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Chapter Four 4.1 Controller (Selection, Tuning and Maintenance) A Proportional-Integral-Derivative Controller

The document discusses PID controllers, which are widely used in industrial control systems. A PID controller calculates an error value as the difference between a measured process variable and a desired setpoint. It attempts to minimize this error by adjusting the process inputs. The PID calculation involves three parameters - proportional, integral and derivative - which are represented by P, I, and D. These values can be interpreted as relating to the present error, accumulation of past errors, and prediction of future error. PID controllers have historically been considered effective because they can be tuned by adjusting the three parameters for specific process requirements. Modern PID controllers are commonly implemented using programmable logic controllers or digital panels in software.

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115 views

Chapter Four 4.1 Controller (Selection, Tuning and Maintenance) A Proportional-Integral-Derivative Controller

The document discusses PID controllers, which are widely used in industrial control systems. A PID controller calculates an error value as the difference between a measured process variable and a desired setpoint. It attempts to minimize this error by adjusting the process inputs. The PID calculation involves three parameters - proportional, integral and derivative - which are represented by P, I, and D. These values can be interpreted as relating to the present error, accumulation of past errors, and prediction of future error. PID controllers have historically been considered effective because they can be tuned by adjusting the three parameters for specific process requirements. Modern PID controllers are commonly implemented using programmable logic controllers or digital panels in software.

Uploaded by

chdi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 CONTROLLER (SELECTION,TUNING AND


MAINTENANCE)
A proportional- integral-derivative controller
(PIDcontroller) is a generic control loop feedback
mechanism (controller) widely used in industrial control
systems. A PID controller calculates an error value as the
difference between a measured process variable and a
desired set point. The controller attempts to minimize the
error by adjusting the process control inputs.

The PID controller calculation (algorithm) involves three


separate constant parameters, and is called three term
control: the proportional, the integral and derivative
VALUE, denoted P, I AND D .these values can be
interpreted in terms of time; P on the present error I on the
accumulation of past errors and D is prediction of future
error based on current rate of change.
The weighted sum of these three actions is used to adjust
the process via a control element such as the position of
control valve, a damper, or the power supplied to heating
element.
In the absence of knowledge of underlying process PID
CONTROLLER has been historically considered to be the
best controller. By tuning the three parameters in the PID
controller algorithm. The controller can provide control
action designed for specific process requirements. The
response of the controller can be described in terms of the
responsiveness of the controller to an error, the degree to
which the controller overshoots the setpoint and the
degree of system oscillation. NOTE that the use of the PID
algorithm for control does not guarantee optimal control of
the system or system stability.
Some application may require using only one or two
actions to provide the appropriate system control .This is
achieved by setting the other parameters to zero. A PID
controller will be called a PI, PD, P or I controller in the
absence of the respective control actions. PI controller are
fairly common, since derivative action is sensitive to
measurement noise, where as absence of an integral term
may prevent the system from reaching its target value due
to the control action.
4.1.2 HISTORY
Early automatic process control, PID controller was
implemented as mechanical device. These mechanical
controllers used a lever, spring and mass and were often
energized by compressed air .This is known as pneumatic
controller which was used as industrial standard control.
Electronic analog controller made from solid-state or tube
amplifier, capacitor, and resistance were seen to take over.
Nowadays, ELECTRONIC controllers have largely been
replaced dry digital controllers implemented with
microcontrollers.
Most modern PID controllers in industry are implemented
in programmable logic controllers (PLC) or as panel –
mounted digital controller. Software implementations have
the advantages that they relatively cheap and are flexible
with respect to the implementation of PID algorithm.
3.1.4 THE ROLE OF CONTROLLER.
Generally a controller or a filter is required to process the
error signal such that the overall system satisfies certain
criteria specifications, they are:
1 REDUCTION IN EFFECT OF DISTURBANCE SIGNAL.
2 REDUCTION IN STEADY-STATE ERRORS
3 TRANSIENT RESPONSE AND FREQUENCY RESPONSE
PERFORMANCE
4 SENSITIVITY TO PARAMETER CHANGES
To solve these listed control problem involve:
 Choice of feedback sensors to get a measure of
the controlled output.
 Choice of actuator to drive (manipulate) the plant
like opening or closing a valve, or adjusting the
excitation or armature voltage of a motor.
 Develop mathematical model of plant, sensor
and actuator.
 Simulate the system to observe the performance
 Then fine TUNE( i.e. tuning)

TUNING CONTROLLER
PID controllers in has three adjustable parameters: the
controller gain, the integral time constant (sometimes
called the reset time), and the derivative time constant.
Controller turning involves setting these three parameters
at values which suit the process to be controlled.
Controller tuning process consists of three stages:
 Specification of the problem.
 Choice of the control modes required.
 Selection of appropriate tuning value.

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