Appendix

A–1 Properties of areas.a

Circle pD 2 D R
A= = pR 2 r= =
4 4 2
R D R pD 4
r= = J=
D 4 2 32
pD 3 pD 3
S= Zp =
32 16
Circumference = πD = 2πR
Hollow circle (tube)
A=
(
p D2 - d 2 ) r=
D2 + d 2
4 4

d D I=
(
p D4 - d 4 ) J=
(
p D4 - d 4 )
64 32

S=
(
p D4 - d 4 ) Zp =
(
p D4 - d 4 )
32 D 16 D

Square A = s2
s4 s
Ix = rx =
s 12 12
X X
s/2 s3
Sx =
6
s

Rectangle A = bh
Y bh3 bh 2 h
Ix = Sx = rx =
12 6 12
hb3 bh 2 b
Iy = Sy = ry =
12 6 12
C
X X
h

h/2

Y b/2
b

(Continued)

728
Appendix 729

A–1 Properties of areas.a

Triangle bh
A=
2
bh3 h
Ix = rx =
h 36 18
X X
y = h/3 bh 2
Sx =
24
b
Semicircle pD 2
Y A=
8
Ix = 0.00686D4 Sx = 0.0238D3 rx = 0.132D
c = 0.288D
Iy = 0.0245D4 Sy = 0.0491D3 ry = D/4 = R/2
X X
y = 2D/3π = 0.212D
Y
D
Regular hexagon A = 0.866h2
Y Ix = 0.0601h4 Sx = 0.120h3 rx = 0.264h
Iy = 0.0601h4 Sy = 0.104h3 ry = 0.264h
X X h
y = 0.500h

c = 0.577h
Area under a second- Area over a second-
degree curve degree curve
Vertex Vertex
C

H C H

3 5 3 B
B B B
8 8 4 4
B B
1
A = 2 BH A= BH
3 3

Area under a third- Area over a third-

degree curve degree curve

H C H

0.2B
0.4B 0.6B 0.8B

B B
1
3 A= BH
A = BH 4
4

Symbols used are A, area; r , radius of gyration = I /A ; I, moment of inertia; J, polar moment of inertia; S, section modu-
a

lus; and Zp, polar section modulus.

Appendix 733

A–4 Properties of wood boards.

Y

W
X X

Y
t
(a) Properties of U.S. sized wood boards

With long dimension

Actual section size (in.) horizontal With long dimension vertical
Moment of Section Moment of
Area of section inertia, Iy modulus, inertia, Ix Section modulus,
Nominal size Width, W Thickness, t (in.2) (in.4) Sy (in.3) (in.4) Sx, (in.3)
1×2 1.50 0.75 1.125 0.053 0.141 0.211 0.281
1×3 2.50 0.75 1.875 0.088 0.234 0.977 0.781
1×4 3.50 0.75 2.625 0.123 0.328 2.680 1.531
1×6 5.50 0.75 4.125 0.193 0.516 10.398 3.781
1×8 7.25 0.75 5.438 0.255 0.680 23.817 6.570
1×10 9.25 0.75 6.938 0.325 0.867 49.466 10.70
1×12 11.25 0.75 8.438 0.396 1.055 88.989 15.82
2×2 1.50 1.50 2.250 0.422 0.563 0.422 0.563
2×3 2.50 1.50 3.750 0.703 0.938 1.953 1.563
2×4 3.50 1.50 5.250 0.984 1.313 5.359 3.063
2×6 5.50 1.50 8.250 1.547 2.063 20.80 7.563
2×8 7.25 1.50 10.88 2.039 2.719 47.63 13.14
2×10 9.25 1.50 13.88 2.602 3.469 98.93 21.39
2×12 11.25 1.50 16.88 3.164 4.219 178.0 31.64
4×4 3.50 3.50 12.25 12.51 7.146 12.51 7.146
4×8 7.25 3.50 25.38 25.90 14.80 111.1 30.66
4×12 11.25 3.50 39.38 40.20 22.97 415.3 73.83
6×6 5.50 5.50 30.25 76.26 27.73 76.3 27.73
6×8 7.25 5.50 39.88 100.52 36.55 174.7 48.18
6×10 9.25 5.50 50.88 128.25 46.64 362.7 78.43
(Continued)
734 Appendix

A–4 Properties of wood boards.

Y

W
X X

Y
t
(b) Wood boards: SI metric sized

With long dimension

Actual section size (mm) horizontal With long dimension vertical
Nearest Moment of Section Moment of
nominal inertia, Iy modulus, Sy inertia, Ix Section modulus,
U.S. sizea Width, W Thickness, t Area, A (mm2) (mm4) (mm3) (mm4) Sx (mm3)
1×2 40 19 760 2.29 × 104 2.41 × 103 1.013 × 105 5.07 × 103
1×3 65 19 1235 3.72 × 104 3.91 × 103 4.348 × 105 1.3379 × 104
1×4 90 19 1710 5.14 × 104 5.42 × 103 1.154 × 106 2.5650 × 104
1×6 140 19 2660 8.00 × 104 8.42 × 103 4.345 × 106 6.2067 × 104
1×8 190 19 3610 1.086 × 105 1.143 × 104 1.0860 × 107 1.1432 × 105
1×10 240 19 4560 1.372 × 105 1.444 × 104 2.1888 × 107 1.824 × 105
1×12 290 19 5510 1.658 × 105 1.745 × 104 3.8616 × 107 2.663 × 105
2×2 45 45 2025 3.417 × 105 1.519 × 104 3.42 × 105 1.519 × 104
2×3 65 45 2925 4.936 × 105 2.194 × 104 1.030 × 106 3.169 × 104
2×4 90 45 4050 6.834 × 105 3.038 × 104 2.734 × 106 6.075 × 104
2×6 115 45 5175 8.733 × 105 3.881 × 104 5.703 × 106 9.919 × 104
2×8 190 45 8550 1.443 × 106 6.413 × 104 2.5721 × 107 2.708 × 105
2×10 240 45 10 800 1.823 × 106 8.100 × 104 5.1840 × 107 4.320 × 105
2×12 290 45 13 050 2.202 × 106 9.788 × 104 9.1459 × 107 6.308 × 105
4×4 90 90 8100 5.468 × 106 1.215 × 105 5.4675 × 106 1.215 × 105
4×8 190 90 17 100 1.1543 × 107 2.565 × 105 5.1443 × 107 5.415 × 105
4×12 290 90 26 100 1.7618 × 107 3.915 × 105 1.82918 × 108 1.262 × 106
6×6 140 140 19 600 3.2013 × 107 4.573 × 105 3.2013 × 107 4.573 × 105
6×8 190 140 26 600 4.3447 × 107 6.207 × 105 8.0022 × 107 8.423 × 105
6×10 240 140 33 600 5.4880 × 107 7.840 × 105 1.61280 × 108 1.344 × 106
For reference only. Common names for U.S. sizes. See Appendix A–4(a) for actual dimensions.
a
A–5 Properties of steel angles (L-shapes), equal and unequal legs.
Appendix

x Y
x Y Z

Z Centroid
Centroid
X X
X X y
y

Y α Z Y α Z
(a) Angles: U.S. units, steel, larger sizes, 2–8 in.

