TYPES OF CELLS

IN LIVING THINGS
Irene C. Dy MSc.
Objectives:
Classify different cell types (plant/animal tissues) and specify the
function(s) of each

Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells ( plant and animal) according

to their distinguishing features

Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles

• Prior to the invention of the very first microscope,
everything that could not be seen by the naked eye
was unexplainable.
• In 1665, English physicist Robert Hooke used of the
first light microscopes to look at thin slices of plant
tissues. One of these, a slice of cork, especially
caught his eye. Under the microscope, cork seemed
to be made of thousands of tiny chambers. Hooke
called this chambers ―cells‖ because they
reminded him of a monastery‘s tiny rooms, which
were also known as cells.
• Until 1676, Anton van Leeuwenhoek published his
observations on tiny living organisms which he
named animalcules. It was believed that
Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe under his
microscope the structure of a red blood cell of
different animals as well as a sperm cell.
• One of the leading botanists in his time, Robert
Brown in 1831 was able to compare diverse kinds
of plant specimens under the microscope.
• He markedly indicated that there is a common
thing about them-they are all composed of cells,
and inside the cell is a dark dense spot which he
termed as the nucleus.
• A few years later, German botanist Matthias
Schleiden (1838) concluded that all plant parts
are made of cells.
• Theodor Schwann (1839), also a botanist and a
close friend of Schleiden, stated that all animal
tissues are composed of cells, too.
• In 1858, Rudolf Virchow concluded that all cells
come from pre-existing cells.
 • The first ever cell that originated on Earth was a
Prokaryotic cell. Eukaryotic cells later evolved
from the Prokaryotic cells.
• The size of a cell is usually determined by its
diameter and not by the length. The usual size
FACTS about of a typical cell in human body can range
anywhere between 10 µm and 100 µm (µm
CELLS stands for micron, which is 1 millionth of a
meter or 1 thousandth of a millimeter).
• The largest cell in human body is approximately
120 µm. It is the female mature egg and the
smallest cell in human body is the
spermatozoon’s head with the size of 5 µm.
FACTS about CELLS
• Cells are the smallest life units on this planet. They are self-
sustaining and they are very much capable of replicating on their
own through a process known as cell division.
• Bacteria are basically cells. But did you know that we carry around
3 to 5 pounds of bacteria on our body. That much bacteria means,
the number of bacteria we carry on our body actually vastly
outnumber the number of cells we have in our body. Still, these
bacteria only make up 3% of our entire body mass. That’s
because, bacteria are way smaller than our cells.
• Talking about the bacteria outnumbering the number of cells in
our body, the question is, ‘how many cells do we have in our
body? Don’t be surprised! It is 37.2 trillion!
Cells are everywhere. Think about the
breath you’re taking right now. Cells
are the reason. When you walk down
the street, cells are responsible for
that too. You are made of cells. Every
living thing on the planet is.

There are hundreds of different types

of cells. But the two types of cells that
make up all living things
are eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Explore
these types of cells, their structure,
and examples of each.
 These organisms carry out
much of their metabolism
inside enclosed by membranes.

Eukaryotic
Cell
All protist, fungi, plants and
animals are eukaryotes
Two kinds of Eukaryotic Cell
• Plant Cell- Plant cells are the basic unit of life in organisms of the
kingdom Plantae. They are eukaryotic cells, which have a true nucleus
along with specialized structures called organelles that carry out
different functions. Plant cells have special organelles called
chloroplasts, which create sugars via photosynthesis.
• Animal Cell - Animal cells are typical of the eukaryotic cell, enclosed
by a plasma membrane and containing a membrane-bound nucleus
and organelles. Unlike the eukaryotic cells of plants and fungi, animal
cells do not have a cell wall.
•
Prokaryotic Cell
• Prokaryotic cells are cells that do not have a true nucleus or
membrane-bound organelles. Organisms within the domains Bacteria
and Archaea have prokaryotic cells, while other forms of life are
eukaryotic.
PLANT CELL
Animal Cell
Prokaryotic/Bacterial Cell
Classify different cell types (plant/animal tissues) and specify the
function(s) of each
Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells ( plant and animal)
according to their distinguishing features
• A difference between plant cells and animal cells is that most animal
cells are round whereas most plant cells are rectangular. Plant
cells have a rigid cell wall that surrounds the cell membrane. Animal
cells do not have a cell wall.
• A plant cell contains a large, singular vacuole that is used for storage
and maintaining the shape of the cell. In contrast, animal cells have
many, smaller vacuoles. Plant cells have a cell wall, as well as
a cell membrane. ... Animal cells simply have a cell membrane, but
no cell wall.
What are 4 differences between prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells
• Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the
nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.
... Differences in cellular structure of prokaryotes and
eukaryotes include the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts,
the cell wall, and the structure of chromosomal DNA.
 Cells’ Structures Functions
1. Separates cell from external environment; controls passage of organic
1. Cell Membrane
molecules, ions, water, oxygen and wastes into and out of the cell

2. Provides structure to cell; site of many metabolic reactions; medium in

2. Cytoplasm
which organelles are found
3. Nucleolus 3. Location of DNA
4. Cell organelle that houses DNA and directs synthesis of ribosomes and
4. Nucleus
proteins
5. Ribosomes 5. Protein synthesis
6. Mitochondria 6. ATP production or cellular respiration
7. Oxidizes and breaks down fatty acids and amino acids and detoxifies
7. Peroxisomes
poisons
8. Vesicles and Vacuoles 8. Storage and transport; digestive function in plant cells
9. Unspecified role in cell division in animal cells; organizing center of
9. Centrosome
microtubules in animal cells
10. Lysosomes 10. Digestion of macromolecules; recycling or worn out organelles
11. Cell wall 11. Protection, structural support and maintenance of cell shape
12. Chloroplast 12. Photosynthesis
13. Endoplasmic reticulum 13. Modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids

14. Golgi apparatus 14. Modifies, sorts, tags, packages and distributes lipids and proteins

15. Maintains cell shapes, secure organelles in specific positions , allows

15. Cytoskeleton cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cells

16. Flagella 16. Cellular locomotion

17. Cellular locomotion, movement of particles along extracellular surface of plasma
17. Cilia membrane, and filtration