UNDERSTANDING THE SELF -Aesthetics may have laid down the laws and very

essence of beauty transcends the sight-it can be

PHYSICAL ASPECT OF THE SELF
heard, felt and understood.
-Our face represents most of our physical self. It
provides other people an initial impression about ACHIEVING PHYSICAL WELL-BEING
who we are and what we are. -To achieve and maintain a good and balanced
physical well-being, consider the following tips:
THE SELF AS THE BODY 1. Eat Healthy Foods
-Physical refers to the body. It is the tangible aspect 2. Maintain a healthy lifestyle
of the self. The physical body does not include 3. Follow proper hygiene
characteristics that are internal to the self-such as 4. Engage in daily exercise
kindness, loyalty, obedience and other similar 5. Take vitamins and drink fruit juices
qualities. 6. Avoid Stress
7. Spend less time in front of computers and gadgets
IMPACT OF CULTURE ON BEAUTY AND
BODY IMAGE SEXUAL ASPECT OF THE SELF

-When someone is called beautiful, only the -Talking about sex should be deemed normal for
physical features such as the face and body figure there is a need for people to learn more about their
are considered as bases for beauty. sexuality.
-The society’s observation are prescribed as -Academic institutions are the best space to educate
standards of beauty. people about sexuality and sexual behaviors under
-It can be an asset or liability the topic sex education.
-To be beautiful means to enjoy a lot of privileges -Although sex education was opposed by the
and advantages in society. catholic church in the Philippines claiming that it
-Women are also subjected to cat calling and verbal will promote premarital sex which could lead to
harassment, acts of lasciviousness, rape and other early pregnancies, this topic is necessary for
crimes for being perceived as beautiful. understanding sex in different contexts.
-Present culture prescribes that being beautiful is a -Education has been regarded as the key to combat
necessity, an obligation in order to be liked and ignorance.
loved. -Conservatism anchored on religious belief may
-Many products are created just to change or hinder full understanding of one’s sexual well-
improve one’s appearance, and others opt to being.
undergo medical procedures such as plastic surgery,
liposuction, breast augmentation etc. SIGMUND FREUD AND THE DESIRE FOR
PLEASURE
WILL THERE BE A BEAUTY IF THERE IS
NO SIGHT? -Human beings need for sex is not the same level as
the need for oxygen and other physiological needs.
-Beauty denotes something that is appealing to the But without it, humankind will perish. Sex is not
eye, ear, and mind. simply for procreation but it is also a source of
- Beauty is not only seen but may also be heard. pleasure which is an important part of sexual health.
- A voice or a melody that is pleasurable to hear is -For Sigmund Freud, all human behavior is
something beautiful. Also, stories or personal motivated by the desire to feel pleasure. Such
experiences relayed or narrated by another person motivation is organized and controlled by two
that invoke positive feelings are also considered to instincts: “sexuality and aggression”. He theorized
be beautiful that instincts are driven by a form of internal
JUSTINE MAE VERGARA P-104
psychic energy called libido. According to him, from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts for
human instincts continuously seek the pleasure of ejaculation.
the flesh which can be satisfied through sex.  Scrotum- the sac of skin that carries the testes.
-A study conducted by Robert and his colleagues  Sperm- the male sex cell. Produce by the testes
(1992) found that men think about sex far more than and matures in the epididymis and passes from the
woman do- 54% of the men surveyed said they vas deferens to the urethra. It releases through the
think about sex every day or several times a day, semen, the fluid that carries the sperm.
whereas 65% of the woman said they think about it  Prostate Gland- the gland that surrounds the
only a few times a week or few times a month. upper part of urethra, just below the bladder. The
-The mind plays an important role in one’s sexuality one that nourish the sperm.
and sexual behaviors.  Epididymis- long coiled tube located at the back
-Humans have the ability to control their sexual of the testicles that stores and carries sperm.
urges.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM -the
DEVELOPMENTAL OF SECONDARY SEX main function of the system is the production,
CHARACTERISTICS AND THE HUMAN transportation and fertilization of eggs and the
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM production of sex hormones.