Section properties
Axis X–X Axis Y–Y Axis Z–Z
Shape Weight per Area, Ix Sx Y Iy Sy x r α
Ref. (in.) (in.) (in.) foot (lb/ft) A (in.2) (in.4) (in.3) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.) (in.) (°)
a L 8×8×1 51.3 15.1 89.1 15.8 2.36 89.1 15.8 2.36 1.56 45.0
b L 8×8×1/2 26.7 7.84 48.8 8.36 2.17 48.8 8.36 2.17 1.59 45.0
c L 8×4×1 37.6 11.10 69.7 14.00 3.03 11.6 3.94 1.04 0.844 13.9
d L 8×4×1/2 19.7 5.80 38.6 7.48 2.84 6.75 2.15 0.854 0.863 14.9
e L 6×6×3/4 28.8 8.46 28.1 6.64 1.77 28.1 6.64 1.77 1.17 45.0
f L 6×6×3/8 14.9 4.38 15.4 3.51 1.62 15.4 3.51 1.62 1.19 45.0
g L 6×4×3/4 23.5 6.90 24.4 6.23 2.08 8.63 2.95 1.08 0.857 23.2
h L 6×4×3/8 12.2 3.58 13.4 3.30 1.94 4.84 1.58 0.940 0.871 24.1
i L 4×4×1/2 12.7 3.75 5.52 1.96 1.18 5.52 1.96 1.18 0.776 45.0
j L 4×4×1/4 6.58 1.93 3.00 1.03 1.08 3.00 1.03 1.08 0.783 45.0
k L 4×3×1/2 11.1 3.25 5.02 1.87 1.32 2.40 1.10 0.822 0.633 28.5
1 L 4×3×1/4 5.75 1.69 2.75 0.988 1.22 1.33 0.585 0.725 0.639 29.2
m L 3×3×1/2 9.35 2.75 2.20 1.06 0.929 2.20 1.06 0.929 0.580 45.0
n L 3×3×1/4 4.89 1.44 1.23 0.569 0.836 1.23 0.569 0.836 0.585 45.0
o L 3×2×1/2 7.70 2.26 1.92 1.00 1.08 0.667 0.470 0.580 0.425 22.4
p L 3×2×1/4 4.09 1.20 1.09 0.541 0.980 0.390 0.258 0.487 0.431 23.6
q L 2×2×3/8 4.65 1.37 0.476 0.348 0.632 0.476 0.348 0.632 0.386 45.0
r L 2×2×1/4 3.21 0.944 0.346 0.244 0.586 0.346 0.244 0.586 0.387 45.0
s L 2×2×1/8 1.67 0.491 0.189 0.129 0.534 0.189 0.129 0.534 0.391 45.0
(Continued)
735
A–5 Properties of steel angles (L-shapes), equal and unequal legs.
736

x Y

w Centroid

X X
y
h
Y
(b) Angles: U.S. units, steel, equal and unequal legs, smaller sizes, 0.50–2.5 in.
Section propertiesa
Weight/ftb Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Short side, h Long side, w Thickness, t Area, A Steel IX SX y IY SY x
Ref. (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.2) (lb/ft) (in.4) (in.3) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.)
a 0.500 0.500 0.125 0.109 0.372 0.002 30 0.006 98 0.170 0.002 30 0.006 98 0.170
b 0.625 0.625 0.125 0.141 0.478 0.004 79 0.0113 0.201 0.00479 0.0113 0.201
c 0.875 0.875 0.125 0.203 0.691 0.014 20 0.0233 0.264 0.0142 0.0233 0.264
d 0.625 1.000 0.125 0.188 0.637 0.005 53 0.0121 0.167 0.0185 0.0286 0.354
e 0.750 1.000 0.125 0.203 0.691 0.009 47 0.0174 0.207 0.0197 0.0295 0.332
f 1.000 1.000 0.125 0.234 0.797 0.0217 0.0309 0.296 0.0217 0.0309 0.296
g 1.000 1.000 0.250 0.438 1.487 0.0369 0.0558 0.339 0.0369 0.0558 0.339
h 1.250 1.250 0.125 0.297 1.009 0.0439 0.0493 0.359 0.0439 0.0493 0.359
i 1.250 1.250 0.250 0.563 1.912 0.0767 0.0905 0.403 0.0767 0.0905 0.403
j 0.875 1.375 0.125 0.266 0.903 0.0162 0.0247 0.217 0.0509 0.0560 0.467
k 1.250 1.500 0.188 0.480 1.633 0.0651 0.0726 0.353 0.1035 0.1013 0.478
l 1.500 1.500 0.125 0.359 1.222 0.0778 0.0721 0.421 0.0778 0.0721 0.421
m 1.500 1.500 0.250 0.688 2.337 0.1385 0.1340 0.466 0.139 0.1340 0.466
n 1.250 1.750 0.125 0.359 1.222 0.0486 0.0515 0.307 0.113 0.0943 0.557
o 1.750 1.750 0.125 0.422 1.434 0.1256 0.0992 0.484 0.126 0.0992 0.484
p 1.750 1.750 0.250 0.813 2.762 0.2272 0.1860 0.529 0.227 0.186 0.529
q 1.250 2.000 0.188 0.574 1.952 0.0707 0.0752 0.311 0.232 0.177 0.686
r 1.500 2.000 0.125 0.422 1.434 0.0847 0.0748 0.368 0.173 0.125 0.618
s 1.500 2.000 0.250 0.813 2.762 0.1515 0.139 0.413 0.316 0.236 0.663
t 1.500 2.500 0.188 0.715 2.430 0.1275 0.111 0.352 0.461 0.279 0.852
Note: Values are for perfectly square corners. Some vendors apply radii to inside and/or outside corners.
Sample data: Numerous additional sizes available. Consult vendors.
aI, Moment of inertia; S, section modulus; see sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes and their locations x and y.

bUsing density of steel = 0.283 lb /in.3

m
(Continued)
Appendix
A–5 Properties of steel angles (L-shapes), equal and unequal legs.
x Y
Appendix

w Centroid

X X
y
h
Y
(c) Angles: SI units, equal and unequal legs, 10–100 mm

Section propertiesa
Weight/mb Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Short side, h Long side, w Thickness, t Area, A Steel IX SX y IY SY x
Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2) (N/m) (mm4) (mm3) (mm) (mm4) (mm3) (mm)
a 10 15 3 66.0 4.973 477 69.1 3.09 1375 146 5.59
b 10 20 3 81.0 6.103 520 72.1 2.80 3140 257 7.80
c 15 20 3 96.0 7.233 1743 163 4.31 3653 277 6.81
d 15 25 3 111 8.363 1856 168 3.93 6876 428 8.93
e 15 30 3 126 9.493 1946 171 3.64 1.146 × 104 608 11.1
f 20 20 3 111 8.363 4030 290 6.09 4030 290 6.09
g 20 30 3 141 10.623 4551 306 5.12 1.272 × 104 640 10.1
h 20 40 3 171 12.883 4897 316 4.48 2.829 × 104 1109 14.5
i 25 25 3 141 10.623 8204 465 7.35 8.204 × 103 465 7.35
j 30 30 5 275 20.719 2.216 × 104 1072 9.32 2.216 × 104 1072 9.32
k 30 50 4 304 22.904 2.152 × 104 941 7.13 7.800 × 104 2373 17.1
l 40 40 5 375 28.253 5.561 × 104 1974 11.8 5.561 × 104 1974 11.8
m 40 60 5 475 35.787 6.270 × 104 2081 9.87 1.740 × 105 4334 19.9
n 40 80 6 684 51.533 7.836 × 104 2525 8.96 4.526 × 105 8868 29.0
o 50 50 5 475 35.787 1.125 × 105 3155 14.3 1.125 × 105 3155 14.3
p 50 75 5 600 45.205 1.266 × 105 3322 11.9 3.485 × 105 6884 24.4
q 50 100 6 864 65.095 1.590 × 105 4039 10.6 9.058 × 105 14 073 35.6
r 60 60 6 684 51.533 2.333 × 105 5452 17.2 2.333 × 105 5452 17.2
s 75 75 6 864 65.095 4.688 × 105 8677 21.0 4.688 × 105 8677 21.0
t 100 100 10 1900 143.148 1.800 × 106 25240 28.7 1.800 × 106 25 240 28.7
Note: Values are for perfectly square corners. Some vendors apply radii to inside and/or outside corners.
Sample data: Numerous additional sizes available.
aI, Moment of inertia; S, section modulus; See sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes and their locations x and y.

bUsing density of steel = 7680 kg/m3.

