NDT TRAINING & CERTIFICATION:

Level II Certification Courses as per Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A

Background
Nondestructive testing - NDT enables one to test the condition or quality of components and structures
without dvamaging or impairing their future usefulness.

Course Contents
Presentation of theory is easy, but the development of a top performing technician, professional or
supervisor is not. This step requires a thorough knowledge of the industry and an understanding of
the problems faced by the people who make the industry work. Keeping this in view, our course
contents are designed and developed more on practical aspects of NDT along with complete coverage
on fundamentals of material science and product technology.
All the courses are designed to impart practical knowledge that can be applied immediately to the
outside world. These courses will provide engineers and technicians with the capability to improve their
testing techniques, learn how to perform advanced tests, and helps to assure how to meet standards.
From novice to an expert, courses are designed to learn more in the field of material sciences.
Courses can be personalized based on the needs of specific requirements from our clients.

We are providing Level II Training and Certification as per Recommended

Practice SNT - TC-1A -2011 in the following NDT Methods.
• Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
• Magnetic Particle Testing (MT)
• Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT)
• Radiographic Film Interpretation (RTFI)
• Ultrasonic Thickness Gauging (UTG)
. Eddy Current Testing (ECT)
Advance NDT
PAUT
AUT
TOFD

Who Should Attend?

Management employees working in Managers Role, Supervisors Role ,Plant Inspectors

,Inspection Engineers, Welding Inspectors and also NDT testing operators, technicians

Exams
The examination will be in accordance with ASNT Recommended practice SNT-TC-1A by ASNT NDT Level
III professionals. Candidates will receive results within a week after the exam. For certification related
training courses, Candidates who fail to achieve a passing score will require appearing for the exam
again.

1
 Introduction to NDT Course Topical Outline

1.0 Introduction
1.1 Brief history of nondestructive testing
1.2 NDT- Definition
1.3 Destructive Testing
1.4 Purpose NDT
1.5 Applications
1.6 When NDT Used

2.0 Overview
2.1 Visual Testing
2.2 Liquid Penetrant Testing
2.3 Magnetic Particle Testing
2.5 Radiographic Testing
2.6 Ultrasonic Testing

3.0 Selected Applications

3.1 Inspection of Raw Products
3.2 Inspection Following Secondary Processing
3.3 In-Services Damage Inspection
3.4 Storage Tank Inspection

4.0 NDE Certification Overview

4.1 ASNT
4.2 PCN

Liquid Penetrant Testing Level II Topical Outline

1.0 Review
1.1 Basic Principlies
1.2 Process of various method
1.3 Equipment

2.0 Selection of the Appropriate Penetrant Testing Method

2.1 Advantages of various methods
2.2 Disadvantages of various methods

3.0 Inspection and Evaluation of Indications

3.1 General Figure 1
3.1.1 Discontinuities inherent in various materials
3.1.2 Reason for indications
3.1.3 Appearance of indications
3.1.4 Time for indications to appear
3.1.5 Persistence of indications
3.1.6 Effects of temperature and lighting (white to UV)
3.1.7 Effects of metal smearing operations (shot peening, machining, etc.)
3.1.8 Preferred sequence for penetrant inspection
3.1.9 Part preparation (pre cleaning, stripping, etc.)
3.2 Factors affecting indications
3.2.1 Pre-cleaning
3.2.2 Penetrant used
3.2.3 Prior processing
3.2.4 Technique used
3.3 Indications from cracks
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 3.3.1 Cracks occurring during solidification
3.3.2 Cracks occurring during processing
3.3.3 Cracks occurring during service
3.4 Indications from porosity
3.5 Indications from specific material forms
3.5.1 Forgings
3.5.2 Castings
3.5.3 Plate
3.5.4 Welds
3.5.5 Extrusions
3.6 Evaluation of indications
3.6.1 True indications
3.6.2 False indications
3.6.3 Relevant indications
3.6.4 Nonrelevant indications
3.6.5 Process Control
a. Controlling process variables
b. Testing and maintenance materials

4.0 Inspection Procedures and Standards

4.1 Inspection procedures (minimum requirements)
4.2 Standards/codes
4.2.1 Applicable methods/processes
4.2.2 Acceptance criteria

