REALTIME MONITORING SYSTEM

FOR NEONATAL USING

KANGAROO MOTHER CARE

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

JOHNSON .JR (621516106017)

NAVEENKUMAR. S (621516106027)

REVANTHRAJU. M (621516106038)

SIVAGURUNATHAN.G (621516106039)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MAHENDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SALEM

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

SEPTEMBER 2020

1
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “REALTIME MONITORING SYSTEM

FOR NEONATAL USING KANGAROO MOTHER CARE” is the bonafide
work of “JOHNSON.J.R (621516106017), NAVEENKUMAR.S
(621516106027), REVANTHRAJU.S (621516106038),
SIVAGURUNATHAN.G (621516106039)” who carried out the project work
under my supervision.

---------------------------------- --------------------------------
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Dr.M.SUGANTHI M.E., Ph.D., Mr.J. SAMPATH KUMAR (Ph.D).,
Professor & Head Assistant Professor
Department of ECE Department of ECE
Mahendra College of Engineering Mahendra College Engineering
Salem-636 106. Salem-636 106.

Submitted for the Project Viva-Voce examination held on

2
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our profound gratitude to our honorable chairman who was the pillar of our
college Shri.M.G.BHARATH KUMAR, M.A., B.Ed., and our Managing Director Er.B.MAHA
AJAYPRASATH, B.E., M.S.(USA)., for providing necessary facilities for the successful
completion of this project.

We have immense pleasure in expressing our gratitude to our beloved Principal Dr. N.
MALMURUGAN, B.E., M.E., Ph.D., for encouraging us to do this Project Work. We also
extend our heart-felt gratitude to our Dean/Academic Dr. N. MOHANA SUNDARA RAJU,
B.E., M.E., Ph.D., for his encouragement and advice to carry out this Project Work.

We also extend our great sense of thanks with deepest gratitude to our respectful Head of
the Department Dr.M.SUGANTHI, M.E., Ph.D., for her support to execute this project work.

We would like to express our sincere thanks and heartiest gratitude to our respectful
project guide Prof.J.SAMPATHKUMAR, M.E.,(Ph.D) for his valuable guidance, suggestions,
encouragement and co-operation throughout our project work.

Unflinching support and encouragement from all the staff members of

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING and helped us a long way
to complete our project work.

Finally we would like to thank our beloved parents and friends for the moral support and
encouragement.

Date: 22.9.2020 JOHNSON JR (621516106017)

NAVEENKUMAR S (621516106027)
REVANTHRAJU M (621516106038)
SIVAGURUNATHAN G (621516106039)

3
 ABSTRACT

KANGAROO MOTHER CARE is an apparatus that provides closed and

controlled environmental for the preterm babies. This project deals with

cost effective design of incubator that monitors parameters such as

heartbeat, temperature, body temperature and wetness the baby.and the

readings will be continuously displayed In the LED screen and also

monitoring the details to the corresponding doctor, nurse and parents by

using GSM. We also intimate the feeding time, body Check-up and urine

alert to the parents which can be done by the Internet of Things (IOT)

called Thing Speak. IOT helps the doctors and nurses to be connected

with the neonate’s vital signs and it is helpful in monitoring the neonates

at anytime and anywhere through the internet.

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO NO
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OFABBREVIATIONS
1

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1KANGAROO MOTHER CARE 1

1.1.1 Objective 1

1.2 Overview 1

1.2Different stages of gestation 2

1.3Project background 3
1.4 Android-based application 5
7

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Advanced Portable Preterm Baby Incubator 7

2.2 Development of a Monitoring and Control System 8

of Infant Incubator
2.3 Wireless transmission of alarm signals from baby 8

incubators to neonatal nursing station

2.4 The IncuLight: Solar-Powered Infant Incubator 9

5
 2.5 The Effect of Moving Load on Remote Weight 9

Monitoring System for Simple Infant Incubator

3 EXISTING SYSTEM

3.1 Objective 11

3.2 System Design 11

3.3 Hardware Development 12

3.4 Software Development 12

4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

4.1 Working Principle 14

4.2 Block Diagram 15

4.4Hardware requirements 16
4.4 Arduino UNO Controller 16

4.4.1 How to use Arduino Board 20

4.4.2 Programming model 21

4.4.3 Warnings 21
4.4.4 Differences with other boards 22
4.4.5 Power 22
4.5 POWER PINS 22
4.6 MEMORY 23
4.7 INPUT AND OUTPUT 23
4.8 COMMUNICATION 24
4.9 AUTOMATIC (SOFTWARE) RESET 25

6
4.10 REVISIONS 25
4.10.1 Automatic (Software) Reset 26
4.10.2 USB Overcurrent Protection 26
4.10.3 Physical Characteristics 27
4.10.4 Software tips 27
4.11 ARDUINO S4V4 NEW FEATURES 27
4.12 DHT11
28
4.12.1 DHT11 Specifications
4.12.2 Working of DHT 11 29
4.12.3 Features 30
31
4.12.4 Applications
4.13 LM45
4.13.1 Features 31
4.13.2 Working principle 32
4.13.3 Applications 33
4.14 PULSE SENSOR 35
35
4.14.1 Pin Out – Pulse Sensor
4.14.2 Working – Pulse Sensor 36
36
4.14.3 Applications of Pulse Sensor
4.15 EM Reader
4.15.1 EM-18 Pin Configuration 37
38
4.15.2 EM-18 Features and Specifications
4.15.3 How to Use EM-18 RFID Module 38
39
4.15.4 Applications
4.16 RFID CARD 40
4.16.1 Energy sources 41
4.16.2 Frequency Bands 42
4.16.3 RFID System 43
4.17 POWER SUPPLY 45
4.17.1 INTRODUCTION 45
4.17.2 Working principle 46
4.18 IOT MODULE 47
4.18.1 IOT-Key Features 48
4.18.2 IOT-Advantages 49
49
4.18.3 IOT Extends Internet Connectivity
4.18.4 Architecture 51

7
 54
4.19 ESP8266 Node MCU
4.19.1 Features 55
4.20 COOLING FAN 56
4.20.1 Usage of a cooling fan 57
4.20.2 Physical characteristics 57
58
4.20 HEATING BULB

4.21.1 working
59

5 TOOLS USED

5.1 Software Requirements: 60

5.1.1 Arduino IDE: 60
5.1.2 Warnings 61
5.1.3 Differences with other boards 61
5.1.4 Power 61
5.1.5 Memory 62
5.1.6 Input and Output 62
5.2 COMMUNICATION 63
5.3 AUTOMATIC (SOFTWARE) RESET 64
66

6 RESULTS

67

7 CONCLUSION

68

REFERENCES

8
 LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

NO. NO.
Fig 1 Overall block diagram of the Neonatal Monitoring 12
System
Fig 2 Block Diagram 15
Fig 3 Arduino uno pin diagram 16
Fig 4 DHT11–Temperature and Humidity Sensor 28
Fig 5 Timing diagram 30
Fig 6 LM45 32
Fig 7 Temperature sensor 33
Fig 8 Pulse sensor 33
Fig 9 EM Reader Module 34
Fig 10 EM-18 circuit diagram 37
Fig 11 Passive tag 40
Fig 12 RFID System 41
Fig 13 Block diagram of power supply 42
Fig 14 Circuit diagram of power supply 45
Fig 15 Architecture 49
Fig 16 NODE MCU 55
Fig 17 COOLING FAN 57
Fig 18 HEATING BULB 58
Fig 19 Arduino IDE Viewer 61

LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

9
BPM Beats Per Minute

NICI Neonatal Intensive Care Incubator

GPIO General Purpose Input Output Pins

M2M Machine-To-Machine

ESCP Espressif System’s Smart Connectivity Platform

PSU Power Supply Unit

NCU Neonatal Care Unit

CHAPTER 1

10
 INTRODUCTION

1.1 KANGAROO MOTHER CARE

1.1.1 Objective

The demand of innovated advanced control for incubator is rabidly increasing

due to the significance of reducing the death ratio among the infant baby. In
incubator, there are numbers of parameters need to be monitored. This paper
presented an advance control system used to monitor some important parameter that
affect the life of infant baby. This technique simultaneously monitored and controlled
more than one Parameter with advanced control and provides smooth operation helps
to increase the accuracy of the system. The proposed system contains two temperature
sensors which are used to adjust the incubator temperature and extended to monitor
the skin temperature. The system used a humidity sensor to detect whether baby is
peed or not. Here we are using pulse sensor to measure BPM (BEATS PER
MINUTE). To maintain the incubator temperature in optimal level the cooling fan and
heating bulb are used. These two are automatically controlled by Arduino micro
controller based on incubator temperature value. In this system two push buttons are
used to check feeding completion and full body checkup completion. An application
page was designed to ensure easy monitoring service for user. The systems based on
Arduino and offer the ability to control incubator using the IOT module. But many of
the existing system does not mentioned about above the parameter and have adopted
only with humidity and temperature. So the main objective of this research is to
overcome drawbacks and provide ecofriendly service to all common people.

1.2 OVERVIEW
Before the medical intervention, Pre-mature and ill-babies were
born and taken care at home. Over the previous decade health care monitoring has
not been broadly utilized. Healthcare is a term of Growing importance across the
globe. In India, the term is known to only urban population while in rural or semi
urban communities it is relatively unknown. Rural areas are not easily accessible
and the technologies that exist in tertiary centre and corporate hospitals are not

11
 available them. In 2008, the number of connected devices is less while compared
with the population on the earth. By 2020, we foresee 50 billion Connected
Things. The concept of the Internet of Things entails the use of electronic devices
that capture or monitor data and are connected to private or public cloud, enabling
them to automatically trigger certain event. Internet-connected devices are being
introduced in various forms. Whether data comes from fatal monitors,
electrocardiograms, temperature monitors or blood glucose levels, tracking health
information is vital for some patients. Follow-up interaction with a health care
professional is required for many of these measures. In India, the healthcare
industry is growing and long overdue for an upgrade. The growth in this field is
being driven by lifestyle diseases, an ageing population, rising access to insurance
and growing health awareness. To ensure the existence of a healthy population,
surveillance check is necessity. Healthcare surveillance is not a new term-it is the
constant monitoring and collection of data of patients from health camps, hospitals
etc

In the incoming world of Internet of Things (IOT),for healthcare, different

and disturbed devices will gather, analyses and communicate real time medical
information to open, private or hybrid clouds, making it possible to collect, store
and analyses big data streams in several new forms and activate context dependent
alarms. By focusing the above issues, we have to develop and design a low cost
smart infant incubators for new born babies to monitor their health condition using
an IOT environment. In our proposed system health monitoring parameters are
measured by a sensor then the microcontroller processed the sensor values and
then there processed values are stored in the online server via IOT module.
Furthermore, with the help of IOT environment, the data can be accessed at
anywhere at any time.