737
A–6 Properties of channels (C-shapes).
738

Y
Flange

Depth Web

X X
Centroid
x

Y
(a) American Standard: U.S. units, steel, larger sizes
Section properties
Flange Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Thickness, tf
Shape Area, A Depth, d Web thickness, tw Width, bf Average Ix Sx Iy Sy x
Ref. (in.) (lb/ft) (in.2) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.4) (in.3) (in.)
a C 15×50 14.7 15.0 0.716 3.72 0.650 404 53.8 11.0 3.77 0.799
b C 15×40 11.8 15.0 0.520 3.52 0.650 348 46.5 9.17 3.34 0.778
c C 12×30 8.82 12.0 0.510 3.17 0.501 162 27.0 5.12 2.05 0.674
d C 12×25 7.35 12.0 0.387 3.05 0.501 144 24.0 4.45 1.87 0.674
e C 10×30 8.82 10.0 0.673 3.03 0.436 103 20.7 3.93 1.65 0.649
f C 10×20 5.88 10.0 0.379 2.74 0.436 78.9 15.8 2.80 1.31 0.606
g C 9×20 5.88 9.0 0.448 2.65 0.413 60.9 13.5 2.41 1.17 0.583
h C 9 ×15 4.41 9.0 0.285 2.49 0.413 51.0 11.3 1.91 1.01 0.586
i C 8×18.75 5.51 8.0 0.487 2.53 0.390 43.9 11.0 1.97 1.01 0.565
j C 8×11.5 3.38 8.0 0.220 2.26 0.390 32.5 8.14 1.31 0.775 0.572
k C 7×14.75 4.33 7.0 0.419 2.30 0.366 27.2 7.78 1.37 0.772 0.532
1 C 7×9.8 2.87 7.0 0.210 2.09 0.366 21.2 6.07 0.957 0.617 0.541
m C 6×13 3.83 6.0 0.437 2.16 0.343 17.3 5.78 1.05 0.638 0.514
n C 6×8.2 2.40 6.0 0.200 1.92 0.343 13.1 4.35 0.687 0.488 0.512
o C 5×9 2.64 5.0 0.325 1.89 0.320 8.89 3.56 0.624 0.444 0.478
p C 5×6.7 1.97 5.0 0.190 1.75 0.320 7.48 2.99 0.470 0.372 0.484
q C 4×7.25 2.13 4.0 0.321 1.72 0.296 4.58 2.29 0.425 0.337 0.459
r C 4×5.4 1.59 4.0 0.184 1.58 0.296 3.85 1.92 0.312 0.277 0.457
s C 3×6 1.76 3.0 0.356 1.60 0.273 2.07 1.38 0.300 0.263 0.455
t C 3×4.1 1.21 3.0 0.170 1.41 0.273 1.65 1.10 0.191 0.196 0.437
Appendix

(Continued)
A–6 Properties of channels (C-shapes).
Y
Appendix

t1

X t X
A Centroid
R

x
B
Y
(b) Aluminum Association Standard: U.S. units
Section properties
Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Flange Web
Shape Depth, A Width, B Area thickness, t thickness, t Ix Sx rx Iy Sy ry x
Ref. (in.) (lb/ft) (in.) (in.) (in.2) (in.) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.) (in.)
a C 2×0.577 2.00 1.00 0.491 0.13 0.13 0.288 0.288 0.766 0.045 0.064 0.303 0.298
b C 2×1.071 2.00 1.25 0.911 0.26 0.17 0.546 0.546 0.774 0.139 0.178 0.391 0.471
c C 3×1.135 3.00 1.50 0.965 0.20 0.13 1.41 0.94 1.21 0.22 0.22 0.47 0.49
d C 3×1.597 3.00 1.75 1.358 0.26 0.17 1.97 1.31 1.20 0.42 0.37 0.55 0.62
e C 4×1.738 4.00 2.00 1.478 0.23 0.15 3.91 1.95 1.63 0.60 0.45 0.64 0.65
f C 4×2.331 4.00 2.25 1.982 0.29 0.19 5.21 2.60 1.62 1.02 0.69 0.72 0.78
g C 5×2.212 5.00 2.25 1.881 0.26 0.15 7.88 3.15 2.05 0.98 0.64 0.72 0.73
h C 5×3.089 5.00 2.75 2.627 0.32 0.19 11.14 4.45 2.06 2.05 1.14 0.88 0.95
i C 6×2.834 6.00 2.50 2.410 0.29 0.17 14.35 4.78 2.44 1.53 0.90 0.80 0.79
j C 6×4.030 6.00 3.25 3.427 0.35 0.21 21.04 7.01 2.48 3.76 1.76 1.05 1.12
k C 7×3.205 7.00 2.75 2.725 0.29 0.17 22.09 6.31 2.85 2.10 1.10 0.88 0.84
1 C 7×4.715 7.00 3.50 4.009 0.38 0.21 33.79 9.65 2.90 5.13 2.23 1.13 1.20
m C 8×4.147 8.00 3.00 3.526 0.35 0.19 37.40 9.35 3.26 3.25 1.57 0.96 0.93
n C 8×5.789 8.00 3.75 4.923 0.41 0.25 52.69 13.17 3.27 7.13 2.82 1.20 1.22
o C 9×4.983 9.00 3.25 4.237 0.35 0.23 54.41 12.09 3.58 4.40 1.89 1.02 0.93
p C 9×6.970 9.00 4.00 5.927 0.44 0.29 78.31 17.40 3.63 9.61 3.49 1.27 1.25
q C10×6.136 10.00 3.50 5.218 0.41 0.25 83.22 16.64 3.99 6.33 2.56 1.10 1.02
r C 10×8.360 10.00 4.25 7.109 0.50 0.31 116.15 23.23 4.04 13.02 4.47 1.35 1.34
s C 12×8.274 12.00 4.00 7.036 0.47 0.29 159.76 26.63 4.77 11.03 3.86 1.25 1.14
t C 12×11.822 12.00 5.00 10.053 0.62 0.35 239.69 39.95 4.88 25.74 7.60 1.60 1.61
739

(Continued)
A–6 Properties of channels (C-shapes).
740

X X
d Centroid

x
B
Y
(c) U.S. Units: Aluminum, smaller sizes: 0.5–2.0 in. depth
Section propertiesa
Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Depth, d Flange width, B Thickness, t Weight/ft Area, A IX SX IY SY x
Ref. (in.) (in.) (in.) (lb/ft)b (in.2) (in.4) (in.3) (in.4) (in.3) (in.)
a 0.500 0.375 0.125 0.150 0.1250 0.003 58 0.0143 0.001 506 0.006 88 0.156
b 0.500 0.500 0.094 0.148 0.123 0.004 18 0.0167 0.002 90 0.009 70 0.202
c 0.500 0.750 0.125 0.263 0.219 0.0070 0.0280 0.011 45 0.0273 0.330
d 0.625 0.625 0.125 0.244 0.203 0.0105 0.0337 0.007 40 0.019 99 0.255
e 0.750 0.375 0.125 0.188 0.156 0.0106 0.0282 0.001 766 0.0074 0.138
f 0.750 0.750 0.125 0.300 0.250 0.0199 0.0530 0.013 45 0.029 68 0.297
g 1.000 0.500 0.125 0.263 0.219 0.0285 0.057 0.004 61 0.0140 0.170
h 1.000 1.000 0.125 0.413 0.344 0.0526 0.105 0.034 01 0.0549 0.381
i 1.250 0.500 0.125 0.300 0.250 0.0501 0.080 0.004 96 0.0144 0.156
j 1.250 1.250 0.125 0.525 0.438 0.1097 0.176 0.069 10 0.0879 0.464
k 1.500 0.500 0.125 0.338 0.281 0.080 0.106 0.005 25 0.0148 0.146
l 1.750 0.500 0.125 0.375 0.313 0.118 0.135 0.005 49 0.0151 0.138
m 1.750 0.750 0.125 0.450 0.375 0.159 0.182 0.018 19 0.0342 0.219
n 1.750 1.000 0.125 0.525 0.438 0.201 0.229 0.041 59 0.0605 0.313
o 2.000 0.500 0.125 0.413 0.344 0.166 0.166 0.005 69 0.015 39 0.131
Notes: Sample data of numerous other sizes available. For problems in this book, the sizes shown may be used for steel channels as well. The weight/ft
will be much larger.
aI, moment of inertia; S, section modulus; see sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes and the location x for the axis Y–Y. Section properties computed assuming

square corners and constant thickness of web and flanges.

bUsing density for aluminum of 0.100 lb /in.3 (may range from 0.095 to 0.102 lb /in.3 for different alloys).
m m
Appendix