Magnetic Particle Testing Level II Topical Outline

1.0 Principles
1.1 Theory
1.1.1 Flux patterns
1.1.2 Frequency and voltage factors
1.1.3 Current calculations
1.1.4 Surface flux strength
1.1.5 Subsurface effects
1.2 Magnets and magnetism
1.2.1 Distance factors vs. strength of flux
1.2.2 Internal and external flux patterns
1.2.3 Phenomenon action at the discontinuity
1.2.4 Heat effects on magnetism
1.2.5 Material hardness vs. magnetic retention

2.0 Flux Fields

2.1 Direct current
2.1.1 Depth of penetration factors
2.1.2 Source of current
2.2 Direct pulsating current
2.2.1 Similarity to direct current
2.2.2 Advantages
2.3 Typical fields
2.4 Alternating current
2.4.1 Cyclic effects
2.4.2 Surface strength characteristics
2.4.3 Safety precautions
2.4.4 Voltage and current factors
2.4.5 Source of current

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 3.0 Effects of Discontinuities on Materials
3.1 Design factors
3.1.1 Mechanical properties
3.1.2 Part use
3.2 Relationship to load-carrying ability

4.0 Magnetization by Means of Electric Current

4.1 Circular techniques
4.1.1 Current calculations
4.1.2 Depth-factor considerations
4.1.3 Precautions B safety and overheating
4.1.4 Contact prods and yokes
a. Requirements for prods and yokes b. Current-carrying
capabilities
4.1.5 Discontinuities commonly detected
4.2 Longitudinal technique
4.2.1 Principles of induced flux fields
4.2.2 Geometry of part to be inspected
4.2.3 Shapes and sizes of coils
4.2.4 Use of coils and cables a. Strength of field
b. Current directional flow vs. flux field
c. Shapes, sizes, and current capacities
4.2.5 Current calculations a. Formulas
b. Types of current required
c. Current demand
4.2.6 Discontinuities commonly detected

5.0 Selecting the Proper Method of Magnetization

5.1 Alloy, shape, and condition of part
5.2 Type of magnetizing current
5.3 Direction of magnetic field
5.4 Sequence of operations
5.5 Value of flux density

6.0 Demagnetization Procedures

6.1 Need for demagnetization of parts
6.2 Current, frequency, and field orientation
6.3 Heat factors and precautions
6.4 Need for collapsing flux fields

7.0 Equipment
7.1 Portable type
7.1.1 Reason for portable equipment
7.1.2 Capabilities of portable equipment
7.1.3 Similarity to stationary equipment
7.2 Stationary type
7.2.1 Capability of handling large and heavy parts
7.2.2 Flexibility in use
7.2.3 Need for stationary equipment
7.2.4 Use of accessories and attachments
7.3 Automatic type
7.3.1 Requirements for automation
7.3.2 Sequential operations
7.3.3 Control and operation factors
7.3.4 Alarm and rejection mechanisms
7.4 Multidirectional units
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 7.4.1 Capability
7.4.2 Control and operation factors
7.4.3 Applications
7.5 Liquids and powders
7.5.1 Liquid requirements as a particle vehicle
7.5.2 Safety precautions
7.5.3 Temperature needs
7.5.4 Powder and paste contents
7.5.5 Mixing procedures
7.5.6 Need for accurate proportions
7.6 Ultraviolet radiation type
7.6.1 Ultraviolet radiation and fluorescence
7.6.2 Visible light and black light comparisons
7.6.3 Requirements in the testing cycle
7.6.4 Techniques in use
7.7 Light-sensitive instruments
7.7.1 Need for instrumentation
7.7.2 Light characteristics

8.0 Types of Discontinuities

8.1 In castings
8.2 In ingots
8.3 In wrought sections and parts
8.4 In welds

9.0 Evaluation Techniques

9.1 Use of standards – e.g. ASTM E1444, E709
9.1.1 Need for standards and references
9.1.2 Comparison of known with unknown
9.1.3 Specifications and certifications
9.1.4 Comparison techniques
9.2 Defect appraisal
9.2.1 History of part
9.2.2 Manufacturing process
9.2.3 Possible causes of defect
9.2.4 Use of part
9.2.5 Acceptance and rejection criteria
9.2.6 Use of tolerances