1.3 DIFFERENT STAGES OF GESTATION

A pound and live regarding eight inches long. The body of the baby can
principally be underdeveloped at twenty third - twenty fourth weeks of gestation.
Premature babies weigh regarding 1½ - a pair of pounds and are regarding nine
inches long throughout the twenty fifth to twenty sixth week. They need to be

12
unbroken in intensive care unit for a protracted amount and have several health
problems associated with immatureness. By the twenty sixth week of gestation, the
premature baby's lungs begin to develop alveoli. By the twenty seventh week, these
babies have larger than ninety five pc rate of survival past birth and intensive care
unit discharge. By the twenty eighth week, premature babies weigh regarding 2½
pounds and are regarding sixteen inches long. Speed eye development happens, and
premature babies born when twenty seven weeks will blink and now not have
consolidated eyelids. A growing baby has matured loads by twenty ninth to thirtieth
week. Premature babies born between twenty ninth and thirtieth weeks can still need
a protracted intensive care unit Stays. However, their very important organs are far
more developed than those of babies born earlier, and that they weigh regarding three
pounds and are regarding seventeen inches long. By thirty first to thirty second
weeks, premature babies weigh around 3½ to four pounds and are between eighteen
and nineteen inches long. That is nearly as long as a baby born at term. They use all
five senses to find out regarding the setting however still might recover from stirred
up by bright lights and loud noises. Premature Babies are nearly absolutely
developed by thirty third and thirty fourth Weeks advisement around four to five
pounds at birth and measure nearly twenty inches long. At thirty third and thirty
fourth weeks, most premature babies can have fairly short intensive care unit stays
with solely Most of the premature babies born between twenty third and twenty
fourth weeks of physiological state can survive delivery and live to ascertain life
outside of the intensive care unit. They weigh simply over many complications. The
babies learn to eat solely when a protracted time and that they would like facilitate to
breathe for a brief time. Premature babies born around thirty fifth to thirty sixth
weeks are regarding twenty inches long and frequently weigh between 5½ and half-
dozen pounds. Though they give the impression of being like mature babies, babies
born between thirty five and thirty six weeks are premature babies. Their lungs won't
be fully developed for an additional few weeks, and that they might not have enough
fat to remain heat or enough strength to breast or bottle feed effectively.

1.4 PROJECT BACKGROUND

13
 The current technological development is a boon for various healthcare
services in day to day life, which helps in remote monitoring of health parameters
from the patients. A Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), also known as an
Intensive care nursery (ICN), is an intensive care unit specialized in the care of ill or
premature new born infants. This unit monitors the vital parameters of the child by
using sensors. Neonatal Incubator is self-contained unit in NICU which ensures the
ideal environmental conditions for the neonates. This also protects the infant from
infection, allergens, excessive noise or light that can cause harm. It can regulate air
humidity and temperature to maintain the integrity of skin of the neonates. Neonatal
mortality in India accounts for nearly 50% of infant mortality. The prominent reason
for this is lack of neonatal monitoring facilities in small villages and towns and due
to improper monitoring methods. These factors have lead to the death of new born in
many situations. In current method the nurse or a doctor need to attend periodically
to the new born and it is a time consuming process. To avoid this, the proposed
system allows live monitoring of the parameters over the Internet which improves
the quality of information in the neonatal healthcare.

Hypothermia is one of the essential parts of the child mortality. Hypothermia

is decreased body temperature that happens when a body dissipates more warmth
than it holds. In individuals, it is described as a body focus temperature underneath
35.0 °C (95.0 °F). Hypothermia has two central sorts of causes. It customarily occurs
from prologue to unbelievable cool. It may in like manner occur from any condition
that reduces warm age or extends warm incident. Incubation centers are attracting
energy from the restorative calling. They are glass and metal cases warmed to certain
Humidity, into which enough air is admitted to take care of life. Until the point that
such time as an infant is sufficiently strong for Humidity of room. In NICU,
Humidity control is crucial.

Neonatal Intensive Care Incubator (NICI): The Incubator, which is used to

keep the infant warm, is an ensured isolate territory in which normal conditions
(temperature) can be controlled at levels perfect for improvement, and metabolic
reactions to give baby real thought. Incubator is included clear material, and will

14
absolutely envelop infant to keep it warm and to keep up the normal body
temperature (i.e. 37 °C), lessens the likelihood of tainting, and limit water mishap by
keeping up the moisture level.

An incubator is an apparatus used to monitor and maintain environmental

conditions suitable for a new born baby. It is used in preterm births or for some ill
full term babies. The baby’s health conditions are maintained properly. The
incubator monitors oxygen supplementation and pressure levels. It also monitors
temperature, radiation pulse activity and air humidity around the environment. In
smart incubator we use sensors and data transfer devices which stores the data and
transfers it to the mobile. The medical data can be viewed from mobile phones and
computer systems from the place where they are and from they can take actions. If
there is any problem in sending medical data or any changes in sensor values than
normal then it gives the alarm signals and sends notification to the mobile phones.
They can prevent the baby affecting from problems.

1.5 ANDROID-BASED APPLICATION

We now introduce the android-based application, an important component

of the developed system. Android is a mobile operating system developed by
Google, based on the Linux kernel and designed mainly for touchscreen mobile
devices such as smartphones and tablets. In this study, a user interface on the
android-based application has been developed that performs several functions to
notify the parents of alarm conditions. The android-based application was developed
in the App Inventor web application. The prime advantage of the developed
application is that it can work on all Android phones and not only just on a special
phone.

App Inventor for Android is an open source web application originally

provided by Google and now provided by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
The android application is connected to Arduino Leonardo board via WIFI module.
When it receives alarm information from the Arduino, the android application sends
an SMS containing alarm information to the parents. At the same time, the phone
vibrates and gives an alarm message for a second.

15
 There are two buttons on the user interface of application related to the WIFI
connection. WIFI connection defaults to “Not Connected”. When the WIFI button
(blue icon) is clicked, active WIFI devices in the vicinity of the smartphone are
listed. After the HC-05 WIFI module is selected, Arduino Leonardo, is connected to
the smartphone via WIFI and "Connected" is displayed (green text color) on the
application screen. If the disconnect button (black-white icon) is clicked, the WIFI is
disconnected and "Not Connected" is displayed (red text color) again on the
application screen. With it is possible to synchronize smartphone with WIFI. So
when there is a notification on the smartphone. In the event of any alarm, the
microcontroller system sends an alarm code to the android-based application via
WIFI.

When this code is received, the alarm notification procedure is activated in

the application. A “Message Dialog Box” notification is generated according to the
incoming alarm code and the smartphone vibrates for one second. The corresponding
alarm information is displayed in the message box. At the same time, an SMS
(containing the alarm condition) is sent to the previously defined (parents’) phone
numbers. The SMS provides a vibration by creating a notification on the
synchronized to the smartphone via WIFI. The android-based application and screen
for Monitor

CHAPTER 2

16
 LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 ADVANCED PORTABLE PRETERM BABY INCUBATOR

M. Shaib, M. Rashid, L. Hamawy, M. Arnout, I. El Majzoub and A. J.

Zaylaa States that nearly 20 million premature and Low Birth Weight infants are
born each year in developing countries, 4 million die within their first month. These
deaths occur due to the unavailability or unreliability of traditional incubators.
Moreover, although Telemedicine is helpful in rural areas, the shortage of healthcare
providers have made it inaccessible in both basic healthcare. Thereby, traditional
preterm baby and low-birth weight incubators and therapeutic techniques lack
Telemedicine communication and feedback. The aim of our project is to develop an
advanced portable and wireless-base incubator. We tend to provide an affordable,
feasible, patient friendly and reliable premature baby incubator especially in low-
income countries. The project focuses on the premature babies in the third trimester
of pregnancy. The design is based on Wi-Fi and infrared technologies that measure
the essential parameters that must be controlled for preemies. These parameters
include the heart rate, oxygen level in the blood and temperature. Results showed the
advanced design building blocks. The response of the generated power-voltage
proves that the power can be regulated by the voltage. The thermal isolation can
decrease the thermal lose and increase the time needed to drop temperature 6 times.
In the room temperature of premature infant, 20oC and 45oC, the resistance
decreases from 12.69kohm to 4.82kohm. The voltage and the temperature were
inversely proportional. The heaters were efficient when tested on water. One of the
major advantages of the device is that it surpasses existing techniques. As a future
prospect more electronic components needs to be tested and features needs to be
extracted.
Drawbacks
The speed at which the data is transmitted by infrared light is slower.

17
2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF A MONITORING AND CONTROL
SYSTEM OF INFANT INCUBATOR

Muslim Ali, Murtada Abdelwahab, Sally Awadekreim and Suliman Abdalla

states that the demand of innovated advanced control for incubator is rapidly
increasing due to the significance of reducing the death ratio among the infant baby.
In incubator, there are numbers of parameters need to be monitored. This paper
presented an advance control system used to monitor some important parameter that
affect the life of infant baby. This technique simultaneously monitored and
controlled more than one parameter with advanced control and provides smooth
operation helps to increase the accuracy of the system. The proposed system
contained four temperature sensors which are used to adjust the incubator
temperature and extended to monitor the skin temperature. The system also used two
sensors to measure humidity. The systems based on Arduino and offer the ability to
control incubator using the serial port.

Drawbacks
In this two sensor values only be measured and not used IOT technique.

2.3 WIRELESS TRANSMISSION OF ALARM SIGNALS FROM

BABY INCUBATORS TO NEONATAL NURSING STATION

Saikat Sahoo, Biswajeet Champaty, Kunal Pal, Sirsendu S Ray and D. N.

Tibarewala Proposes With the advancement in technology, medical industry has also
evolved and reached sky-high in the current day world. The mortality rates of the
premature new born infants have been brought under control. Baby incubators play
an important role in this. Even after the advancements in technology, there is a need
for instrument- health caregiver (HC) interactions due to varied reasons.
Unfortunately, due to the higher patient: HC ratio the workload on the HCs is very
high. This paper discusses about the development of a wireless transmission of
incubator indicator alarms to the neonatal nursing station for the early intervention of
the HC. The developed technology will reduce the workload of the HCs.