-During adolescence, boys and girls develop their  Ovary- it is located in the pelvic cavity which
secondary sex characteristics along with other produces the ova (egg cells).
physical changes they experience in this stage.  Ovum- the female reproductive cell is called egg
-Puberty cell. Once matures, it unites with a male sperm to
-Changes are brought about by sex hormones from form a fertilized egg.
the testes and ovaries of males and females.
 Fallopian Tubes- extend from the uterus to the
-Testosterones (increase during 12-14 years) for sex
ovaries. The function of this is to carry the egg from
hormones for males, while estrogen and
the ovary to the uterus.
progesterone (10-12 years) are for females.
 Uterus- the thick-walled, pear-sized and shaped
-Rapid growth changes occur at the age of 16 to 17
muscular organ that lies above the urinary bladder.
years for males, while 15-17 for females.
Nurture the ovum that develop into the fetus and it
-Males physical changes (weight, height, adams
carries the baby until birth.
apple, deepening of voice, pubic hairs).
 Cervix- the lower part of the uterus. It directs the
-Females (height, weight, onset of menstruation,
sperm into the uterus during sexual intercourse.
development of breast and hips).
 Vagina- elastic passageway from the cervix to the
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM -the main outside of the female body. It receives the penis
function of the system is the production of sperm during sexual intercourse.
for the fertilization of the ovum.  Vulva- the external genital organ of the female. It
consist the labia majora, labia minora, mons pubis,
 Penis- the primary sex organ. It has a long shaft clitorism, vestibules and vaginal opening.
and an enlarge tip called the glans penis.
EROGENOUS ZONES - It is the part of the body
 Testes or testicles- responsible for the production
that is highly sensitive and the stimulation of which
of sperm cells “the male sex hormone”. Its lie
leads to sexual responses such as relaxation,
outside the abdominal cavity of the male within the
fantasies, arousal and orgasm. - It differs between
scrotum.
male and female.
 Vas Deferens- the tube that connects the testes
with the urethra. It passages the way of the sperm

JUSTINE MAE VERGARA P-104

 Helen Fisher (1948) identified three stages of love:

Lust (libido or sex drive) is characterized by the

- Knowing the hotspots is important for every desire for sexual gratification which is inherent to
couple as it would boost sexual satisfaction. every living organism. For humans, this is
-This zones can increase sexual health. associated with the sex hormones, testosterone and
- Produces reactions to the body such as relaxation estrogen
of the muscle, and production of the “feel good” Attraction (passionate or obsessive love,
hormone called prolactin. infatuation) is characterized by the intense attention
given to a desired partner. An individual with a high
HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE- This term used degree of attraction to someone craves for
to describe the changes that occur in our body. emotional union with the person. Sometimes, when
There are four phases: one is dominated by passion, one tends to do stupid
1. Excitement- it is when the body gets ready for and foolish acts.
sexual activity. In this phase, the male may This stage is driven by chemicals and hormones like
experience an increase in heart rate, muscle tension, 1. Adrenaline- released by the body for “fight or
increase in breathing, erection of penis and nipples, flight”. For instance, after surprisingly meeting
tightening of scrotum, and release of pre-ejaculation one’s object of affection, this hormone will activate
fluid. For females, they may experience the one’s stress response such as sweating and drying of
swelling of the clitoris and release of lubricating the mouth.
fluid. 2. Dopamine- ignites an intense rush of pleasure
2. Plateau- intensified breathing occur in this when released. High level of neurotransmitter like
phase. It also includes increase in blood pressure, dopamine causes increased energy, less need for
and faster heart rate, muscle contraction in the face, food and sleep, and focused attention to one’s
feet and hands. For males, testicles are withdrawn desired partner.
up into the scrotum. For females, continued 3. Serotonin- is attributed to “falling in love” as
swelling of the vagina is experienced and the this hormone makes a person think of his over her
clitoris becomes very sensitive. desired partner at most times”
3. Orgasm- it is referred as the climax of the cycle.
Breathing, blood pressure and heart rate further Attachment (companionate love) is characterized
intensified during this phase as well as the by the desire of couples to stay together. A person
contraction of the muscles located at the face, feet who is already attached feels comfort and security
and hands. One or both are breathing heavily and from his or her partner. It also includes behaviors
there is an irrepressible and powerful release of anchored on long-term companionship. This stage is
sexual tension. For males, release of the semen driven by two major hormones namely:
occurs. For females, muscle contraction of the Oxytocin- (cuddle hormone) is released during
vagina is experienced. orgasm. The feeling of attachment becomes more
4. Resolution- the body gradually returns to its intense after a couple has sexual intercourse
normal level of functioning. Some parts of the body Vasopressin- (anti-diuretic hormone) is released
return to their original size and color. It is also after sexual intercourse. Scientist discovered the
during this phase that fatigue begins to be felt but role of vasopressin in attachment by studying
the overall sexual activity is also expected to bring a prairie vole (like mice) that forms monogamous
sense of biological fulfillment. bonds like humans. When the creature is injected
drug that suppress vasopressin, they began
UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMISTRY OF neglecting their partners.
LUST, ATTRACTION, AND ATTACHMENT
JUSTINE MAE VERGARA P-104
WHAT TURNS PEOPLE ON AND OFF genitals and other organs. Usual symptoms in men
- Turn on refers to something that someone may include secretion of yellowish-white fluid from the
find desirable, pleasant, beautiful, likeable or any penis and painful urination. For women, they may
other positive qualities. experience painful urination with discharge,
- Turn off is the complete opposite of turn on. accompanied by fever, abdominal pain, and pelvic
- For teens, turns on and off may focus on the inflammatory disease.
physical attributes and personal qualities of  SYPHILIS- an infection caused by
someone from the opposite sex. corkscrew-shaped bacterium called Treponema
Pallidum that is transmitted through direct contact
THE DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIORS with a syphilitic sore on the skin. It causes sore on
- This may come in the form of the following: the vagina, anus, rectum even on the lips and
 Masturbation- a sexual act of stimulating one’s mouth. It is transmitted not only through sexual
own genitals done alone by an individual. Both men activity but also by merely kissing an infected
and women masturbate although studies say that person. Syphilis may lead to paralysis, blindness,
men do the act often than women do. heart disease, brain and organ damage, dementia
 Premarital sex- it refers to sexual activities and even death.
people engage in outside of marriage. Which  GENITAL HERPES- is a viral infection
contradicts by a lot of religious group claiming that that causes blisters on the genitals. It is also causes