(Continued)
A–6 Properties of channels (C-shapes).
Y
Appendix

X X
d Centroid

x
B
Y
(d) SI units: European Standard aluminum shapes, 10–160 mm depth
Section propertiesa
Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Depth, d Flange width, B Thickness, t Weight/m Area, A IX SX IY SY x
Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (N/m)b (mm2) (mm4) (mm3) (mm4) (mm3) (mm)
a 10 10 2 1.10 40.5 590.4 118.1 392 64.32 3.90
b 12 12 2 1.74 64.0 1301 216.9 881 121.6 4.75
c 15 15 2 2.23 82.0 2777 370.2 1812 196.1 5.76
d 20 20 3 4.40 162 9446 944.6 6279 514.5 7.80
e 25 20 2 3.31 122 1.215 × 104 972.0 4911 375.0 6.90
f 25 25 3 5.62 207 1.998 × 104 1598 1.285 × 104 827.7 9.47
g 35 35 3 8.06 297 6.001 × 104 3429 3.725 × 104 1679 12.81
h 40 30 4 9.99 368 8.900 × 104 4450 3.228 × 104 1653 10.48
i 50 30 4 11.08 408 1.520 × 105 6079 3.493 × 104 1716 9.65
j 50 40 4 13.25 488 1.944 × 105 7776 7.858 × 104 3000 13.80
k 60 40 4 14.34 528 2.982 × 105 9939 8.379 × 104 3093 12.91
l 80 40 4 16.51 608 5.869 × 105 1.467 × 104 9.216 × 104 3231 11.47
m 100 50 5 25.79 950 1.433 × 106 2.866 × 104 2.250 × 105 6310 14.34
n 125 80 8 58.43 2152 5.251 × 106 8.401 × 104 1.360 × 106 24 905 25.41
o 160 80 10 81.46 3000 1.130 × 107 1.413 × 105 1.780 × 106 31 592 23.67
Notes: Sample sizes of numerous additional sizes available. For problems in this book, these sizes can be used for steel channels as well. The weight/m will be
much larger.
aI, moment of inertia; S, section modulus; see sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes and the location x for the axis Y–Y. Section properties computed assuming square corners

and constant thickness of web and flanges. Some producers use filleted corners and tapered flanges. Adjustments to computed values may be needed for
precision.
bUsing density of aluminum = 2768 kg/m3 (may range from 2635 to 2829 kg/m3).
741
A–7 Properties of I-shapes.
742

Y Flange

Depth Web
X X

Y
(a) Steel wide-flange beams (W-shapes): U.S. units, larger sizes
Section properties
Flange Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Web
Shape Area, A Depth, d thickness, tw Width, bf Thickness, tf Ix Sx Iy Sy
Ref. (in.) (lb/ft) (in.2) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.4) (in.3)
a W 30×173 51.0 30.4 0.655 15.0 1.070 8230 541 598 79.8
b W 30×108 31.7 29.8 0.545 10.5 0.760 4470 299 146 27.9
c W 27×146 43.1 27.4 0.605 14.0 0.975 5660 414 443 63.5
d W 27×102 30.0 27.1 0.515 10.0 0.830 3620 267 139 27.8
e W 24×76 22.4 23.9 0.440 8.99 0.680 2100 176 82.5 18.4
f W 24×68 20.1 23.7 0.415 8.97 0.585 1830 154 70.4 15.7
g W 21×73 21.5 21.2 0.455 8.30 0.740 1600 151 70.6 17.0
h W 21×57 16.7 21.1 0.405 6.56 0.650 1170 111 30.6 9.35
i W 18×55 16.2 18.1 0.390 7.53 0.630 890 98.3 44.9 11.9
j W 18×40 11.8 17.9 0.315 6.02 0.525 612 68.4 19.1 6.35
k W 14×43 12.6 13.7 0.305 8.00 0.530 428 62.7 45.2 11.3
1 W 14×26 7.69 13.9 0.255 5.03 0.420 245 35.3 8.91 3.54
m W 12×65 19.1 12.1 0.390 12.0 0.605 533 87.9 174 29.1
n W 12×30 8.79 12.3 0.260 6.52 0.440 238 38.6 20.3 6.24
o W 12×16 4.71 12.0 0.220 3.99 0.265 103 17.1 2.82 1.41
p W 10×60 17.60 10.2 0.420 10.1 0.680 341 66.7 116 23.0
q W 10×30 8.84 10.5 0.300 5.81 0.510 170 32.4 16.7 5.75
r W 10×12 3.54 9.87 0.190 3.96 0.210 53.8 10.9 2.18 1.10
s W 8×40 11.70 8.25 0.360 8.07 0.560 146 35.5 49.1 12.2
t W 8×21 6.16 8.28 0.250 5.27 0.400 75.3 18.2 9.77 3.71
u W 8×10 2.96 7.89 0.170 3.94 0.205 30.8 7.81 2.09 1.06
v W 6×15 4.43 5.99 0.230 5.99 0.260 29.1 9.72 9.32 3.11
w W 6×12 3.55 6.03 0.230 4.00 0.280 22.1 7.31 2.99 1.50
x W 5×19 5.54 5.15 0.270 5.03 0.430 26.2 10.2 9.13 3.63
y W 5×16 4.68 5.01 0.240 5.00 0.360 21.3 8.51 7.51 3.00
z W 4×13 3.83 4.16 0.280 4.06 0.345 11.3 5.46 3.86 1.90
(Continued)
Appendix
A–7 Properties of I-shapes.
Appendix

Y Flange

Depth Web
X X

Y
(b) American Standard steel beams (S-shapes): U.S. units
Section properties
Flange Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Web
Shape Area, A Depth, d thickness, tw Width, bf Thickness, tf Ix Sx Iy Sy
Ref. (in.) (lb/ft) (in.2) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.4) (in.3)
a S 24×121 35.5 24.5 0.800 8.05 1.090 3160 258 83.0 20.6
b S 24×90 26.5 24.0 0.625 7.13 0.870 2250 187 44.7 12.5
c S 20×96 28.2 20.3 0.800 7.20 0.920 1670 165 49.9 13.9
d S 20×75 22.0 20.0 0.635 6.39 0.795 1280 128 29.5 9.25
e S 20×66 19.4 20.0 0.505 6.26 0.795 1190 119 27.5 8.78
f S 18×70 20.5 18.0 0.711 6.25 0.691 923 103 24.0 7.69
g S 18×54.7 16.0 18.0 0.461 6.00 0.691 801 89.0 20.7 6.91
h S 15×50 14.7 15.0 0.550 5.64 0.622 485 64.7 15.6 5.53
i S 15×42.9 12.6 15.0 0.411 5.50 0.622 446 59.4 14.3 5.19
j S 12×50 14.6 12.0 0.687 5.48 0.659 303 50.6 15.6 5.69
k S 12×35 10.2 12.0 0.426 5.08 0.544 228 38.1 9.84 3.88
1 S 10×35 10.3 10.0 0.594 4.94 0.491 147 29.4 8.30 3.36
m S 10×25.4 7.45 10.0 0.311 4.66 0.491 123 24.6 6.73 2.89
n S 8×23 6.76 8.00 0.441 4.17 0.425 64.7 16.2 4.27 2.05
o S 8×18.4 5.40 8.00 0.271 4.00 0.425 57.5 14.4 3.69 1.84
p S 6×17.25 5.06 6.00 0.465 3.57 0.359 26.2 8.74 2.29 1.28
q S 6×12.5 3.66 6.00 0.232 3.33 0.359 22.0 7.34 1.80 1.08
r S 5×10 2.93 5.00 0.214 3.00 0.326 12.3 4.90 1.19 0.795
s S 4×9.5 2.79 4.00 0.326 2.80 0.293 6.8 3.38 0.887 0.635
t S 4×7.7 2.26 4.00 0.193 2.66 0.293 6.05 3.03 0.748 0.562
u S 3×7.5 2.20 3.00 0.349 2.51 0.260 2.91 1.94 0.578 0.461
v S 3×5.7 1.66 3.00 0.170 2.33 0.260 2.50 1.67 0.447 0.383
(Continued)
743
 744

A–7 Properties of I-shapes.