Drawbacks

18
The transmission range of this developed device is limited up to a distance of 10 m.

2.4 THE INCULIGHT: SOLAR-POWERED INFANT

INCUBATOR

Virginia Hall, Eric Geise, and Nasser H Kashou proposes that Two major
objectives were (1) to design and build a compact, light-weight incubator; (2) to
incorporate solar panel(s) to power the incubator. The design culminated in a
portable, readily powered, low cost incubator of which can be implemented in a
third-world environment. An incubator, used to help an infant maintain a stable
temperature, is a precious tool in the presence of high premature birth rates and is
essential for combating infant mortality. These issues plague developing areas of
Africa, where the final design has been implemented. The structural design of the
incubator focused on portability and durability of the invention. Conversion of an on-
the-market product (luggage) was used for the base of the incubator. A pop-up
”tent” design comprised the vestibule of the incubator. Collapsible, lightweight
supports held up a tent-like cover made of clear, washable plastic, and also supported
two heaters. The two DC heaters were powered by main-line power when available
and also powered by a battery, which was charged by a solar panel. The heaters are
capable of maintaining a steady 34􀀀37oC temperature range within the incubator.
This design has the power to decrease infant mortality rates in third-world countries
by being an easily accessible, life-saving invention powered by an abundant, natural
resource.

Drawbacks
It does not have precise temperature control.

2.5 THE EFFECT OF MOVING LOAD ON REMOTE WEIGHT

MONITORING SYSTEM FOR SIMPLE INFANT INCUBATOR

Arif Widianto, M. Raditya Gumelar, Pradipta Mahatidana, Rizky Ramadian

Wijaya, Intan Nurfitri, Kresna Devara, Retno Wigajatri Purnamaningsih states that a
remote weight monitoring system for premature baby incubator application is
proposed. The system consists of load cell as a sensor, an active filter, and an
Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller integrated with a SIM900 GSM Module to send the

19
body weight data monitored by the system to the medical expert. We evaluated
system by using a moving baby doll to simulate the baby moving inside the
incubator. From the experimental results, we found out that even if the object
measured was moving, the measurement output remained stable. Moreover, the
system was capable to send the measured data to mobile phone via SMS.

Drawbacks
The measured data may or may not receiver the user because mobile signals.

20
 CHAPTER 3

EXISTING SYSTEM

3.1 OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the project is to develop an Intelligent Neonatal Monitoring

System based on temperature and pulse rate data. In the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
(NICU), there are premature babies and other ill babies who need extra care from the
doctors, nurses as well as medical supplies. Therefore, an intelligent neonatal
monitoring system should be a good solution in order to help them to observe
neonates frequently and consistently. This system transmits the vital signs of the
neonate such as body temperature and pulse rate to the Internet of Things (IOT) called
Thing Speak. The body temperature and the pulse rate will be detected by LM35
temperature sensor and pulse sensor respectively. These information will be sent to
the IOT via ESP8266 Wi-Fi Shield. IOT helps the doctors and nurses to be connected
with the neonate’s vital signs and it is helpful in monitoring the neonates at anytime
and anywhere through the internet. The percentage difference between LM35
temperature sensor and digital thermometer is less than 3% while the pulse rate can be
varied according to the physical activity. This develops system will providing
efficiency and reliability which will play a vital role for better care.

3.2 SYSTEM DESIGN

The neonatal monitoring system. This block diagram is divided into two
parts; hardware and software. Hardware part and software part were connected
through cloud named Thing Speak. Arduino Uno was chosen as a main controller
which continuously monitor the vital signs (body temperature and pulse rate) of the
neonate inside the incubator. The main controller will receive the data from the LM35
temperature sensor and pulse sensor which were attached to the neonate’s body. Then,
it will transmit these vital signs of the neonate to the private cloud called Thing Speak
via ESP8266 Wi-Fi Shield. The cloud computing helps the doctors and nurses
received the updated data of the neonate in a real-time through their mobile
application.

21
 Figure 3.1 Overall block diagram of the Neonatal Monitoring System

3.3 HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT

There are plenty of hardware used throughout this project such as Arduino
Uno, LM35 temperature sensor, pulse sensor, buzzer and ESP8266 Wi-Fi Shield. The
developed system will be based on Arduino Uno as a main controller which based on
8-bit ATmega328P microcontroller. Fig. 4 illustrates a circuit diagram for the system.
Temperature sensor and pulse sensor are the analog sensors which were connected
analog pins, A0 and A1, respectively. Buzzer was used to alert the doctors and nurses
by making loud sound to attend the system. To explain the process of the system, it
can be illustrated based on the flowchart in Fig. 5. First of all, the body temperature
and pulse rate of the neonate will be detected and sent to the main controller. Once the
Arduino Uno connects with internet, it will send the data to Think Speak. However,
the buzzer will be beeped for 15 times if both data from the sensors are abnormal
(pulse rate is not in the range of 80-200 beats per minute (BPM) and temperature is
not between 35.5-37.2 oC). Lastly, the public channel in the Think Speak website will
plotted the data in a real-time. The data from the cloud will be fetched and plotted
through mobile application.

3.4 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

To plot the vital signs of the neonates on the mobile application,

initially, the data need to be retrieved from the Think Speak cloud. The Use Case
diagram illustrates the interaction between the users (doctors and nurses) as the actors
towards the system. Fig. 6 shows various activities which can be performed by the
doctors and nurses using Neonatal Monitoring android application. The users can
initiate and stop the application, display the homepage of the application and the

22
developer’s information. Significantly, this application can display the data from
temperature and pulse sensor by plotting it in a real-time graph. This application was
developed based on Android Studio Software. The experiment of this project was
performed on neonate at 20 days of life. The interface of Neonatal Monitoring System
application is display in Fig. 8. The first page will display the homepage of this
application with an image and two menu buttons, which is About Me and Sensor
Status. Then, the second page will display the developer’s information when the user
pressed the About Me button in the home page. the third page consists of Next button
to link with the fourth page to illustrates the data of pulse rate in real-time graph. The
button back toolbar was created in second, third and fourth pages to ease the user to
reach previous pages. However, Exit button only exists t fourth page to stop the
application.

23
 CHAPTER 4

PROPOSED SYSTEM

4.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE

In the proposed system the various parameters like temperature, humidity

and pulse level of the child are monitored over the Internet. If the monitored data
reach the threshold level, this will be indicated to the doctor, nurse or any concerned
person through e-mail or SMS. The Internet of Things offers a concrete platform to
connect all the resources and helps to improve the quality of life. Here we are given
an RFID tag of that particular concerned person. In this the EM reads which helps to
scan RFID tag of that particular person while entering in that incubator placed room.
The whole process can be controlled by an Arduino UNO controller. The cooling fan
and heating bulb is placed to control the temperature of an incubator. The system
consists of Node MCU which is connected to the incubator. The various sensors used to
sense the parameters associated with the monitoring and control of an incubator are
integrated with the Node MCU. The Node MCU is programmed to obtain the
readings of these sensors and display it thus enabling in the monitoring of the
readings. The values of these sensors are updated IOT platform. The temperature and
humidity sensor senses the temperature of the surroundings and the humidity present
in the surrounding environment of the neonate. Similar the Node MCU is also
programmed to get the analog readings from the pulse sensor to monitor the
heartbeat of the infant. If the temperature and humidity values exceed the specified
range (46.5-47.2°C) or when the presence pulse rate is decreased. Then it is detected by the
respective sensors monitored by a controller, a message or an email is sent to the
baby’s doctor and nurse or others with the help of the IOT platform.

The continuous readings of these parameters such as temperature, humidity and

pulse can be monitored using Arduino UNO controller. Also, the values of these parameters can be
altered immediately if any parameter exceeds their reference values, by the doctor or
nurse viewing it at that moment. This ensures the ambient atmosphere being
maintained for the neonates. Moreover, any variation in the parameters is intimated

24
in order to help the hospital staff to take immediate action and thereby, save an infant
from an imminent danger.

4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

DHT1
1 Cooli
ng
LM35 Fan
ARDU
Pulse INO
sensor UNO Heati
ng
EM Light
Reader

IOT
Modu
le
Figure 4.1 Block Diagram

4.3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

a. Arduino UNO
b. DHT11
c. IOT Module
d. LM45
e. Pulse sensor
f. Cooling Fan

25
 g. Heating bulb
h. EM reader
i. RFID cards

4.4 ARDUINO UNO CONTROLLER

A micro-controller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit

containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/ output peripherals
The important part for us is that amicro-controller contains the processor (which all
computers have) and memory, and some input/output pins that you can control.
(often called GPIO - General Purpose Input Output Pins). "Uno" means one in Italian
and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board
and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino,
now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino
boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of
current, past or outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards.

26
 Figure 4.2 Arduino uno pin diagram

We will be using the Arduino Uno board. This combines a micro-

controller along with all of the extras to make it easy for you to build and debug your
projects. The Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega428P. It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a
16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect
it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to
get started. You can tinker with your UNO without worrying too much about doing
something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and
start over again.

27
 Figure 4.3 Arduino Board

Table 4.1 Pin Details

Pin
Pin Name Details
Category
Vin: Input voltage to Arduino when using an
external power source.
5V: Regulated power supply used to power
microcontroller and other components on
Power Vin,4.4V,5V, GND
the board.
4.4V: 4.4V supply generated by on-board
voltage regulator. Maximum current draw is
50mA.GND: ground pins.

28
Reset Reset Resets the microcontroller.
Used to provide analog input in the range of
Analog Pins A0 – A5
0-5V
I/O Pins Digital Pins 0 - 14 Can be used as input or output pins.
Used to receive and transmit TTL serial
Serial 0(Rx), 1(TX)
data.
External
2, 4 To trigger an interrupt.
Interrupts
PWM 4, 5, 6, 9, 11 Provides 8-bit PWM output.
10 (SS), 11 (MOSI),
SPI 12 (MISO) and 14 Used for SPI communication.
(SCK)
Inbuilt LED 14 To turn on the inbuilt LED.
A4 (SDA), A5
TWI Used for TWI communication.
(SCA)
To provide reference voltage for input
AREF AREF
voltage.

This is a relatively easy way to make circuits quickly. Breadboards are made for doing
quick experiments. They are not known for keeping circuits together for a long time. When
you are ready to make a project that you want to stay around for a while, you should
consider an alternative method such as wire-wrapping or soldering or even making a printed
circuit board (PCB). The first thing you should notice about the breadboard is all of the
holes. These are broken up into 2 sets of columns and a set of rows (the rows are divided in
the middle).

The columns on the edges do not have letters or numbers. The columns on the edges
are connected from top to bottom inside of the breadboard to make it easy to supply power
and ground. Inside of the breadboard, the holes in each row are connected up to the break in
the middle of the board.

For Example: a1, b1, c1, d1, e1 all have a wire inside of the breadboard to connect
them. Then f1, g1, h1, i1, and j1 are all connected. But a1 is not connected to f1. This may
sound confusing now, but it will quickly come to make sense as we wire up circuits.