it is immoral and unacceptable. itching and a burning sensation on the skin.
 Marital sex- sexual activities that happen within Unfortunately, there is no cure for genital herpes,
the bounds of marriage. but there are medications to reduce its severity and
 Extramarital sex- sexual activities that married the frequency of outbreaks.
people engage in with people they are not married  GENITAL WARTS- are warts caused by
to “extramarital affairs”. This is considered the human papillomavirus (HPV) that grows in the
unlawful and unacceptable in society. genital or anal area.
 Heterosexuality- as sexual behaviors,  CHANCROID- is a bacterial infection
heterosexuality happens between persons of the that causes sores or ulcers on the genitals.
opposite sex. Chancroid sores usually appear at the head of the
 Homosexuality- opposite of heterosexuality. penis for men and on the labia majora for women
Same sex activities.  PUBIC LICE- (crab) are very small
 Bisexuality- sexual behavior of one who engages parasites that infest the genital area which are
in sexual acts with someone from opposite and primarily spread through sexual contact. The
same sex. parasites are attracted to the pubic hair and may
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES even be transmitted with contaminated clothes,
- STD (also known as STI “infection”) refers to bedding, and other items.
health conditions that are passed on from a person  SCABIES- is a skin condition that is
to another through sexual contact “unprotected sex” caused by infestation of tiny mites called Sarcoptes
 HIV/AIDS- (human immunodeficiency scabiei. Symptoms include itching, and rashes.
virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome) a Similar to other mites, they lay and hatch egg in
spectrum of conditions caused by being infected human skin. It is usually transmitted through sexual
with HIV. Transmitted through unprotected sex, intercourse and close body contact. They can jump
contaminated needle and blood transfusion and or fly or even sharing of clothes and other washable
during pregnancy. AIDS refers to the occurrence of items may also lead to their transmission
specific diseases due to the contraction of HIV  TRICHOMONIASIS- an infection
 GONORRHEA- a bacterial infection of caused by a parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis.
the mucous membranes including the eye, throat, Men infected with this may experience itching,
genital irritation with discharge, and painful
JUSTINE MAE VERGARA P-104
urination and ejaculation. Women, on the other within two minutes after ejaculation. Doctors says
hand, feels itching, genital soreness and irritation, that frequent douching may affect the natural
painful urination with unusual discharge that can be mucous of the vagina.
yellowish or greenish in color. o Prolonged Lactation- this technique used by
 MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM- a women is done through breast feeding their baby for
condition characterized by small lumps which are a longer period. Prolonged lactation, according to
pearly-white or slight pink. These lumps, when doctors, helps delay ovulation.
squeezed, release a white cheesy fluid. This virus  Behavioral Contraceptives- this is when one is
can be transmitted through skin-to-skin contact and altering the natural process of sexual relations, thus
through sharing of clothes and other personal impeding the union of the egg and sperm cells.
things. o Rhythm method- is a natural method supported
 PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE by the Catholic Church. Couples are enjoined to
(PID)- a complication resulting from STIs abstain for a certain period while the woman is
especially Chlamdia and gonorrhea. Women fertile.
infected with this experience inflammation of o Ovulation method- this practice makes use of the
uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tube. This is caused by observed mucous discharge from the vagina at the
bacteria, fungi or parasites. beginning of a woman’s fertile period. If women
 CHLAMYDIA- an STI caused by experience dryness in the genital area, these days
bacteria that do significant damage to the human are safe. When the women feels that she is no
reproductive system. It can infect the penis, vagina, longer dry, this means that there is a mucous
cervix, anus, urethra, eyes, and throat. Females discharge from the vagina, which normally appears
infected with this suffer vaginal discharge with three days after menstruation, a sign that ovulation
strong smell, difficulty in urinating, and pain during will take place. Mucous appears as sticky, yellow
sexual intercourse. Males infected with this thread-like substance in very small quantities. Later,
experience discharge from the penis, difficulty in appearance becomes more like a raw egg white and
urinating, and swelling in the testicles. having sleeper texture as that of a lubricant. All the
wet days or mucous days are unsafe days. All days
METHOD OF CONTRACEPTION - One must thereafter are safe whether feeling dry or wet until
take into consideration the following factors in start of the next menstruation. Meaning, before
choosing particular method of contraception ovulation, as long as there is mucous discharge, it is