Y t1
B

R
t
X X A

Y
(c) Aluminum Association Standard (I-shapes): U.S. units
Section properties
Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Flange Web
Shape Depth, A Width, B Area thickness, t1 thickness, t Ix Sx rx Iy Sy ry
Ref. (in.) (lb/ft) (in.) (in.) (in.2) (in.) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.)
a I 3×1.637 3.00 2.50 1.392 0.20 0.13 2.24 1.49 1.27 0.52 0.42 0.61
b I 3×2.030 3.00 2.50 1.726 0.26 0.15 2.71 1.81 1.25 0.68 0.54 0.63
c I 4×2.311 4.00 3.00 1.965 0.23 0.15 5.62 2.81 1.69 1.04 0.69 0.73
d I 4×2.793 4.00 3.00 2.375 0.29 0.17 6.71 3.36 1.68 1.31 0.87 0.74
e I 5×3.700 5.00 3.50 3.146 0.32 0.19 13.94 5.58 2.11 2.29 1.31 0.85
f I 6×4.030 6.00 4.00 3.427 0.29 0.19 21.99 7.33 2.53 3.10 1.55 0.95
g I 6×4.692 6.00 4.00 3.990 0.35 0.21 25.5 8.50 2.53 3.74 1.87 0.97
h I 7×5.800 7.00 4.50 4.932 0.38 0.23 42.89 12.25 2.95 5.78 2.57 1.08
i I 8×6.181 8.00 5.00 5.256 0.35 0.23 59.69 14.92 3.37 730 2.92 1.18
j I 8×7.023 8.00 5.00 5.972 0.41 0.25 67.78 16.94 3.37 8.55 3.42 1.20
k I 9×8.361 9.00 5.50 7.110 0.44 0.27 102.02 22.67 3.79 12.22 4.44 1.31
1 I 10×8.646 10.00 6.00 7.352 0.41 0.25 132.09 26.42 4.24 14.78 4.93 1.42
m I 10×10.286 10.00 6.00 8.747 0.50 0.29 155.79 31.16 4.22 18.03 6.01 1.44
n I 12×11.672 12.00 7.00 9.925 0.47 0.29 255.57 42.60 5.07 26.90 7.69 1.65
o I 12×14.292 12.00 7.00 12.153 0.62 0.31 317.33 52.89 5.11 35.48 10.14 1.71
(Continued)
Appendix
 Appendix

A–7 Properties of I-shapes.

Y t
bf

t
X X d

Y
(d) I-shapes: U.S. units, aluminum, small extruded shapes, 0.70–2.11 in. depth
Section propertiesa
Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Depth, d Flange width, bf Thickness, t Weight/ft b Area, A IX SX rX IY SY rY
Ref. (in.) (in.) (in.) (lb) (in.2) (in.4) (in.3) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.)
a 0.700 1.060 0.050 0.160 0.136 0.0121 0.0346 0.299 0.009 93 0.0187 0.270
b 1.040 1.074 0.050 0.185 0.154 0.0298 0.0573 0.439 0.0103 0.0192 0.259
c 1.950 1.000 0.050 0.230 0.193 0.117 0.120 0.778 0.008 35 0.0167 0.208
d 1.120 1.724 0.050 0.268 0.223 0.0538 0.0961 0.491 0.0427 0.0495 0.437
e 1.034 1.500 0.062 0.290 0.242 0.0479 0.0926 0.444 0.0349 0.0465 0.379
f 2.110 1.500 0.055 0.329 0.275 0.211 0.200 0.876 0.0310 0.0413 0.336
g 0.876 1.500 0.188 0.790 0.658 0.0704 0.161 0.327 0.106 0.141 0.401
h 1.000 2.375 0.250 1.575 1.313 0.176 0.352 0.366 0.559 0.471 0.653
Notes: These shapes are designed for special applications and not made to common dimensions. Sample sizes of numerous additional sizes available. For prob-
lems in this book, these sizes can be used for steel I-shapes as well. The weight/ft will be much higher.
aI, moment of inertia; S, section modulus; r, radius of gyration; used for column analysis; See sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes. Calculations assume

square corners.
bUsing density of aluminum = 0.100 lb /in.3 (may range from 0.095 to 0.102 lb /in.3).
m m

(Continued)
745
 746

A–7 Properties of I-shapes.

bf
Y Flange

Depth, d Web
X tw X
tf

Y
(e) I-shapes: SI units, steel, European Standard (IPE-shapesa), 80–600 mm depth
Section propertiesb
Thickness Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Flange
Depth, d width, bf Flange, tf Web, tw Weight/m c Area, A IX SX rX IY SY rY
Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (N/m) (mm2) (mm4) (mm3) (mm) (mm4) (mm3) (mm)
a 80 46 5.2 3.8 57.6 764 8.014 × 105 2.003 × 104 32.4 8.487 × 104 3.690 × 103 10.54
b 100 55 5.7 4.1 77.8 1032 1.710 × 106 3.420 × 104 40.7 1.591 × 105 5.786 × 103 12.4
c 120 64 6.3 4.4 99.5 1321 3.177 × 106 5.296 × 104 49.0 2.766 × 105 8.644 × 103 14.5
d 140 73 6.9 4.7 123.8 1643 5.412 × 106 7.732 × 104 57.4 4.491 × 105 1.230 × 104 16.5
e 160 82 7.4 5.0 151.4 2009 8.693 × 106 1.087 × 105 65.8 6.829 × 105 1.666 × 104 18.4
f 180 91 8.0 5.3 180.4 2395 1.317 × 107 1.463 × 105 74.2 1.008 × 106 2.216 × 104 20.5
g 200 100 8.5 5.6 214.6 2848 1.943 × 107 1.943 × 105 82.6 1.423 × 106 2.846 × 104 22.4
h 220 110 9.2 5.9 251.4 3337 2.772 × 107 2.520 × 105 91.1 2.048 × 106 3.724 × 104 24.8
i 240 120 9.8 6.2 294.7 3912 3.891 × 107 3.243 × 105 99.7 2.835 × 106 4.725 × 104 26.9
j 270 135 10.2 6.6 346.2 4595 5.790 × 107 4.289 × 105 112.3 4.197 × 106 6.218 × 104 30.2
k 300 150 10.7 7.1 405.4 5381 8.356 × 107 5.571 × 105 124.6 6.036 × 106 8.048 × 104 33.5
l 330 160 11.5 7.5 471.7 6261 1.177 × 108 7.131 × 105 137.1 7.878 × 106 9.848 × 104 35.5
m 360 170 12.7 8.0 547.9 7273 1.627 × 108 9.036 × 105 149.5 1.043 × 107 1.227 × 105 37.9
n 400 180 13.5 8.8 642.0 8521 2.321 × 108 1.161 × 106 165.1 1.317 × 107 1.464 × 105 39.3
o 450 190 14.6 9.4 744.5 9882 3.374 × 108 1.500 × 106 184.8 1.675 × 107 1.763 × 105 41.2
p 500 200 16.0 10.2 870.4 11 552 4.820 × 108 1.928 × 106 204.3 2.141 × 107 2.141 × 105 43.1
q 550 210 17.2 11.1 1013 13 442 6.712 × 108 2.441 × 106 223.5 2.667 × 107 2.540 × 105 44.5
r 600 220 19.0 12.0 1175 15 598 9.208 × 108 3.069 × 106 243.0 3.386 × 107 3.078 × 105 46.6
Note: Sample sizes of numerous additional sizes available.
aIPE sections have medium width flanges. Narrow and wide-flange sections are also available.

bI, moment of inertia; S, section modulus; r, radius of gyration, used for column analysis; see sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes.

cUsing density of steel = 7680 kg/m3.

(Continued)
Appendix
 Appendix

A–7 Properties of I-shapes.

bf

tf

tw Depth, d

(f) I-Shapes: U.S. units, wood fabricated, 9.5–16.0 in. depth

Section propertiesa
Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Depth, d Flange width, bf Flange thickness, tf Web thickness, tw Space between flanges, hw Area, A
Ref. (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.2) IX (in.4) SX (in.3) IY (in.4) SY (in.3)
a 9.500 1.750 1.250 0.375 7.00 7.000 85.7 18.05 1.147 1.311
b 11.750 1.750 1.250 0.375 9.25 7.844 145.9 24.83 1.157 1.322
c 14.000 1.750 1.250 0.375 11.50 8.688 225.9 32.27 1.167 1.334
d 9.500 2.000 1.250 0.375 7.00 7.625 96.4 20.30 1.697 1.697
e 11.750 2.000 1.250 0.375 9.25 8.469 163.2 27.78 1.707 1.707
f 16.000 2.000 1.250 0.375 13.50 10.063 349.5 43.69 1.726 1.726
g 11.750 2.500 1.375 0.375 9.00 10.250 208.9 35.55 3.620 2.896
h 14.000 2.500 1.375 0.375 11.25 11.094 319.5 45.65 3.630 2.904
i 16.000 2.500 1.375 0.375 13.25 11.844 441.4 55.18 3.639 2.911
j 11.750 3.500 1.375 0.500 9.00 14.125 290.9 49.52 9.919 5.668
k 14.000 3.500 1.375 0.500 11.25 15.250 444.4 63.48 9.943 5.682
l 16.000 3.500 1.375 0.500 13.25 16.250 613.1 76.64 9.964 5.693
Notes: These dimensions are not from any particular manufacturer. Consult catalogs for actual design data. Numerous sizes available are available from several manufacturers.
aI, moment of inertia; S, section modulus; see sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes.
747
 748

A–8 Properties of hollow tubing, square and rectangular.