29
 Table 4.2 Arduino Uno Technical Specifications

ATmega428P – 8 bit AVR family

Microcontroller
microcontroller
Operating Voltage 5V
Recommended Input
7-12V
Voltage
Input Voltage Limits 6-20V
Analog Input Pins 6 (A0 – A5)
14 (Out of which 6 provide PWM
Digital I/O Pins
output)
DC Current on I/O Pins 40 mA
DC Current on 4.4V Pin 50 mA
42 KB (0.5 KB is used for Boot
Flash Memory
loader)
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
Frequency (Clock Speed) 16 MHz

4.4.1 How to use Arduino Board

The 14 digital input/output pins can be used as input or output pins by using pin
Mode (), digital Read () and digital Write () functions in arduino programming. Each pin
operate at 5V and can provide or receive a maximum of 40mA current, and has an internal
pull-up resistor of 20-50 K Ohms which are disconnected by default.  Out of these 14 pins,
some pins have specific functions as listed below:
a) Serial Pins 0 (Rx) and 1 (TX):
Rx and TX pins are used to receive and transmit TTL serial data. They are
connected with the corresponding ATmega428P USB to TTL serial chip.
b) External Interrupt Pins 2 and 4:
These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or
falling edge, or a change in value.
c) PWM Pins 4, 5, 6, 9 and 11:
These pins provide an 8-bit PWM output by using analog Write () function.
d) SPI Pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO) and 14 (SCK):
These pins are used for SPI communication.

30
 e) In-built LED Pin 14:
This pin is connected with an built-in LED, when pin 14 is HIGH – LED is on
and when pin 14 is LOW, I’ts off.

Along with 14 Digital pins, there are 6 analog input pins, each of which provide 10 bits of
resolution, i.e. 1024 different values. They measure from 0 to 5 volts but this limit can be
increased by using AREF pin with analog Reference () function.  

Analog pin 4 (SDA) and pin 5 (SCA) also used for TWI communication using Wire library.

Arduino Uno has a couple of other pins as explained below:

AREF: Used to provide reference voltage for analog inputs with analog Reference ()
function.

Reset Pin: Making this pin LOW, resets the microcontroller.

Applications

1. Prototyping of Electronics Products and Systems

2. Multiple DIY Projects.
3. Easy to use for beginner level DIYers and makers.
4. Projects requiring Multiple I/O interfaces and communications.

4.4.2 Programming model

The Uno can be programmed with the Arduino Software (IDE). Select

"Arduino/Genuino Uno" from the Tools > Board menu (according to the
microcontroller on your board). For details, see the reference and tutorials.

The ATmega428 on the Uno comes preprogrammed with a boot loader that

allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C
header files).

31
 You can also bypass the boot loader and program the microcontroller through
the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header using Arduino ISP or similar;
see these instructions for details. The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2
boards) firmware source code is available in the Arduino repository. The
ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU boot loader, which can be activated by:
1) On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the
map of Italy) and then rese ing the 8U2.
2) On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line
to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.

You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU

programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP
header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU boot loader). See this
user-contributed tutorial for more information.

4.4.3 Warnings
The Uno has a resettable poly fuse that protects your computer's USB ports
from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal
protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is
applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the
short or overload is removed.

4.4.4 Differences with other boards

The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI
USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to
version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

4.4.5 Power
The Uno board can be powered via the USB connection or with an external
power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB)

32
power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter
can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power
jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the GND and Vin pin headers of the
POWER connector.The board can operate on an external supply from 6 to 20 volts.
If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts
and the board may become unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator
may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

4.5 POWER PINS

1. 5V- This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board
can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB
connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the
5V or 4.4V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't
advise it.
2. 4V4 - A 4.4 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current
draw is 50 mA.
3. V in - The input voltage to the Uno board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power
source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the
power jack, access it through this pin.
4. GND - Ground pins.
5. IOREF - This pin on the Uno board provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin
voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the
outputs to work with the 5V or 4.4V.

4.6 MEMORY
The ATmega428 has 42 KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the boot
loader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and
written with the EEPROM library).

4.7 INPUT AND OUTPUT

33
 See the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega428P ports. The
mapping for the Atmega8, 168, and 428 is identical. Each of the 14 digital pins on
the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pin Mode digital Write (),
and digital Read () functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive 20 mA as recommended operating condition and has an internal pull-up
resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50k ohm. A maximum of 40mA is the value
that must not be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the
microcontroller.
In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

1) Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2
USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
2) External Interrupts: 2 and 4. These pins can be configured to trigger an
interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach
Interrupt () function for details.
3) PWM: 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog
Write () function.
4) SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 14 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPI library.
5) LED: 14. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 14. When the pin is
HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
6) TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using
the Wire library.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide
10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from
ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using
the AREF pin and the analog Reference () function.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

AREF - Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference ().

34
Reset - Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a
reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

4.8 COMMUNICATION
The Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Uno board, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega428 provides UART TTL
(5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An
ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and
appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The 16U2 firmware uses
the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed.

However, on Windows, a .in f file is required. The Arduino Software (IDE)

includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted
via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial
communication on pins 0 and 1. A Software Serial library allows serial
communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.

The ATmega428 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The
Arduino Software (IDE) includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see
the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.

4.9 AUTOMATIC (SOFTWARE) RESET

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload,
the Uno board is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a
connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the
ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega428 via a 100nn
farad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long
enough to reset the chip. The Arduino Software (IDE) uses this capability to allow
you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the interface toolbar.
This means that the boot loader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR
can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.

35
 This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a
computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it
from software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the boot loader is
running on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything
besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the
board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-
time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with
which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before
sending this data.

The Uno board contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The
pads on either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled
"RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110
ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this forum thread for details.

4.10 REVISIONS
Revision 4 of the board has the following new features:

1) Pin out: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two
other new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to
adapt to the voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible
with both the board that uses the AVR, which operates with 5V and with the Arduino
Due that operates with 4.4V. The second one is a not connected pin, That is reserved
for future purposes.
2) Stronger RESET circuit.
3) At mega 16U2 replace the 8U2.

4.10.1 Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload,
the Arduino Uno is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running
on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the
ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega428 via a 100nn
farad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long

36
enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to
upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This
means that the boot loader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be
well-coordinated with the start of the upload. This setup has other implications.
When the Uno is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it
resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the
following half second or so, the boot loader is running on the Uno. While it is
programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code),
it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is
opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or other
data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates
waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data. The Uno
contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of
the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may
also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the
reset line; see this forum thread for details.

4.10.2 USB Overcurrent Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable poly fuse that protects your computer's USB ports
from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal
protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is
applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the
short or overload is removed.

4.10.3 Physical Characteristics

The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches
respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former
dimension. Four screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note
that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple
of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.

4.10.4 Software tips

37
 When boot loading an Atmega8 chip with Arduino 0010, there is a command
(-i800) that makes boot loader delay 10 minutes. So, if you need to use boot loader,
use command line instead of IDE, removing “–i800” command and adding “–F”
command, or use Arduino 0007 IDE. To upload sketches Arduino 0010 works fine.

4.11 ARDUINO S4V4 NEW FEATURES

1) AVCC LP filter to reduce noise level on ADC;
2) auto reset feature;
3) auto reset enable/disable jumper, to avoid not desired resetting;
4) arduino Diecimila compatible reset pin;
5) pin14 onboard led, with current limiter resistor;
6) TX and RX onboard led;
7) power led with appropriate current limiter resistor (less 20mA of
consumption);
8) Jumper to disable serial communication and to enable RX external pull down
resistor, to avoid “RX floating error”. This feature allows to use digital pin0 and pin1
as a normal pin, when serial communication is not needed;
9) all similar components (diodes, transistors, led, capacitors) has the same
board orientation (to makes easier to mount with less mistakes);
10) no wires between pads, more space between wires, larger wires, larger pads
(better for etching, soldering and drilling, with no short circuits, soldering bridges or
open wires in corrosion);
11) only 4 wire bridges;
12) Electrolitic capacitor (in serial to TTL circuit) changed to bipolar type (to
avoid inverted voltage problem when serial cable is not connected);
13) All jumpers are right angle type, to allow Shield Boards use.

4.12 DHT11

DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a temperature & humidity

sensor complex with a calibrated digital signal output. By using the exclusive digital-
signal

38
 Acquisition technique and temperature & humidity sensing technology, it ensures
high reliability and excellent long-term stability. This sensor includes a resistive-type
humidity measurement component and an NTC temperature measurement
component, and connects to a high-performance 8-bit micro controller, offering excel
lent quality, fast response, anti-interference ability and cost-effectiveness.
The DHT11 is a basic, ultra low-cost digital temperature and humidity sensor.
It uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to measure the surrounding air,
and spits out a digital signal on the data pin (no analog input pins needed). Its fairly
simple to use, but requires careful timing to grab data. The only real downside of this
sensor is you can only get new data from it once every 2 seconds, so when using our
library, sensor readings can be up to 2 seconds old.

Figure 4.3 DHT11–Temperature and Humidity Sensor

Each DHT11 element is strictly calibrated in the laboratory that is
extremely accurate on humidity calibration. The calibration coefficients are stored as
programmes in the OTP memory, which are used by the sensor’s internal signal
detecting process. The single-wire serial interface makes system integration quick
and easy. Its small size, low power consumption and up-to-20 meter signal
transmission making it the best choice for various applications, including those most
demanding ones.

Pin no. pin name Description

1 VCC Power supply 4.5V to 5.5V
Outputs both Temperature and Humidity through serial
2 Data
Data
4 Ground Connected to the ground of the circuit

39
 Table 4.3 Pin Identification and Configuration

1) Operating Voltage: 4.5V to 5.5V

2) Operating current: 0.4mA (measuring) 60uA (standby)
3) Output: Serial data
4) Temperature Range: 0°C to 50°C
5) Humidity Range: 20% to 90%
6) Resolution: Temperature and Humidity both are 16-bit
7) Accuracy: ±1°C and ±1%

The DHT11 is a commonly used Temperature and humidity

sensor. The sensor comes with a dedicated NTC to measure temperature and an 8-bit
microcontroller to output the values of temperature and humidity as serial data. The
sensor is also factory calibrated and hence easy to interface with other
microcontrollers. The sensor can measure temperature from 0°C to 50°C and
humidity from 20% to 90% with an accuracy of ±1°C and ±1%.

4.12.3 Working of DHT 11

The DHT11 Sensor is factory calibrated and outputs serial data and
hence it is highly easy to set it up. The connection diagram for this sensor is shown
below.
As you can see the data pin is connected to an I/O pin of the MCU
and a 5K pull-up resistor is used. This data pin outputs the value of both temperature
and humidity as serial data. If you are trying to interface DHT11 with Arduino then
there are ready-made libraries for it which will give you a quick start.

40
 Figure 4. 6 DHT 11

If you are trying to interface it with some other MCU then the datasheet
given below will come in handy. The output given out by the data pin will be in the
order of 8bit humidity integer data + 8bit the Humidity decimal data +8 bit
temperature integer data + 8bit fractional temperature data +8 bit parity bit.