10.0 Quality Control of Equipment and Processes

10.1 Malfunctioning of equipment
10.2 Proper magnetic particles and bath liquid
10.3 Bath concentration
10.3.1 Settling test
10.3.2 Other bath-strength tests
10.4 Tests for Ultraviolet radiation intensity

Radiographic Film Interpretation Topical Outlines

I. Radiographic Technique Course

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 1.0 Introduction
1.1 Process of radiography
1.2 Types of electromagnetic radiation sources
1.3 Electromagnetic spectrum
1.4 Penetrating ability or “quality” of X-rays and gamma rays
1.5 X-ray tube – change of mA or kVp effect on “quality” and intensity

2.0 Basic Principles of Radiography

2.1 Geometric exposure principles
2.1.1 “Shadow” formation and distortion
2.1.2 Shadow enlargement calculation
2.1.3 Shadow sharpness
2.1.4 Geometric unsharpness
2.1.5 Finding discontinuity depth
2.2 Radiographic screens
2.2.1 Lead intensifying screens
2.2.2 Fluorescent intensifying screens
2.2.3 Intensifying factors
2.2.4 Importance of screen-to-film contact
2.2.5 Importance of screen cleanliness and care
2.3 Radiographic cassettes
2.4 Composition of industrial radiographic film

3.0 Radiographs
3.1 Formation of the latent image on film
3.2 Inherent unsharpness
3.3 Arithmetic of radiographic exposure
3.3.1 Milliamperage – Distance-time relationship
3.3.2 Reciprocity law
3.3.3 Photographic density
3.3.4 Inverse-square-law considerations
3.4 Characteristic Hurter and Driffield (H&D) curve
3.5 Film speed and class descriptions
3.6 Selection of film for particular purpose

4.0 Radiographic Image Quality

4.1 Radiographic sensitivity
4.2 Radiographic contrast
4.3 Film contrast
4.4 Subject contrast
4.5 Definition
4.6 Film graininess and screen mottle effects
4.7 Penetrameters or image-quality indicators

5.0 Exposure Techniques – Radiography

5.1 Single-wall radiography
5.2 Double-wall radiography
5.2.1 Viewing two wall simultaneously
5.2.2 Offset double-wall exposure single-wall viewing
5.2.3 Elliptical techniques
5.3 Panoramic radiography
5.4 Use of multiple-film loading
II.Film Quality and Manufacturing Processes Course

1.0 Darkroom Facilities, Techniques, and Processing

1.1 Facilities and equipment
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 1.1.1 Automatic film processor vs. manual processing
1.2 Protection of radiographic film in storage
1.3 Processing of film – manual
1.3.1 Developer and replenishment
1.3.2 Stop bath
1.3.3 Fixer and replenishment
1.3.4 Washing
1.3.5 Prevention of water spots
1.3.6 Drying
1.4 Automatic film processing
1.5 Film filing and storage
1.5.1 Retention-life measurements
1.5.2 Long-term storage
1.5.3 Filing and separation techniques
1.6 Unsatisfactory radiographs – causes and cures
1.6.1 High film density
1.6.2 Insufficient film density
1.6.3 High contrast
1.6.4 Low contrast
1.6.5 Poor definition
1.6.6 Fog
1.6.7 Light leaks
1.6.8 Artifacts
1.7 Film density
1.7.1 Step-wedge comparison film
1.7.2 Densitometers

2.0 Indications, Discontinuities, and Defects

2.1 Indications
2.2 Discontinuities
2.2.1 Inherent
2.2.2 Processing
2.2.3 Service
2.3 Defects

3.0 Manufacturing Processes and Associated Discontinuities

3.1 Casting processes and associated discontinuities
3.1.1 Ingots, blooms, and billets
3.1.2 Sand casting
3.1.3 Centrifugal casting
3.1.4 Investment casing
3.2 Wrought processes and associated discontinuities
3.2.1 Forgings
3.2.2 Rolled products
3.2.3 Extruded products
3.3 Welding processes and associated discontinuities
3.3.1 Submerged arc welding (SAW)
3.3.2 Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
3.3.3 Gas metal arc welding (GMAW)
3.3.4 Flux corded arc welding (FLAW)
3.3.5 Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)