Y

Y
X X

X X

Y Y
(a) Steel structural tubing: U.S. units (HSS), 2.0–8.0 in.
Section properties
Design Torsional
wall Weight Axis X–X Axis Y–Y constants
Shape thickness, per foot Area,
Ref. (in.) (in.) (in.) tw (in.) (lb/ft) A (in.2) Ix (in.4) Sx (in.3) rx (in.) Iy (in.4) Sy (in.3) ry (in.) J (in.4) C (in.3)
a HSS 8×8×1/2 0.465 48.7 13.5 125 31.2 3.04 125 31.2 3.04 204 52.4
b HSS 8×8×1/4 0.233 25.8 7.10 70.7 17.7 3.15 70.7 17.7 3.15 111 28.1
c HSS 8×4×1/2 0.465 35.1 9.74 71.8 17.9 2.71 23.6 11.8 1.56 61.1 24.4
d HSS 8×4×1/4 0.233 19.0 5.24 42.5 10.6 2.85 14.4 7.21 1.66 35.3 13.6
e HSS 8×2×1/4 0.233 15.6 4.30 28.5 7.12 2.57 2.94 2.94 0.827 9.36 6.35
f HSS 6×6×1/2 0.465 35.1 9.74 48.3 16.1 2.23 48.3 16.1 2.23 81.1 28.1
g HSS 6×6×1/4 0.233 19.0 5.24 28.6 9.54 2.34 28.6 9.54 2.34 45.6 15.4
h HSS 6×4×1/4 0.233 15.6 4.30 20.9 6.96 2.20 11.1 5.56 1.61 23.6 10.1
i HSS 6×2×1/4 0.233 12.2 3.37 13.1 4.37 1.97 2.21 2.21 0.810 6.55 4.70
j HSS 4×4×1/2 0.465 21.5 6.02 11.9 5.97 1.41 11.9 5.97 1.41 21.0 11.2
k HSS 4×4×1/4 0.233 12.2 3.37 7.80 3.90 1.52 7.80 3.90 1.52 12.8 6.56
1 HSS 4×2×1/4 0.233 8.78 2.44 4.49 2.25 1.36 1.48 1.48 0.779 3.82 3.05
m HSS 3×3×1/4 0.233 8.78 2.44 3.02 2.01 1.11 3.02 2.01 1.11 5.08 3.52
n HSS 3×2×1/4 0.233 7.08 1.97 2.13 1.42 1.04 1.11 1.11 0.751 2.52 2.23
o HSS 2×2×1/4 0.233 5.38 1.51 0.747 0.747 0.704 0.747 0.747 0.704 1.31 1.41
(Continued)
Appendix
A–8 Properties of hollow tubing, square and rectangular.
Appendix

tw
Y
X X
tw
X X

Y Y
(b) Hollow tubing: U.S. units, steel, square and rectangular, smaller sizes, 0.375–3.00 in. depth
Outside
dimensions Inside dimensions Section propertiesa
Weight/ftb Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Short Long Wall
side, a side, b thickness, tw Short side, c Long side, d Area, Steel IX SX rX IY SY rY
Ref. (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) A (in.2) (lb/ft) (in.4) (in.3) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.)
a 0.375 0.375 0.049 0.277 0.277 0.064 0.217 0.001 16 0.006 17 0.134 58 0.001 16 0.006 17 0.135
b 0.500 0.500 0.065 0.370 0.370 0.113 0.384 0.003 65 0.0146 0.180 0.00365 0.0146 0.180
c 0.500 1.000 0.065 0.370 0.870 0.178 0.605 0.0214 0.0427 0.346 0.006 74 0.0270 0.195
d 0.500 1.500 0.065 0.370 1.370 0.243 0.826 0.0613 0.0818 0.502 0.0098 0.0394 0.201
e 0.500 1.500 0.120 0.260 1.260 0.422 1.434 0.0973 0.130 0.480 0.0138 0.0551 0.181
f 0.625 0.625 0.065 0.495 0.495 0.146 0.494 0.007 71 0.0247 0.230 0.007 71 0.0247 0.230
g 0.750 0.750 0.065 0.620 0.620 0.178 0.605 0.0141 0.0375 0.281 0.0141 0.0375 0.281
h 0.750 1.500 0.065 0.620 1.370 0.276 0.936 0.0781 0.104 0.532 0.0255 0.0681 0.304
i 0.875 0.875 0.049 0.777 0.777 0.162 0.550 0.0185 0.042 0.338 0.0185 0.0422 0.338
j 1.000 1.000 0.065 0.870 0.870 0.243 0.826 0.0356 0.071 0.383 0.0356 0.0712 0.383
k 1.000 1.000 0.120 0.760 0.760 0.422 1.434 0.0555 0.111 0.363 0.0555 0.111 0.363
l 1.000 1.500 0.065 0.870 1.370 0.308 1.046 0.0948 0.126 0.555 0.0498 0.100 0.402
m 1.000 1.500 0.120 0.760 1.260 0.542 1.842 0.155 0.206 0.534 0.0789 0.158 0.381
n 1.000 2.000 0.065 0.870 1.870 0.373 1.267 0.193 0.193 0.718 0.0640 0.128 0.414
o 1.000 3.000 0.065 0.870 2.870 0.503 1.709 0.536 0.357 1.032 0.0925 0.185 0.429
(Continued)
749
 750

A–8 Properties of hollow tubing, square and rectangular.

Y

tw
Y
X X
tw
X X

Y Y
(b) Hollow tubing: U.S. units, steel, square and rectangular, smaller sizes, 0.375–3.00 in. depth
Outside
dimensions Inside dimensions Section propertiesa
Weight/ftb Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Short Long Wall
side, a side, b thickness, tw Short side, c Long side, d Area, Steel IX SX rX IY SY rY
Ref. (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) A (in.2) (lb/ft) (in.4) (in.3) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.)
p 1.250 1.250 0.065 1.120 1.120 0.308 1.046 0.0723 0.116 0.485 0.0723 0.116 0.485
q 1.375 1.375 0.058 1.259 1.259 0.306 1.038 0.0885 0.129 0.538 0.0885 0.129 0.538
r 1.500 1.500 0.065 1.370 1.370 0.373 1.267 0.128 0.171 0.586 0.128 0.171 0.586
s 1.500 1.500 0.120 1.260 1.260 0.662 2.250 0.212 0.282 0.566 0.212 0.282 0.566
t 1.500 2.000 0.065 1.370 1.870 0.438 1.488 0.253 0.253 0.761 0.162 0.216 0.608
u 1.500 2.000 0.120 1.260 1.760 0.782 2.657 0.428 0.428 0.739 0.269 0.359 0.586
v 1.500 3.000 0.120 1.260 2.760 1.022 3.472 1.167 0.778 1.069 0.384 0.512 0.613
Notes: Values are for perfectly square corners. Some vendors apply radii to inside and/or outside corners. Wall thickness gages are 0.049 in. = 18 gage, 0.058 in. = 17 gage, 0.065 in. = 16
gage, and 0.120 in. = 11 gage. Sample sizes of many other wall thickness gages and sizes are available.
aI, moment of inertia; S, section modulus; r, radius of gyration, used in column analysis; see sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes.