To request the DHT11 module to send these data the I/O pin has to be
momentarily made low and then held high as shown in the timing diagram below.
The duration of each host signal is explained in the DHT11 datasheet, with neat steps
and illustrative timing diagrams.

4.12.4 Features

1) 4 to 5V power and I/O

2) 2.5mA max current use during conversion (while requesting data)

3) Good for 20-80% humidity readings with 5% accuracy

4) Good for 0-50°C temperature readings ±2°C accuracy

5) No more than 1 Hz sampling rate (once every second)

6) Body size 15.5mm x 12mm x 5.5mm

7) 4 pins with 0.1" spacing

4.12.4 Applications:

41
1) Measure temperature and humidity
2) Local Weather station
3) Automatic climate control
4) Environment monitoring

4.13 LM45

Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensors

General Description

The LM45 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors,

whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade)
temperature. The LM45 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors
calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant
voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM45 does
not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of
±1⁄4˚C at room temperature and ± 4⁄4˚ over a full −55 to +150˚C temperature
range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The
LM45’s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make
interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy.

It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies.
As it draws only 60 µA from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than
0.1˚C in still air. The LM45 is rated to operate over a −55˚ to +150˚C temperature
range, while the LM45C is rated for a −40˚ to +110˚C range (−10˚ with improved
accuracy). The LM45 series is available pack-aged in hermetic TO-46 transistor
packages, while the LM45C, LM45CA, and LM45D are also available in
the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM45D is also avail- able in an 8-lead
surface mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

4.13.1 Features
1) Calibrated directly in ˚ Celsius (Centigrade)
2) Linear + 10.0 mV/˚C scale factor
3) 0.5˚C accuracy guaranteeable (at +25˚C)
42
4) Rated for full −55˚ to +150˚C range
5) Suitable for remote applications
6) Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
7) Operates from 4 to 40 volts
8) Less than 60 µA current drain
9) Low self-heating, 0.08˚C in still air

Figure 4.8 LM45

4.13.2 Working principle

It consists of 2 transistors with one of them having larger (10 times) emitter
area than the other. This means it has 1/10 of the current density, as the same current
flows through both the transistors. This causes a voltage across the resistor R1 that is
proportional to the absolute temperature, and is mostly linear. It has a special circuit
that straightens out the slightly curved graph of voltage versus temperature. LM45 is
an IC temperature sensor with its output in Celsius.
The sensor cannot undergo oxidation and other processes. With LM45,
temperature can be measured more accurately than with a thermistor. It is capable of
low self-heating and does not cause more than 0.1 oC temperature rise in still air. Its
operating temperature range is from -55°C to 150°C.

43
 Figure 4.9 Temperature sensor

4.13.3 Applications
1) The LM45 can be applied easily in the same way as other integrated-
circuit temperature sensors.
2) It can be glued or cemented to a surface and its temperature will be within
about 0.01˚C of the surface temperature.
3) This presumes that the ambient air temperature is almost the same as the
surface temperature; if the air temperature were much higher or lower than the
surface temperature, the actual temperature of the LM45 die would be at an
intermediate temperature between the surface temperature and the air temperature.
4) This is especially true for the TO-92 plastic package, where the copper
leads are the principal thermal path to carry heat into the device, so its
temperature might be closer to the air temperature than to the surface temperature.

4.14 PULSE SENSOR

Pulse Sensor is a well-designed plug-and-play heart-rate sensor for Arduino. It

can be used by students, artists, athletes, makers, and game & mobile developers who
want to easily incorporate live heart- rate data into their projects. It also includes an
open-source monitoring app that graphs your pulse in real time. This sensor is quite
easy to use and operate. Place your finger on top of the sensor and it will sense the
heartbeat by measuring the change in light from the expansion of capillary blood
vessels. Pulse rate estimation is an indirect measurement of heart rate. The normal
pulse rate ensures the normal working condition of the cardiac system. The pulse rate

44
can be measured by using pulse sensor. Pulse sensor is a well-designed plug-and-
play heart rate sensor. The sensor clips onto a fingertip or to earlobes and plugs right
into MCU unit with some jumper cables. It essentially combines a simple optical
heart rate sensor with amplification and noise cancellation circuitry making it fast
and easy to get reliable pulse readings. The front of the sensor is the side that makes
contact with the skin. On the front side a small round hole is present, which is where
the LED shines through from the back and there is also a little square just under the
LED. The square is an ambient light sensor, exactly like the one used in cell phones,
tablets and laptops to adjust the screen brightness in different light conditions. The
LED shines light into the fingertip or earlobe or other capillary tissue and sensor
reads the light that bounces back. The back of the sensor is where the rest of the parts
are mounted. The fig shows the front side and back side of the pulse sensor.

Figure 4.10 Pulse Sensor

It consists of a LED light that is used to measure the pulse rate. Based on
the volume of blood in the capillaries, the light gets reflected as the sensor is placed on the
body. So, the amount of reflection taking place during heartbeat will be less than that
with no heartbeat. Also the volume of blood inside the capillaries decreases in between
heartbeats, which affects the transmission of light through the tissues. This variation in
transmission and reflection of light gives the analog pulse output from the sensor.

4.14.1 Pin Out – Pulse Sensor

45
The pulse sensor has three pins which are as described below:

1) GND: Ground Pin

2) VCC: 5V or 4V Pin
3) A0: Analog Pin

There is also a LED in the center of this sensor module which helps in detecting the
heartbeat. Below the LED, there is a noise elimination circuitry which is supposed to
keep away the noise from affecting the readings.

Figure 4.11 pulse sensor

4.14.2 Working – Pulse Sensor

When a heartbeat occurs blood is pumped through the human body and gets
squeezed into the capillary tissues. The volume of these capillary tissues increases as
a result of the heartbeat. But in between the heartbeats (the time between two
consecutive heartbeats,) this volume inside capillary tissues decreases. This change
in volume between the heartbeats affects the amount of light that will transmit
through these tissues. This change is very small but we can measure it with the help

46
of Arduino. The pulse sensor module has a light which helps in measuring the pulse
rate. When we place the finger on the pulse sensor, the light reflected will change
based on the volume of blood inside the capillary blood vessels. During a heartbeat,
the volume inside the capillary blood vessels will be high. This affects the reflection
of light and the light reflected at the time of a heartbeat will be less compared to that
of the time during which there is no heartbeat (during the period of time when there
is no heartbeat or the time period in between heartbeats, the volume inside the
capillary vessels will be lesser. This will lead higher reflection of light). This
variation in light transmission and reflection can be obtained as a pulse from the
output of pulse sensor. This pulse can be then conditioned to measure heartbeat and
then programmed accordingly to read as heartbeat count.

4.14.3 Applications of Pulse Sensor

1) This sensor is used for Sleep Tracking

2) This sensor is used for Anxiety monitoring
3) This sensor is used in remote patient monitoring or alarm system
4) This sensor is used in Health bands
5) This sensor is used in complex gaming consoles

Thus, this is all about Pulse Sensor (Heartbeat / Heart rate Sensor). It is
open-source and plug-and-play hardware.  This sensor can easily include live
heartbeat information into their projects. This sensor includes two circuits like an
optical amplifying & a noise eliminating. The connection of this sensor on earlobe
otherwise fingertip can be done using a Clip, and connect it to Arduino board. So that
heart rate can be easily measured. These sensors are used by developers, students,
makers, athletes, artists, etc.

4.15 EM Reader

EM18 RFID Reader is a module which reads the ID information stored in

RFID TAGS. This ID information is unique for every TAG which cannot be copied. 

47
 Figure 4.12 EM18 Reader Module

4.15.1 EM-18 Pin Configuration

EM-18 is a nine pin device. Among nine pins, 2 pins are not connected, so
we basically have to consider seven terminals.

Figure 4.13 EM-18 Pin Configuration

Table 4.3 Pin Details

Pin Number Description

Should be connected to positive of power
VCC
source.
GND Should be connected to ground.
BUZZ Should be connected to BUZZER
NC No Connection

48
 NC No Connection
SEL=1 then o/p =RS242
SEL
SEL=0then o/p=WEIGAND
TX DATA is given out through TX of RS242
DATA1 WEIGAND interface DATA HIGH pin
DATA0 WEIGAND interface DATA  LOW pin

4.15.2 EM-18 Features and Specifications

1) Operating  voltage of EM-18: +4.5V to +5.5V

2) Current consumption:50mA
3) Can operate on LOW power
4) Operating temperature: 0ºC to +80ºC
5) Operating frequency:125KHz
6) Communication parameter:9600bps
7) Reading distance: 10cm, depending on TAG
8) Integrated Antenna

4.15.3 How to Use EM-18 RFID Module

EM-18 is used like any other sensor module. First we choose the mode
of communication between MODULE and CONTROLLER. Next we will program
the controller to receive data from module to display. Next power the system. When
a tag is brought near the MODULE it reads the ID and sends the information to
controller. The controller receives the information and performs action programmed
by us.

Step1: Establishing a mode of communication. EM-18 can provide ouput through

two communication interface. One is RS242 and another is WEIGAND. The form of
communication is selected by SEL pin. If SEL pin is selected HIGH then form of
communication is RS242 and if SEL pin is pulled LOW then form of communication
is WEIGAND. Usually the RS242 is selected because it’s popular so SEL pin is
pulled HIGH.

49
Step2: The output of MODULE bit rate is 9600bps (bit per second). The controller
should be programmed to receive information from MODULE at this rate. If bit rate
of controller mismatches then the system will not work correctly.

Now let us consider a simple EM-18 circuit diagram,

Figure 4.14 EM-18 circuit diagram

In the circuit buzzer is not compulsory. When a TAG is read the BUZZER turns ON.
As given in circuit, TX is given to CONTROLLER which is to receive DATA.

Consider a TAG is brought near the MODULE. The MODULE reads the ID
and sends the information to controller in 12 ASCII CHARACTERS. In them,
10CHARACTERS represent the TAG ID and 2 CHARACTERS are XOR of
previous 10 CHARACTERS. So

DATA sent = 10ASCII DATA (tag no.) + 2ASCII DATA (XOR result)

Once the Information is sent, the MODULES stop sending DATA. This serial DATA
received by the controller though RX pin contains TAG information which is ready
for processing. We can program the controller to save the DATA or process it to
provide response immediately.

4.15.4 Applications

50
1) Robotics
2) Security systems
3) Medical tags
4) Computer Peripherals
5) Package Identification
6) Theft protection systems
7) Data authorization
8) Unique Identity
9) Body implants

4.16 RFID CARD

RFID tags, or simply "tags", are small transponders that respond to

queries from a reader by wirelessly transmitting a serial number or similar identifier.
They are heavily used to track items in production environments and to label items in
supermarkets. They are usually thought of as an advanced barcode. RFID
transponders (tags) consist in general of:

• Micro chip

• Antenna

• Case

• Battery (for active tags only)

The size of the chip depends mostly on the Antenna. Its size and form is
dependent on the frequency the tag is using. The size of a tag also depends on its area
of use. In addition to the microchip, some tags also have rewritable memory attached
where the tag can store updates between reading cycles or new data like serial
number. The antenna is clearly visible. As said before the antenna has the largest
impact of the size of the tag.