III.Radiographic Evaluation and Interpretation Course

1.0 Radiographic Viewing

1.1 Film-illuminator requirements

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 1.2 Background lighting
1.3 Multiple-composite viewing
1.4 Penetrameter placement
1.5 Personnel dark adaptation and visual acuity
1.6 Film identification
1.7 Location markers
1.8 Film-density measurement
1.9 Film artifacts

2.0 Application Techniques

2.1 Multiple-film techniques
2.1.1 Thickness-variation parameters
2.1.2 Film speed
2.1.3 Film latitude
2.2 Enlargement and projection
2.3 Geometrical relationships
2.3.1 Geometrical unsharpness
2.3.2 Penetrameter sensitivity
2.3.3 Source-to-film distance
2.3.4 Focal-spot size
2.4 Triangulation methods for discontinuity location
2.5 Localized magnification
2.6 Film-handling techniques

3.0 Evaluation of Castings

3.1 Casting-method review
3.2 Casting discontinuities
3.3 Origin and typical orientation of discontinuities
3.4 Radiographic appearance
3.5 Casting codes/standards – applicable acceptance criteria
3.6 Reference radiographs

4.0 Evaluation of Weldments

4.1 Welding-method review
4.2 Welding discontinuities
4.3 Origin and typical orientation of discontinuities
4.4 Radiographic appearance
4.5 Welding codes/standards – applicable acceptance criteria
4.6 Reference radiographs or pietograms

5.0 Standards, Codes, and Procedures for Radiography

5.1 Acceptable radiographic techniques and setups
5.2 Applicable employer procedures
5.3 Procedure for radiograph parameter verification
5.4 Radiographic reports

Ultrasonic Testing Level II Topical Outline

1.0 Review of Ultrasonic Technique Course

1.1 Principles of ultrasonics
1.2 Equipment
1.2.1 A-Scan
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 1.2.2 B-Scan
1.2.3 C-Scan
1.2.4 Computerized systems
1.3 Testing techniques
1.4 Calibration
1.4.1 Straight-beam
1.4.2 Angle-beam
1.4.3 Resonance
1.4.4 Special applications

2.0 Evaluation of Base -Material Product Forms

2.1 Ingots
2.1.1 Process review
2.1.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of discontinuities
2.1.3 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
2.1.4 Applicable codes/standards
2.2 Plate and sheet
2.2.1 Rolling process
2.2.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of discontinuities
2.2.3 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
2.2.4 Applicable codes/standards
2.3 Bar and rod
2.3.1 Forming process
2.3.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of discontinuities
2.3.3 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
2.3.4 Applicable codes/standards
2.4 Pipe and tubular products
2.4.1 Manufacturing process
2.4.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of discontinuities
2.4.3 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
2.4.4 Applicable codes/standards
2.5 Forgings
2.5.1 Process review
2.5.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of discontinuities
2.5.3 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
2.5.4 Applicable codes/standards
2.6 Castings
2.6.1 Process review
2.6.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of discontinuities
2.6.3 Response of ultrasound to discontinuities
2.6.4 Applicable codes/standards
2.7 Composite structures
2.7.1 Process review
2.7.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of discontinuities
2.7.3 Response of ultrasound to discontinuities
2.7.4 Applicable codes/standards
2.8 Other product forms as applicable B rubber, glass, etc.