bUsing density of steel = 0.283 lb /in.3

m
(Continued)
Appendix
A–8 Properties of hollow tubing, square and rectangular.
Appendix

tw
Y
X X
tw
X X

Y Y
(c) Hollow tubing: SI units, steel, square and rectangular, 20–300 mm depth
Outside Inside
dimensions dimensions Section propertiesa
Weight/mb Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Short Long Wall Short Long Area,
side, a side, b thickness, tw side, c side, d A Steel IX SX rX IY SY rY
Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2) (N/m) (mm4) (mm3) (mm) (mm4) (mm3) (mm)
a 10 20 2 6 16 104 7.84 4.619 × 103 462 6.66 1.379 × 103 276 3.64
b 20 20 2 16 16 144 10.8 7.872 × 103 787 7.39 7.872 × 103 787 7.39
c 20 30 3 14 24 264 19.9 2.887 × 104 1925 10.5 1.451 × 104 1451 7.41
d 30 30 3 24 24 324 24.4 3.985 × 104 2657 11.1 3.985 × 104 2657 11.1
e 20 40 3 14 34 324 24.4 6.081 × 104 3041 13.7 1.889 × 104 1889 7.64
f 40 40 3 34 34 444 33.5 1.020 × 105 5099 15.2 1.020 × 105 5099 15.2
g 30 50 3 24 44 444 33.5 1.421 × 105 5685 17.9 6.181 × 104 4121 11.8
h 50 50 3 44 44 564 42.5 2.085 × 105 8340 19.2 2.085 × 105 8340 19.2
i 40 80 4 32 72 896 67.5 7.113 × 105 1.778 × 104 28.2 2.301 × 105 1.150 × 104 16.0
j 80 80 3 74 74 924 69.6 9.145 × 105 2.286 × 104 31.5 9.145 × 105 2.286 × 104 31.5
k 50 100 4 42 92 1 136 85.6 1.441 × 105 2.883 × 104 35.6 4.737 × 105 1.895 × 104 20.4
l 100 100 4 92 92 1 536 116 2.363 × 106 4.727 × 104 39.2 2.363 × 106 4.727 × 104 39.2
m 50 150 4 42 142 1 536 116 4.041 × 106 5.388 × 104 51.3 6.858 × 105 2.743 × 104 21.1
n 150 150 5 140 140 2 900 218 1.017 × 107 1.357 × 105 59.2 1.017 × 107 1.357 × 105 59.2
o 200 200 4 192 192 3 136 236 2.009 × 107 2.009 × 105 80.0 2.009 × 107 2.009 × 105 80.0
(Continued)
751
 752

A–8 Properties of hollow tubing, square and rectangular.

Y

tw
Y
X X
tw
X X

Y Y
(c) Hollow tubing: SI units, steel, square and rectangular, 20–300 mm depth
Outside Inside
dimensions dimensions Section propertiesa
Weight/mb Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Short Long Wall Short Long Area,
side, a side, b thickness, tw side, c side, d A Steel IX SX rX IY SY rY
Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2) (N/m) (mm4) (mm3) (mm) (mm4) (mm3) (mm)
p 100 200 4 92 192 2336 176 1.240 × 107 1.240 × 105 72.9 4.208 × 106 8.415 × 104 42.4
q 50 200 4 42 192 1936 146 8.561 × 106 8.561 × 104 66.5 8.979 × 105 3.592 × 104 21.5
r 250 250 8 234 234 7744 583 7.567 × 107 6.054 × 105 98.9 7.567 × 107 6.054 × 105 98.9
s 300 300 8 284 284 9344 704 1.329 × 108 8.859 × 105 119.3 1.329 × 108 8.859 × 105 119.3
t 300 300 12.5 275 275 14 375 1083 1.984 × 108 1.323 × 106 117.5 1.984 × 108 1.323 × 106 117.5
Notes: Values are for perfectly square corners. Some vendors apply radii to inside and/or outside corners. Sample sizes of numerous additional sizes and wall thicknesses available. For
problem solving in this book, use the sizes in these tables for aluminum tubing as well as steel. The weight/m values will be much lower.
aI, moment of inertia; S, section modulus; r, radius of gyration, used in column analysis; see sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes.

bUsing density of steel = 7680 kg/m3.

Appendix
A–9 Properties of steel pipe and mechanical tubing.
Appendix

Do Di

(a) Pipe: U.S. units, standard sizes, 1/8–18 in.

Nominal size (in.) Section properties

Nominal Outside Inside Wall Torsional constants

schedule 40 AISC diameter, diameter, thickness, Area, A
pipe size designation Do (in.) Di (in.) tw (in.) (in.2) I (in.4) S (in.3) r (in.) J (in.4) Zp (in.3)
1/8 0.405 0.269 0.068 0.072 1.06 × 10−3 5.25 × 10−3 0.122 2.13 × 10−3 1.05 × 10−2
1/4 0.540 0.364 0.088 0.125 3.31 × 10−3 1.23 × 10−2 0.163 6.62 × 10−3 2.45 × 10−2
3/8 0.675 0.493 0.091 0.167 7.29 × 10−3 2.16 × 10−2 0.209 1.46 × 10−2 4.32 × 10−2
1/2 PIPE 1/2 STD 0.840 0.622 0.109 0.250 1.71 × 10−2 4.07 × 10−2 0.261 3.42 × 10−2 8.14 × 10−2
3/4 PIPE 3/4 STD 1.050 0.824 0.113 0.333 3.70 × 10−2 7.05 × 10−2 0.334 7.41 × 10−2 0.1411
1 PIPE 1 STD 1.315 1.049 0.133 0.494 8.73 × 10−2 0.1328 0.421 0.1747 0.2657
1–1/4 PIPE 1–1/4 STD 1.660 1.380 0.140 0.669 0.1947 0.2346 0.540 0.3894 0.4692
1–1/2 PIPE 1–1/2 STD 1.900 1.610 0.145 0.799 0.3099 0.3262 0.623 0.6198 0.6524
2 PIPE 2 STD 2.375 2.067 0.154 1.075 0.6657 0.5606 0.787 1.331 1.121
2–1/2 PIPE 2–1/2 STD 2.875 2.469 0.203 1.704 1.530 1.064 0.947 3.059 2.128
3 PIPE 3 STD 3.500 3.068 0.216 2.228 3.017 1.724 1.164 6.034 3.448
2–1/2 PIPE 3–1/2 STD 4.000 3.548 0.226 2.680 4.788 2.394 1.337 9.575 4.788
4 PIPE 4 STD 4.500 4.026 0.237 3.174 7.233 3.214 1.510 14.47 6.429
5 PIPE 5 STD 5.563 5.047 0.258 4.300 15.16 5.451 1.878 30.32 10.90
6 PIPE 6 STD 6.625 6.065 0.280 5.581 28.14 8.496 2.245 56.28 16.99
8 PIPE 8 STD 8.625 7.981 0.322 8.399 72.49 16.81 2.938 145.0 33.62
10 PIPE 10 STD 10.750 10.020 0.365 11.908 160.7 29.90 3.674 321.5 59.81
12 12.750 11.938 0.406 15.745 300.2 47.09 4.367 600.4 94.18
16 16.000 15.000 0.500 24.347 731.9 91.49 5.483 1464 183.0
18 18.000 16.876 0.562 30.788 1171 130.2 6.168 2343 260.3
Note: Listed data for OD, ID, and tw are for standard Schedule 40 steel pipe sizes.
AISC also specifies design values for tdes that are smaller than tw.
The section properties for A, I, S, r, J, and Zp are correspondingly smaller for AISC standards.
Many other sizes of round hollow structural sections are available. See Reference 2 in Chapter 1.
(Continued)
753
A–9 Properties of steel pipe and mechanical tubing.
754