51
 Fig 4.15 passive tag

In principle an RFID tag works as follows: the reading unit generates an

electro-magnetic field which induces a current into the tag's antenna. The current is
used to power the chip. In passive tags the current also charges a condenser which
assures uninterrupted power for the chip. In active tags a battery replaces the
condenser. The difference between active and passive tags is explained shortly. Once
activated the tag receives commands from the reading unit and replies by sending its
serial number or the requested information.
In general the tag does not have enough energy to create its own electro-
magnetic field, instead it uses back scattering to modulate (reflect/absorb) the field
sent by the reading unit. Because most fluids absorb electromagnetic fields and most
metal reflect those fields the reading of tags in presence of those materials is
complicated. During a reading cycle, the reader has to continuously power the tag.
The created field is called continuous wave, and because the strength of the field
decreases with the square of the distance the readers have to use rather large power.
That field overpowers any response a tag could give, so therefore tags reply on side-
channels which are located directly below and above the frequency of the continuous
wave.

4.16.1 Energy sources

52
We distinguish 4 types of RFID tags in relation to power or energy:

• Passive

• Semi-passive

• Active

Passive tags do not have an internal power source, and they therefore rely on
the power induced by the reader. This means that the reader has to keep up its field
until the transaction is completed. Because of the lack of a battery, these tags are the
smallest and cheapest tags available; however it also restricts its reading range to a
range between 2mm and a few meters. As an added benefit those tags are also
suitable to be produced by printing. Furthermore their lifespan is unlimited since they
do not depend on an internal power source.

The second type of tags is semi-passive tags. Those tags have an internal
power source that keeps the microchip powered at all times. There are many
advantages: Because the chip is always powered it can respond faster to requests,
therefore increasing the number of tags that can be queried per second which is
important to some applications. Furthermore, since the antenna is not required for
collecting power it can be optimized for back scattering and therefore increasing the
reading range. And last but not least, since the tag does not use any energy from the
field the back scattered signal is stronger, increasing the range even further. Because
of the last two reasons, a semi-active tag has usually a range larger than a passive
tag.

The third type of tags is active tags. Like semi-active tags they contain an
internal power source but they use the energy supplied for both, to power the
microchip and to generate a signal on the antenna. Active tags that send signals
without being queried are called beacons. An active tag's range can be tens of meters,
making it ideal for locating objects or serving as landmark points. The lifetime is up
to 5 years.

53
4.16.2 Frequency Bands

RFID tags fall into three regions in respect to frequency:

• Low frequency (LF, 40 – 500 kHz)

• High frequency (HF, 10 - 15MHz)

• Ultra high frequency (UHF, 850 - 950MHz, 2.4 - 2.5GHz, 5.8GHz)

Low frequency tags are cheaper than any of the higher frequency tags. They
are fast enough for most applications, however for larger amounts of data the time a
tag has to stay in a readers range will increase. Another advantage is that low
frequency tags are least affected by the presence of fluids or metal. The disadvantage
of such tags is their short reading range. The most common frequencies used for low
frequency tags are 125 - 144.2 kHz and 140 - 148.5 kHz.

High frequency tags have higher transmission rates and ranges but also cost
more than LF tags. Smart tags are the most common member of this group and they
work at 14.56MHz. UHF tags have the highest range of all tags. It ranges from 4-6
meters for passive tags and 40+ meters for active tags. In addition the transmission
rate is also very high, which allows to read a single tag in a very short time. This
feature is important where tagged entities are moving with a high speed and remain
only for a short time in a readers range.

UHF tags are also more expensive than any other tag and are severely
affected by fluids and metal. Those properties make UHF mostly useful in automated
toll collection systems. Typical frequencies are 868MHz (Europe), 915MHz (USA),
950MHz (Japan), and 2.45GHz. Frequencies for LF and HF tags are license exempt
and can be used worldwide; however frequencies for UHF tags differ from country to
country and require a permit.

4.16.3 RFID System

54
 A RFID reader and a few tags are in general of little use. The retrieval of a
serial number does not provide much information to the user nor does it help to keep
track of items in a production chain. The real power of RFID comes in combination
with a backend that stores additional information such as descriptions for products
and where and when a certain tag was scanned.

RFID readers scan tags, and then forward the information to the backend.
The backend in general consists of a database and a Well Defined application
interface. When the backend receives new information, it adds it to the database and
if needed performs some computation on related fields. The application retrieves data
from the backend. In many cases, the application is collocated with the reader itself.

Fig 4.16 RFID System

4.17 POWER SUPPLY

4.17.1 INTRODUCTION

55
 It introduces the operation of power supply circuits built using filters,
rectifiers, and then voltage regulators. Starting with an ac voltage, a steady dc
voltage is obtained by rectifying the ac voltage, then filtering to a dc level, and
finally, regulating to obtain a desired fixed dc voltage. The regulation is usually
obtained from an IC voltage regulator unit, which takes a dc voltage and provides a
somewhat lower dc voltage, which remains the same even if the input dc voltage
varies, or the output load connected to the dc voltage changes.
A block diagram containing the parts of a typical power supply and the
voltage at various points in the unit is shown in figure. The ac voltage, typically 120
V rms, is connected to a transformer, which steps that ac voltage down to the level
for the desired dc output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified voltage
that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage. This
resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation.
A regulator circuit can use this dc input to provide a dc voltage that not
only has much less ripple voltage but also remains the same dc value even if the
input dc voltage varies somewhat, or the load connected to the output dc voltage
changes. This voltage regulation is usually obtained using one of a number of
popular voltage regulator IC units.

Transformer Rectifier Filter IC regulator Load

Fig 4.17 Block diagram of power supply

4.17.2 Working principle
a) Transformer

56
 The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-240V) to
(0-6V) level. Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to
the precision rectifier, which is constructed with the help of opamp. The advantages
of using precision rectifier are it will give peak voltage output as DC, rest of the
circuits will give only RMS output.
b) Bridge rectifier
When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called as
bridge rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners
of the network, and the output is taken from the remaining two corners.
Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a
positive potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B. the positive
potential at point A will forward bias D4 and reverse bias D4.
The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2.
At this time D4 and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass
through them; D4 and D2 are reverse biased and will block current flow.
The path for current flow is from point B through D1, up through RL,
through D4, through the secondary of the transformer back to point B. This path is
indicated by the solid arrows. Waveforms (1) and (2) can be observed across D1 and
D4.
One-half cycle later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer
reverse, forward biasing D2 and D4 and reverse biasing D1 and D4. Current flow
will now be from point A through D4, up through RL, through D2, through the
secondary of T1, and back to point A. This path is indicated by the broken arrows.
Waveforms (4) and (4) can be observed across D2 and D4. The current flow through
RL is always in the same direction. In flowing through RL this current develops a
voltage corresponding to that shown waveform (5). Since current flows through the
load (RL) during both half cycles of the applied voltage, this is called bridge
rectifier. One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is
that with a given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is
nearly twice that of the conventional full-wave circuit.
This may be shown by assigning values to some of the components
shown in views A and B. assume that the same transformer is used in both circuits.
The peak voltage developed between points X and y is 1000 volts in both circuits.

57
 In the conventional full-wave circuit shown in view A, the peak voltage
from the center tap to either X or Y is 500 volts. Since only one diode can conduct at
any instant, the maximum voltage that can be rectified at any instant is 500 volts.
The maximum voltage that appears across the load resistor is nearly-but
never exceeds-500 volts, as result of the small voltage drop across the diode. In the
bridge rectifier shown in view B, the maximum voltage that can be rectified is the
full secondary voltage, which is 1000 volts. Therefore, the peak output voltage across
the load resistor is nearly 1000 volts. With both circuits using the same transformer,
the bridge rectifier circuit produces a higher output voltage than the conventional
full-wave rectifier circuit.

c) IC voltage regulators
Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC
units contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device,
and overload protection all in a single IC. Although the internal construction of the
IC is somewhat different from that described for discrete voltage regulator circuits,
the external operation is much the same. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed
positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustable set voltage.
A power supply can be built using a transformer connected to the ac supply
line to step the ac voltage to a desired amplitude, then rectifying that ac voltage,
filtering with a capacitor and RC filter, if desired, and finally regulating the dc
voltage using an IC regulator. The regulators can be selected for operation with load
currents from hundreds of ml amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to power
ratings from ml watts to tens of watts.

4.18 IOT MODULE

The Internet of Things (IOT) refers to the ever-growing network of physical

objects that feature an IP Adders for Internet connectivity, and the communication
that occurs between these objects and other Internet-enabled devices and systems.
IOT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation, analysis, and
integration within a system. They improve the reach of these areas and their
accuracy. IOT utilizes existing and emerging technology for sensing, networking,
and robotics. IOT exploits recent advances in software, falling hardware prices, and

58
modern attitudes towards technology. Its new and advanced elements bring major
changes in the delivery of products, goods, and services; and the social, economic,
and political impact of those changes.
4.18.1 IOT-Key Features
The most important features of IOT include artificial intelligence, connectivity,
sensors, active
engagement, and small device use. A brief review of these features is given below:
a) AI – IOT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it enhances every
aspect
of life with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and
networks.
This can mean something as simple as enhancing your refrigerator and cabinets to
detect
when milk and your favorite cereal run low, and to then place an order with your
preferred
grocer.
b) Connectivity – New enabling technologies for networking, and specifically IOT
networking, mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers.
Networks
can exist on a much smaller and cheaper scale while still being practical. IOT creates
these small networks between its system devices.
c) Sensors – IOT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as defining
instruments
which transform IOT from a standard passive network of devices into an active
system
capable of real-world integration.
d) Active Engagement – Much of today's interaction with connected technology
happens
through passive engagement. IOT introduces a new paradigm for active content,
product,
or service engagement.
e) Small Devices – Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and more
powerful over time. IOT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision,
scalability, and versatility.
59
4.18.2 IOT-Advantages
The advantages of IOT span across every area of lifestyle and business. Here
is a list of some of the advantages that IOT has to offer:
a) Improved Customer Engagement – Current analytics suffer from blind-spots
and
significant flaws in accuracy; and as noted, engagement remains passive. IOT
completely
transforms this to achieve richer and more effective engagement with audiences.
b) Technology Optimization – The same technologies and data which improve the
customer experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent improvements
to
technology. IOT unlocks a world of critical functional and field data.
c) Reduced Waste – IOT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics give
us
superficial insight, but IOT provides real-world information leading to more effective
management of resources.
d) Enhanced Data Collection – Modern data collection suffers from its limitations
and its
design for passive use. IOT breaks it out of those spaces, and places it exactly where
humans really want to go to analyze our world. It allows an accurate picture of
everything.