3.0 Evaluation of Weldments

3.1 Welding processes
3.2 Weld geometries
3.3 Welding discontinuities
3.4 Origin and typical orientation of discontinuities
3.5 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
3.6 Applicable codes/standards
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 4.0 Evaluation of Bonded Structures
4.1 Manufacturing processes
4.2 Types of discontinuities
4.3 Origin and typical orientation of discontinuities
4.4 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
4.5 Applicable codes/standards

5.0 Discontinuity Detection

5.1 Sensitivity to reflections
5.1.1 Size, type, and location of discontinuities
5.1.2 Techniques used in detection
5.1.3 Wave characteristics
5.1.4 Material and velocity
5.2 Resolution
5.2.1 Standard reference comparisons
5.5.2 History of part
5.5.3 Probability of type of discontinuity
5.5.4 Degrees of operator discrimination
5.5.5 Effects of ultrasonic frequency
5.5.6 Damping effects
5.3 Determination of discontinuity size
5.3.1 Various monitor displays and meter indications
5.3.2 Transducer movement vs. display
5.3.3 Two-dimensional testing techniques
5.3.4 Signal patterns
5.4 Location of discontinuity
5.4.1 Various monitor displays
5.4.2 Amplitude and linear time
5.4.3 Search technique

6.0 Evaluation
6.1 Comparison procedures
6.1.1 Standards and references
6.1.2 Amplitude, area, and distance relationship
6.1.3 Application of results of other NDT methods
6.2 Object appraisal
6.2.1 History of part
6.2.2 Intended use of part
6.2.3 Existing and applicable code interpretation
6.2.4 Type of discontinuity and location

Ultrasonic Digital Thickness Measurement Topical Outline

1.0 Principles/Theory
1.1 General
1.2 Principles of Acoustics
1.2.1 Nature of sound waves
1.2.2 Modes of sound wave generation
1.2.3 Velocity, frequency, and wavelengt h of sound waves
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 1.2.4 Attenuation/Scattering of sound waves

2.0 Equipment/Materials
2.1 Equipment
2.1.1 Pulse-echo instrumentation
a. Pulse generation
b. Signal detection
c. Display and recording methods, A-, B-, C-scan and digital
d. Sensitivity and resolution
2.1.2 Digital Thickness Instrumentation
2.1.3 Transducer operation and theory
a. Piezoelectric effect
b. Frequency (crystal-thickness relationships)
c. Types (straight, angle, single, dual, etc.)

3.0 Techniques/Calibrations – contact-straight-beam

4.0 Variables Affecting Test Results

4.1 Instrument performance variations
4.2 Transducer performance variations
4.3 Test specimen variations
4.3.1 Surface condition
4.3.2 Part geometry
4.3.3 Material structure

5.0 Procedure/specification applications/thickness measurement

Ultrasonic A-Scan Thickness Measurement Topical Outline

1.0 Principles/Theory
1.1 General
1.2 Principles of acoustics
1.2.1 Nature of sound waves
1.2.2 Modes of sound wave generation
1.2.3 Velocity, frequency, and wavelength of sound waves
1.2.4 Attenuation of sound waves
1.2.5 Acoustic impedance
1.2.6 Reflection

2.0 Equipment/Materials
2.1 Equipment.
2.1.1 Pulse-echo instrumentation
a. Controls and circuits
b. Pulse generation
c. Signal detection
d. Display and recording methods, A-, B-, C-scan and digital
e. Sensitivity and resolution
f. Gates, alarms, and attenuators
g. Basic instrument calibration
h. Calibration blocks
2.1.2 Digital thickness instrumentation
2.1.3 Transducer operation and theory
a. Piezoelectric effect
b. Types of crystals

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 c. Frequency (crystal-thickness relationships)
d. Types (straight, angle, single, dual, etc.)
2.1.4 Resonance testing equipment a. Thickness
testing
2.2 Materials
2.2.1 Couplants
a. Purpose and principles
. Material and their efficiency
2.2.2 Calibration blocks
2.2.3 Cables/connectors
2.2.4 Test specimen
2.2.5 Miscellaneous materials

3.0 Techniques/Calibrations – Contact-Straight-Beam

3.1 Contact
3.1.1 Straight beam
3.1.2 Pulse echo transmission

4.0 Variables Affecting Test Results

4.1 Instrument performance variations
4.2 Transducer performance variations
4.3 Test specimen variations
4.3.1 Surface condition
4.3.2 Part geometry
4.3.3 Material structure
4.4 Personnel variations
4.4.1 Skill level in interpretation of results
4.4.2 Knowledge level in interpretation of results

5.0 Procedures
5.1 Thickness measurement

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