Do Di

(b) Pipe: SI units, DN sizes, data converted from U.S. standard sizes in A–9(a)
Section properties
Nominal Torsional constants
schedule AISC Nominal Outside Inside Wall
40 pipe designation diameter, diameter, diameter, thickness, Area, A
Ref. size (in.) for SI DN (mm) Do (mm) Di (mm) tw (mm) (mm2) I (mm4) S (mm3) r (mm) J (mm4) Zp (mm3)
a 1/8 6 10.29 6.83 1.73 46.45 442.7 86.07 3.087 885.4 172.1
b 1/4 8 13.72 9.25 2.24 80.62 1379 201.0 4.135 2757 402.1
c 3/8 10 17.15 12.52 2.31 107.7 3035 354.0 5.308 6069 708.0
d 1/2 PIPE 13 STD 15 21.34 15.80 2.77 161.5 7114 666.9 6.637 14 228 1334
e 3/4 PIPE 19 STD 20 26.67 20.93 2.87 214.6 15 416 1156 8.475 30 831 2312
f 1 PIPE 25 STD 25 33.40 26.64 3.38 318.6 36 355 2177 10.68 72 710 4354
g 1–1/4 PIPE 32 STD 32 42.16 35.05 3.56 431.3 81 044 3844 13.71 1.62 × 105 7688
h 1–1/2 PIPE 38 STD 40 48.26 40.89 3.68 515.8 1.29 × 105 5346 15.81 2.58 × 105 10 691
i 2 PIPE 51 STD 50 60.33 52.50 3.91 693.2 2.77 × 105 9187 19.99 5.54 × 105 18 374
j 2–1/2 PIPE 64 STD 65 73.03 62.71 5.16 1099 6.37 × 105 17 436 24.06 1.27 × 106 34 873
k 3 PIPE 75 STD 80 88.90 77.93 5.49 1438 1.26 × 106 28 253 29.55 2.51 × 106 56 506
1 3–1/2 PIPE 89 STD 90 101.6 90.12 5.74 1729 1.99 × 106 39 228 33.95 3.99 × 106 78 457
m 4 PIPE 102 STD 100 114.3 102.3 6.02 2048 3.01 × 106 52 676 38.34 6.02 × 106 1.05 × 105
n 5 PIPE 127 STD 125 141.3 128.2 6.55 2774 6.31 × 106 89 327 47.70 1.26 × 107 1.79 × 105
o 6 PIPE 152 STD 150 168.3 154.1 7.11 3601 1.17 × 107 1.39 × 105 57.04 2.34 × 107 2.78 × 105
p 8 PIPE 203 STD 200 219.1 202.7 8.18 5419 3.02 × 107 2.75 × 105 74.62 6.03 × 107 5.51 × 105
q 10 PIPE 254 STD 250 273.1 254.5 9.27 7683 6.69 × 107 4.90 × 105 93.32 1.34 × 108 9.80 × 105
r 12 300 323.9 303.2 10.31 10 158 1.25 × 108 7.72 × 105 110.9 2.50 × 108 1.54 × 106
s 16 400 406.4 381.0 12.70 15 708 3.05 × 108 1.50 × 106 139.3 6.09 × 108 3.00 × 106
t 18 450 457.2 428.7 14.27 19 863 4.88 × 108 2.13 × 106 156.7 9.75 × 108 4.27 × 106
Note: Listed data for OD, ID, and tw are for standard Schedule 40 steel pipe sizes.
AISC also specifies design values for tdes that are smaller than tw.
The section properties for A, I, S, r, J, and Zp are correspondingly smaller for AISC standards.
Many other sizes of round hollow structural sections are available. See Reference 2 in Chapter 1.
(Continued)
Appendix
A–9 Properties of steel pipe and mechanical tubing.
Appendix

Do Di

(c) Steel mechanical tubing: U.S. units, 0.5–5 in. outside diameters
Diameters Section propertiesa
Nominal size Wall Weight/ftb Bending properties Torsion properties
Outside, Do Inside, Di thickness, Area, A
Ref. OD (in.) Wall gage (in.) (in.) tw (in.) (in.2) Steel (lb/ft) I (in.4) S (in.3) r (in.) J (in.4) Zp (in.3)
a 1/2 17 0.500 0.384 0.058 0.081 0.274 0.002 00 0.008 00 0.158 0.004 00 0.0160
b 1/2 14 0.500 0.334 0.083 0.109 0.370 0.002 46 0.009 83 0.150 0.004 91 0.0197
c 1 16 1.000 0.870 0.065 0.191 0.649 0.0210 0.0419 0.331 0.0419 0.0839
d 1 10 1.000 0.732 0.134 0.365 1.239 0.0350 0.0700 0.310 0.0700 0.140
e 1 1/2 16 1.500 1.370 0.065 0.293 0.996 0.0756 0.101 0.508 0.151 0.202
f 1 1/2 10 1.500 1.232 0.134 0.575 1.955 0.135 0.181 0.485 0.271 0.361
g 2 16 2.000 1.870 0.065 0.395 1.343 0.185 0.185 0.685 0.370 0.370
h 2 10 2.000 1.732 0.134 0.786 2.671 0.344 0.344 0.661 0.687 0.687
i 2 1/2 10 2.500 2.232 0.134 0.996 3.386 0.699 0.559 0.838 1.398 1.119
j 2 1/2 5 2.500 2.060 0.220 1.576 5.357 1.034 0.827 0.810 2.067 1.654
k 3 10 3.000 2.732 0.134 1.207 4.102 1.241 0.828 1.014 2.483 1.655
l 3 5 3.000 2.560 0.220 1.921 6.532 1.868 1.245 0.986 3.736 2.490
m 3 1/2 10 3.500 3.232 0.134 1.417 4.817 2.010 1.149 1.191 4.020 2.297
n 3 1/2 5 3.500 3.060 0.220 2.267 7.707 3.062 1.750 1.162 6.125 3.500
o 4 5 4.000 3.560 0.220 2.613 8.882 4.682 2.341 1.339 9.364 4.682
p 4 3/8 in. 4.000 3.250 0.375 4.271 14.518 7.090 3.545 1.288 14.180 7.090
q 4 1/2 5 4.500 4.060 0.220 2.958 10.056 6.791 3.018 1.515 13.583 6.037
r 4 1/2 3/8 in. 4.500 3.750 0.375 4.860 16.521 10.422 4.632 1.464 20.843 9.264
s 5 5 5.000 4.560 0.220 3.304 11.231 9.456 3.782 1.692 18.911 7.564
t 5 3/8 in. 5.000 4.250 0.375 5.449 18.523 14.665 5.866 1.641 29.329 11.732
Note: Sample sizes of numerous additional sizes available.
For problems in this book, the given sizes can be used for aluminum tubing as well.
The weight/ft values will be much lower.
aI, moment of inertia; S, section modulus; r, radius of gyration, used in column analysis; J, polar moment of inertia; Z , polar section modulus.
p
bUsing density of steel = 0.283 lb /in.3
m
(Continued)
755
 756

A–9 Properties of steel pipe and mechanical tubing.

Do Di

(d) Steel mechanical tubing: SI units, 10–150 mm outside diameters

Section propertiesa
Outside Inside Wall Bending properties Torsion properties
diameter, Do diameter, Di thickness, t Area, A Weight/m
Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2) Steel (N/m)b I (mm4) S (mm3) r (mm) J (mm4) Zp (mm3)
a 10 8 1.0 28.27 2.130 289.8 57.96 3.20 579.6 115.9
b 10 6 2.0 50.27 3.787 427.3 85.45 2.92 854.5 170.9
c 20 17 1.5 87.18 6.568 3754 375.4 6.56 7508.3 750.8
d 20 15 2.5 137.4 10.36 5369 536.9 6.25 1.074 × 104 1074
e 30 26 2.0 175.9 13.25 1.733 × 104 1155 9.92 3.466 × 104 2311
f 30 22 4.0 326.7 24.62 2.826 × 104 1884 9.30 5.652 × 104 3768
g 45 40 2.5 333.8 25.15 7.563 × 104 3361 15.05 1.513 × 105 6722
h 45 37 4.0 515.2 38.82 1.093 × 105 4857 14.56 2.186 × 105 9715
i 60 52 4.0 703.7 53.02 2.773 × 105 9242 19.85 5.545 × 105 1.848 × 104
j 60 48 6.0 1017.9 76.69 3.756 × 105 1.252 × 104 19.21 7.512 × 105 2.504 × 104
k 75 70 2.5 569.4 42.90 3.746 × 105 9.988 × 103 25.65 7.491 × 106 1.998 × 104
l 75 65 5.0 1100 82.84 6.769 × 105 1.805 × 104 24.81 1.354 × 106 3.610 × 104
m 90 84 3.0 820 61.78 7.767 × 105 1.726 × 104 30.78 1.553 × 106 3.452 × 104
n 90 80 5.0 1335 100.6 1.210 × 106 2.689 × 104 30.10 2.420 × 106 5.378 × 104
o 110 104 3.0 1008 76.0 1.444 × 106 2.626 × 104 37.85 2.889 × 106 5.252 × 104
p 110 100 5.0 1649 124.3 2.278 × 106 4.142 × 104 37.17 4.556 × 106 8.284 × 104
q 130 124 3.0 1197 90.2 2.415 × 106 3.715 × 104 44.91 4.829 × 106 7.429 × 104
r 130 120 5.0 1963 147.9 3.841 × 106 5.909 × 104 44.23 7.682 × 106 1.182 × 105
s 150 144 3.0 1385 104.4 3.744 × 106 4.992 × 104 51.98 7.488 × 106 9.983 × 104
t 150 140 5.0 2278 171.6 5.993 × 106 7.991 × 104 51.30 1.199 × 107 1.598 × 105
Note: For uses in this book, the given sizes can be used for aluminum tubing as well. The weight/ft values will be much lower.
aI, moment of inertia; S, section modulus; r, radius of gyration, used in column analysis; J, polar moment of inertia; Z , polar section modulus. Section properties com-
p
puted assuming exact wall thickness given. Some tolerance (±) should be expected. Sample sizes of numerous other sizes and wall thicknesses are available.
bUsing density of steel = 7680 kg/m3.
Appendix