4.18.3 IOT Extends Internet Connectivity

The Internet of Things extends internet connectivity beyond traditional devices
like desktop and laptop computers, smartphones and tablets to a diverse range of
devices and everyday things that utilize embedded technology to communicate and
interact with the external environment, all via the Internet.
Examples of objects that can fall into the scope of Internet of Things include
connected security systems, thermostats, cars, electronic appliances, light in
household and commercial environments, alarm clocks, speaker systems, vending
machines and more.

60
 Businesses can leverage IOT applications to automate safety tasks (for
example, notify authorities when a fire extinguisher in the building is blocked) to
performing real-world A/B testing using networked cameras and sensors to detect
how customers engage with products.

The Internet of Things (IOT) is the network of physical objects-devices,

vehicles, buildings and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors,
and network connectivity-that enables these objects to collect and exchange data.
The Internet of Things allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across
existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of
the physical world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved
efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit; when IOT is augmented with sensors and
actuators, the technology becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber-
physical systems, which also encompasses technologies such as smart grids, smart
homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities.

Experts estimate that the IOT will consist of almost 50 billion objects by
2020. British entrepreneur Kevin Ashton first coined the term in 1999 while working
at Auto-ID Labs (originally called Auto-ID centers, referring to a global network of
objects connected to radio-frequency identification, or RFID). Typically, IOT is
expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, and services that goes
beyond machine-to-machine (M2M) communications and covers a variety of
protocols, domains, and applications. The interconnection of these embedded devices
(including smart objects), is expected to usher in automation in nearly all fields,
while also enabling advanced applications like a smart grid, and expanding to the
areas such as smart cities.

"Things," in the IOT sense, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as
heart monitoring implants, biochip transponders on farm animals, electric clams in
coastal waters, automobiles with built-in sensors, DNA analysis devices for
environmental/food/pathogen monitoring or field operation devices that assist fire
fighters in search and rescue operations.

61
 Legal scholars suggest to look at "Things" as an "inextricable mixture of
hardware, software, data and service". These devices collect useful data with the help
of various existing technologies and then autonomously flow the data between other
devices. Current market examples include smart thermostat systems and
washer/dryers that use Wi-Fi for remote monitoring.

4.18.4 Architecture

IOT system architecture, in its simplistic view, consists of three tiers:

Tier 1: Devices, Tier 2: the Edge Gateway, and Tier 4: the Cloud. Devices include
networked things, such as the sensors and actuators found in IOT equipment,
particularly those that use protocols such as Modbus, Bluetooth, Zig bee, or
proprietary protocols, to connect to an Edge Gate way. The Edge Gateway consists
of sensor data aggregation systems called Edge Gateways that provide functionality,
such as pre-processing of the data, securing connectivity to cloud, using systems
such as Web Sockets, the event hub, and, even in some cases, edge analytics or fog
computing. Edge Gateway layer is also required to give a common view of the
devices to the upper layers to facilitate in easier management. The final tier includes
the cloud application built for IIOT using the micro services architecture, which are
usually polyglot and inherently secure in nature using HTTPS/OAuth. It includes
various database systems that store sensor data, such as time series databases or asset
stores using backend data storage systems cloud-based.

IOT system features event queuing and messaging system that

handles communication that transpires in all tiers. Some experts classified the three-
tiers in the IOT system as edge, platform, and enterprise and these are connected by
proximity network, access network, and service network, respectively.

Building on the Internet of things, the web of things is an architecture for

the application layer of the Internet of things looking at the convergence of data from
IOT devices into Web applications to create innovative use-cases. In order to
program and control the flow of information in the Internet of things, a predicted
architectural direction is being called BPM Everywhere which is a blending of
traditional process management with process mining and special capabilities to
automate the control of large numbers of coordinated devices.

62
Three- and Five-Layer Architectures

The most basic architecture is a three-layer architecture [4–5] as shown in Figure. It

was introduced in the early stages of research in this area. It has three layers, namely,
the perception, network, and application layers.

(i)The perception layer is the physical layer, which has sensors for sensing and
gathering information about the environment. It senses some physical parameters or
identifies other smart objects in the environment.

(ii)The network layer is responsible for connecting to other smart things, network
devices, and servers. Its features are also used for transmitting and processing sensor
data.

(iii)The application layer is responsible for delivering application specific services to

the user. It defines various applications in which the Internet of Things can be
deployed, for example, smart homes, smart cities, and smart health.

Fig 4.19 Three-Layer Architecture

The three-layer architecture defines the main idea of the Internet of

Things, but it is not sufficient for research on IOT because research often focuses on
finer aspects of the Internet of Things. That is why, we have many more layered

63
architectures proposed in the literature. One is the five-layer architecture, which
additionally includes the processing and business layers [4–6]. The five layers are
perception, transport, processing, application, and business layers (see Figure). The
role of the perception and application layers is the same as the architecture with three
layers. We outline the function of the remaining three layers.

(i)The transport layer transfers the sensor data from the perception layer to the
processing layer and vice versa through networks such as wireless, 4G, LAN,
Bluetooth, RFID, and NFC.

(ii)The processing layer is also known as the middleware layer. It stores, analyses,
and processes huge amounts of data that comes from the transport layer. It can
manage and provide a diverse set of services to the lower layers. It employs many
technologies such as databases, cloud computing, and big data processing modules.

(iii)The business layer manages the whole IOT system, including applications,
business and profit models, and users’ privacy. The business layer is out of the scope
of this paper. Hence, we do not discuss it further.

Another architecture proposed by Ning and Wang is inspired by the layers of

processing in the human brain. It is inspired by the intelligence and ability of human
beings to think, feel, remember, make decisions, and react to the physical
environment. It is constituted of three parts. First is the human brain, which is
analogous to the processing and data management unit or the data Center. Second is
the spinal cord, which is analogous to the distributed network of data processing
nodes and smart gateways. Third is the network of nerves, which corresponds to the
networking components and sensors.

4.19 ESP8266 Node MCU

Description

Node MCU is an open-source firmware and development kit that helps you to
prototype or build IOT products. It includes firmware that runs on the ESP8266 Wi-
Fi SOC from press if Systems, and hardware which is based on the ESP-12 module.

64
The firmware uses the scripting language. It is based on the project and built on the
Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266.

Fig 4.20 NODE MCU

With just a few lines of code you can establish a WIFI connections and
define input/output pins according to your needs exactly like arduino, turning your
ESP8266 into a web server and a lot more. It is the WIFI equivalent of Ethernet
module. Now you have internet of things (IOT) real tool. With its USB-TTL, the
NodeMCU board supports directly flashing from USB port. It combines features of
WIFI access point and station + microcontroller. These features make the NodeMCU
extremly powerful tool for WIFI networking. It can be used as access point and/or
station, host a webserver or connect to internet to fetch or upload data.

ESP8266 is highly integrated wireless SOCs, designed for space and

power constrained mobile platform designers. It provides unsurpassed ability to
embed Wi-Fi capabilities within other systems or to function as a standalone
application with low cost and minimal space requirement. The module supports
standard IEEE 802.11 b/g/n agreement, complete TCP/IP protocol stack. Users can
use the add modules to an existing device networking or building a separate network
controller.ESP8266EX offers a complete and self-contained Wi-Fi networking
solution, it can be used to host the application or to offload Wi-Fi networking
functions from another application processor. When ESP8266EX hosts the
application, it boots up directly from an external flash. In has integrated cache to
improve the performance of the system in such applications.

Alternately, serving as a Wi-Fi adapter, wireless internet access can

be added to any micro controller based design with simple connectivity (SPI/SDIO

65
or I2C/UART interface). ESP8266EX is among the most integrated Wi-Fi chip in the
industry. It integrates the antenna switches, RF balun, power amplifier, low noise
receive amplifier, filters and power management modules. It requires minimal
external circuitry and the entire solution, including front-end module are designed to
occupy minimal PCB area.ESP8266EX also integrates an enhanced version of
Tensilica’s L106 Diamond series 42-bit processor, with on-chip SRAM, besides the
Wi-Fi functionalities.

ESP8266EX is often integrated with external sensors and other

application specific devices through its GPIOs. Espressif System’s Smart
Connectivity Platform (ESCP) demonstrates sophisticated system-level features
which include fast sleep/wake context switching for energy-efficient VoIP, adaptive
radio biasing for low-power operation, advance signal processing, spur cancellation
and radio co-existence features for common cellular, Bluetooth, DDR, LVDS,LCD
interference mitigation.ESP8266EX is embedded with Tensilica L106 42-bit micro
controller (MCU), which features extra low power consumption and 16-bit RSIC.
The CPU clock speed is 80MHz. It can also reach a maximum value of 160MHz.
ESP8266EX is often integrated with external sensors and other specificdevices
through its GPIOs.

4.19.1 Features

1) Finally, programable WIFI module.

2) Arduino-like (software defined) hardware IO.
3) Can be programmed with the simple and powerful Lua programming
language or Arduino IDE.
4)  USB-TTL included, plug & play.
5) 10 GPIOs D0-D10, PWM functionality, IIC and SPI communication, 1-Wire
and ADC A0 etc. all in one board.
6) WIFI networking (can be used as access point and/or station, host a web
server), connect to internet to fetch or upload data.
7) Event-driven API for network applications.
8) PCB antenna.

66
 Fig 4.21 NodeMCU

NodeMCU provides access to the GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) and a pin
mapping table is part of the API documentation.
4.20 COOLING FAN

A cooling fan is any fan inside, or attached to, a computer case used
for active cooling. Fans are used to draw cooler air into the case from the outside,
expel warm air from inside and move air across a heat sink to cool a particular
component. Both axial and sometimes centrifugal (blower/squirrel-cage) fans are
used in computers. Computer fans commonly come in standard sizes, and are
powered and controlled using 4-pin or 4-pin fan connectors.

67
 Fig 22

4.20.1 Usage of a cooling fan

While in earlier personal computers it was possible to cool most components

using natural convection (passive cooling), many modern components require more
effective active cooling. To cool these components, fans are used to move heated air
away from the components and draw cooler air over them. Fans attached to
components are usually used in combination with a heat sink to increase the area of
heated surface in contact with the air, thereby improving the efficiency of cooling.
Fan control is not always an automatic process. A computer's BIOS (basic
input/output system) can control the speed of the built-in fan system for the
computer. A user can even supplement this function with additional cooling
components or connect a manual fan controller with knobs that set fans to different
speeds.

