alternate host & volunteer plants
• Cultivation of early sowing and early maturing
varieties.
• Avoiding thick sowing and heavy irrigation.
• Destroying the weed plants and diseased tillers.
• Avoiding heavy doses of nitrogenous fertilizers.
• Judicious use of potashic fertilizer help in minimizing
the susceptibility of plants
• Use fungicides (sulphur dusting), Propiconazole,
Azoxystrobin
Black Rust (stem Rust)
Puccinia graminis tritici
• Order: Uredinales Family: Pucciniaceae
• Occur worldwide, most common where
dews are frequent during & after
heading at crop maturity stage
• Losses from 50-70 % if appeared in
epidemic form
Symptoms
• Stem rust occurs primarily on stems but can
also be found on leaves, sheaths, glumes,
awns and even seed.
• Initially reddish brown pustules appeared on
stalk, leaf sheath & rarely on leaves
• Brown powdery mass of uredospores is
exposed for dispersal
• Later telia (Bicelled) develop & pustules
changed into black in colore
• In severe attack plants look sickly & fail to
emerge normal ears
• Grains shriveled & lighter in weight
Dark brown to Black Telia
Disease cycle
• It is heteroecious (require two unrelated host
plants), long cycle rust fungus with many
pathogenic races. The fungus has five
distinct stages:
• the pycnial and aecial stages occur on
common barberry (the alternate host), and
the uredial (orange) and telial (black or
winter) stages occur on wheat.
• Where as basidia arise from teliospores and
basidiospores infect barberry.
• Pycnia appear on barberry plants in the spring,
usually in the upper leaf surfaces
• Five to 10 days later, cup-shaped structures
filled with orange-yellow, powdery aeciospores
break through the lower leaf surface
• Aeciospores from alternate host barberry
(Berberis vulgaris) are primary source of
inoculum on wheat plant
• Mycelium & uredia on volunteer plants are also
the source of infection
• Uredia are wind blown
• Free water on plants & temp 18-29.5 °C
Appear in March
Common barberry bush

Aecia of the wheat stem rust fungus Berries produced on a mature


produced on infected barberry leaf. bush of common barberry
Uridia to Uridia
1-Aeciospores from alternate host land on wheat
2-on wheat aeciospores germinate & produce
urediospores
3-In the season disease spread through uredia to
uredia cycle
4-As crop near to mature telia developed which
later produce basidiospores
5-Basidiospores produced on wheat but attack on
barberry (alternate host)
6-Basidiospores germinate to produce spermatia
& receptive hyphae (pycnospores)
7-Pycnospores fuses to produce aeciospores
Epidemiology and Farmer Practices
▪ Crop spacing and Fertigation:
Moisture on leaves and excessive foliar nitrogen favor
infections by rust fungi. Farmers must consider these
factors in spacing, row orientation, irrigation and fertilizer
schedules.
▪ Sowing Time:
Recent changes in production practices may have
effects on stem rust. In some areas, late sowing wheat
crops are excessively irrigated, which may increase the
survival of infection on volunteer plants and mature
crops.
• Zero tillage Practice:
In addition, many farmers are practicing no-
till (zero tillage) or minimum tillage. This
increases the probability that rust fungi may
successfully overwinter in the protective
layer of stubble from the previous crop.
• Variety selection:
No selection of cultivar according to region
and soil type, sowing of single variety on
large area
Management
• Resistant varieties (Galaxy13, Millat 11,Sehar,
Shafaq)
• Control of alternate host & volunteer plants
• Cultivation of early sowing and early maturing
varieties.
• Avoiding thick sowing and heavy irrigation.
• Destroying the weed plants and diseased tillers.
• Avoiding heavy doses of nitrogenous fertilizers.
• Judicious use of Potashic fertilizer help in minimizing
the susceptibility of plants
• Use fungicides (sulphur dusting), propiconazole,
azoxystrobin

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