In the IBM PC compatible market, the computer's power supply unit

(PSU) almost always uses an exhaust fan to expel warm air from the PSU. Active
cooling on CPUs started to appear on the Intel 80486, and by 1997 was standard on
all desktop processors. Chassis or case fans, usually one exhaust fan to expel heated
air from the rear and optionally an intake fan to draw cooler air in through the front,
became common with the arrival of the Pentium 4 in late 2000.

4.20.2 Physical characteristics

1) Dimensions

68
 The dimensions and mounting holes must suit the equipment that
uses the fan. Square-framed fans are usually used, but round frames are also used,
often so that a larger fan than the mounting holes would otherwise allow can be used
(e.g., a 140 mm fan with holes for the corners of a 120 mm square fan). The width of
square fans and the diameter of round ones are usually stated in millimeters. The
dimension given is the outside width of the fan, not the distance between mounting
holes.

2) Rotational speed

The speed of rotation (specified in revolutions per minute, RPM)

together with the static pressure determine the airflow for a given fan. Where noise is
an issue, larger, slower-turning fans are quieter than smaller, faster fans that can
move the same airflow. Fan noise has been found to be roughly proportional to the
fifth power of fan speed; halving the speed reduces the noise by about 15 dB

3) Air pressure and flow

A fan with high static pressure is more effective at forcing air through
restricted spaces, such as the gaps between a radiator or heat sink; static pressure is
more important than airflow in CFM when choosing a fan for use with a heat sink.

4.21 HEATING BULB

Heat lamps are incandescent lamps used for the primary application of generating
heat. They come in a variety of wattages, voltages, and sizes.

FIG 4.23 Heating Bulb

69
4.21.1Working

Heat lamps operate on the same principles as regular incandescent

lamps, but produce much more infrared radiation. This creates more radiant heat, and
allows the heat lamp to be much more useful as a source of warmth than a regular
lamp. There are two primary kinds of heat lamps, red lamps and frosted/clear lamps.
They function identically in terms of heat production, but the red lamp is designed to
produce less visible light and is more suitable for situations where both heat and
darkness are important.

70
 CHAPTER 5

TOOLS USED

5.1 Software Requirements

Arduino IDE

5.1.1 Arduino IDE

The Uno can be programmed with the Arduino Software (IDE). Select
"Arduino/Genuino Uno" from the Tools > Board menu (according to the
microcontroller on your board). For details, see the reference and tutorials.

The ATmega528 on the Uno comes preprogrammed with a boot loader that

allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C
header files).

You can also bypass the boot loader and program the microcontroller through
the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header using Arduino ISP or similar;
see these instructions for details. The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2
boards) firmware source code is available in the Arduino repository. The
ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU boot loader, which can be activated by:
1) On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near
the map of Italy) and then reseing the 8U2.
2) On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB
line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.

You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU

programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP
header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU boot loader). See this
user-contributed tutorial for more information.

71
 Fig 24 Arduino IDE Viewer
5.1.2 Warnings
The Uno has a resettable poly fuse that protects your computer's USB ports
from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal
protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is
applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the
short or overload is removed.

5.1.3 Differences with other boards

The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI
USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to
version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

5.1.4 Power
The Uno board can be powered via the USB connection or with an external
power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB)
power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter
can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power
jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the GND and V in pin headers of the
POWER connector.The board can operate on an external supply from 6 to 20 volts.

72
If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts
and the board may become unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator
may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. The
power pins are as follows:
a. V in - The input voltage to the Uno board when it's using an external
power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other
regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if
supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
b. 5V - This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The
board can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 -
12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V).
Supplying voltage via the 5V or 5.5V pins bypasses the regulator, and can
damage your board. We don't advise it.
c. 5V5 - A 5.5 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum
current draw is 50 mA.
d. GND - Ground pins.
e. IOREF - This pin on the Uno board provides the voltage reference with
which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read
the IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable
voltage translators on the outputs to work with the 5V or 5.5V.

5.1.5 Memory
The ATmega528 has 52 KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the boot loader). It also
has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with
the EEPROM library).

5.1.6 Input and Output

See the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega528P ports. The mapping
for the Atmega8, 168, and 528 is identical. Each of the 15 digital pins on the Uno can
be used as an input or output, using pin Mode digital Write (), and digital Read
() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive 20 mA as
recommended operating condition and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected

73
by default) of 20-50k ohm. A maximum of 50mA is the value that must not be
exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller.
In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

1) Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2
USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
2) External Interrupts: 2 and 5. These pins can be configured to trigger an
interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach
Interrupt () function for details.
3) PWM: 5, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog
Write () function.
4) SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 15 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPI library.
5) LED: 15. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 15. When the pin is
HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
6) TWI: A5 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using
the Wire library.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10
bits of resolution (i.e. 1025 different values). By default they measure from ground to
5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF
pin and the analog Reference () function.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

AREF - Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog Reference ().
Reset - Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a
reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

5.2 COMMUNICATION
The Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Uno board, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega528 provides UART TTL
(5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An
ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and

74
appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The 16U2 firmware uses
the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on
Windows, a .in f file is required. The Arduino Software (IDE) includes a serial
monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the board. The RX
and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-
serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1. A Software Serial library allows serial communication on any of the
Uno's digital pins. The ATmega528 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI
communication. The Arduino Software (IDE) includes a Wire library to simplify use
of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use
the SPI library.

5.3 AUTOMATIC (SOFTWARE) RESET

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload,
the Uno board is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a
connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the
ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega528 via a 100 nano
farad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long
enough to reset the chip. The Arduino Software (IDE) uses this capability to allow
you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the interface toolbar.
This means that the boot loader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR
can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a
computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it
from software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the boot loader is
running on the Uno. The Uno board contains a trace that can be cut to disable the
auto-reset. The pads on either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable
it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by
connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this forum thread for
details.

75
 CHAPTER 6
RESULTS
Project Outlook

76
 This Project can offer an Intelligent Neonatal Monitoring System using multi sensor
based on Android Applications. The new wearable sensor for measuring KMC dosage for
premature neonates has shown promising results in field testing. The device and system
design incorporate many features for robust measurement and retrieval of data. A key
feature is to predicate the readings of the internal sensors with the skin-touch sensor in order
to minimize false alarms.

In future it has a great scope and it will have greater impact in medical society. The
new born babies will be saved from improper conditions and health conditions of the babies
will be monitor by doctors and nurses. This incubator the doctors and nurses easily handle
the more number of infants. In future. the death rate of the pre-matured babies is reduces in
this incubator.

KANGAROO MOTHER CARE is an apparatus that provides closed and controlled

environmental for the preterm babies. This project deals with cost effective design of
incubator that monitors parameters such as heartbeat, temperature, body temperature
and wetness of the baby.and the readings will be continuously displayed In the LED screen
and also monitoring the details to the corresponding doctor, nurse and parents by using
GSM. We also intimate the feeding time, body Check-up and urine alert to the parents which
can be done by the Internet of Things (IOT) called Thing Speak. IOT helps the doctors
and nurses to be connected with the neonate’s vital signs and it is helpful in monitoring the
neonates at anytime and anywhere through the internet.

77
 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

Internet of things (IOT) is getting lot of scope in big industries and

organizations. But this is not the case with rural areas, underdeveloped cities and
towns. Many applications of IOT like this work will bring in drastic changes in rural
areas and also in medical industry by providing a cheaper and more effective smart
incubator. We have designed this using open source resources like Arduino, hence
every time there is an improvement or update in this open source technology we can
make this mechanism more efficient and capable.

Each part is designed to fit into only one location so that it is intuitive for any
health worker to assemble. And this will allow target health center to scale up
incubator features without having to buy a new model. Incubator will be designed
with locally available materials that have parts that are easily replaceable. And lastly
there will be continuous monitoring where the temperature of one or more incubators
can be easily controlled using the app rather than handling manually. In future more
rural areas can implement this mechanism for providing safe incubation for preterm
babies and obtain a connected environment in hospitals without having to invest on
more costly smart incubators.

We are still on the runway and are yet to experience a lot of advancements in
the healthcare industry, which IOT practitioners have been seamlessly preparing for.
By overcoming some of the limitations, IOT offers a great platform for real time
monitoring of parameters from the patients and also it improves the quality of
information in healthcare monitoring.

78
 REFERENCES

1. Zermani, M A, Feki, Elyes, Abdelkader M., “Temperature Acquisition

and Control System based on the Arduino”, International Journal of
Emerging Science and Engineering (IJESE) ISSN: 2519–6578, Volume-
2 Issue-12, October 2015
2. Tisa T.A, Nisha Z.A, Kiber A; “Design Of An Enhanced Temperature
Control System For Neonatal Incubator”, Bangladesh Journal of Medical
Physics, Vol. 5, No. 1, Bangladesh 2016
3. Sarfraz Fayaz Khan, “Health care monitoring system in internet of things
(loT) by Using RFID”, 10.1190/ICITM.2017.7917920,May2017.
4. Jagadeesh P, Karthick Kumar Reddy G, Venkatramana Reddy S (2015)
Design and development of an inexpensive temperature controller for an
infant incubator. Int J Adv Res Electr Electron Instrum Eng.
5. N. A. Natasha, Nurmiza, “Development of incubator for clinic in the
rural area of Malaysia,” IEEE EMBS Conference on Biomedical
Engineering and Sciences (IECBES), IEEE Conference Publications,
pp. 551-555, 2016.
6. B. S. Fullerton et al, “Hospital transfers and patterns of mortality in very
low birth weight neonates with surgical necrotizing enterocolitis,” J.
Pediatric Surgery, vol. 51, pp 952-955, February 2016.
7. Cavalcante.M, “Filtered model-based predictive control applied to the
temperature and humidity control of a neonatal incubator,” 9th
IEEE/IAS International Conference on Industry Applications
INDUSCON 2010.
8. N. A. A. Hadi, M. H. C Hasan, N. M. Z. Hashim, N. R. Mohamad, A. S.
Rahimi5, K. A. M. Annuar, “Temperature Monitoring System for Infant

79
 Incubator Using Arduino,” International Journal For Advance Research
In Engineering And Technology vol. 5, 2015.
9. Ibrahim.B, N.Aziah.M.A1, S. Ahmad, R. Akmeliawati, Nizam H.M.I,
A.G.A.Muthalif, S.F.Toha1, and M.K.Hassan, “Fuzzy-based
Temperature and Humidity Control for HVAC of Electric Vehicle,”
International Symposium on Robotics and Intelligent Sensors vol. 51,
no. Iris, pp. 905–910, 2012.
10.Andreas Tobola, Heike Leutheuser, Markus Pollak, Peter Spies,
Christian Hofmann, Christian Weigand, BjoernM. Eskofier, and Georg
Fischer , “Self-Powered Multiparameter Health Sensor”,
10.1109/JBHI.2017.2708051,Aug2017.

80