o It should be safe enough. There should be no unsafe to have sexual intercourse. This is because
unwanted side-effect for every individual using the mucous is necessary for the survival of the
contraceptives. sperm cells.
o It should be efficient in averting unwanted o Withdrawal or Coitus interruptus- a process
pregnancy. wherein the man, during sexual intercourse,
o It should be simple and easy to use. withdraws the penis out of the vagina before
o It should be available at any time. orgasm. o Coitus reservatus- this is a practice in
which man withholds ejaculation and let the
- Some of the recognized methods in family erection subside inside the vagina.
planning are:  Mechanical Contraceptives
 Folk Method o Condom- a thin material made of rubber used
o Postcoital Douche or Douching- is a method during sexual activity. Most doctors usually
used by women to flush out the vagina with a recommend such contraceptives.
medical solution to remove or destroy the sperm o Diaphragm- a shallow rubber cup inserted into
(after sexual activity). Others are using water or the vagina. It is coated with spermicidal cream or
vinegar. However, this one is relatively ineffective jelly to prevent the entry of sperm. This should stay
because the sperm enters into the cervical canal at least 8 hours after sexual intercourse.
JUSTINE MAE VERGARA P-104
o Cervical caps- fitted over the cervix by a doctor. -He defined the self as the self that consist
This caps can be worn for a month starting after of the body, clothes, immediate family, home, and
menstruation. other things one considers to be his or her own.
 Chemical Contraceptives -According to James, people invest themselves in
o Vaginal suppositories and tablets- a bullet- their material possessions, thus feeling deeply
shaped dosage form containing chemicals used in connected to them. The more people invest
destroying the sperm cell. This is inserted into the themselves in their possessions, the more attached
vagina to melt before the intercourse. they become.
o Contraceptive jellies, creams and vaginal -Material possessions are objects of instinctive
foams- applied to the vagina shortly before sexual preferences that may or may not be related with a
intercourse. This includes spermicides which person’s most practical interest in life.
immobilize and kills the sperm. According to -An individual’s body is the primary component of
doctors, the most effective spermicide is the vaginal his or he material self.
foam. - One has control over his or her body and how he
 Intrauterine devices (IUD)- a small device of or she would like to present it for others to see
polyethylene plastic or thin copper wire inserted (clothes, accessories etc.).
into the uterus by a physician. IUD includes the - People may also opt to alter their physical features
coil, the loop, and the cooper T that are used to (tattoos, piercings and surgeries).
avoid pregnancy. - Family is also an extension of one’s identity
 Pills- taking pills is completely dissociated from because the members affect one’s actions and
the sexual act. The pills render the woman infertile. disposition in the environment (home, car etc.).
She does not need to think pregnancy.
 Sterilization- is a surgery done with comparative THE CONSUMER CULTURE ON THE ONE’S
ease and is virtually 100 percent effective. For male, SENSE OF SELF AND IDENTITY
it can be achieved through vasectomy (vas
deference is tied off which prevent the sperm to -Credit cards definitely changed consumer culture
become part of the semen), while for females, it is and its role in how individuals, as consumers,
called tubal ligation (cut and tied part of the function as part of the process of production and
fallopian tube). consumption.
 Injectables- the contraception is injected in a -Having credit cards may urge people to make
woman to inhibit ovulation. This may last for three unnecessary purchases that may make them seem
months. capricious “impulsive” and extravagant.

MATERIAL ASPECT OF THE SELF NEEDS VERSUS WANTS

-Many people work to earn money not just to buy - Need is something that a person must have in
basic necessities like food, clothes, shelter, and the order to live while want is something that a person
like. They also spend money to buy material things desires to have but can live without.
which bring them comfort, admiration, praise and
recognition which may represent their status in life. SPIRITUAL ASPECT OF THE SELF

MATERIAL SELF -The spiritual self is quite difficult to discover as it

is impossible for every human being to know the
-The concept of fixated (fixation) on acquiring true will of God.
material things as a way to identify oneself is -People rely only on their faith and faith dictates
related to the concept of material self-introduce by that the reason for living is to follow the works and
William James. examples of Jesus Christ.

JUSTINE MAE VERGARA P-104

-Spiritual self is a self-based on God’s will and - The soul is superior to the body and can exist
commandments, a self that is higher than material, independently without the body. It is invisible and
sexual, and physical self, and it can be simplified as immortal and it directs the physical body.
a holy self. - Death is viewed as the release of the soul from the
body, but death does not mean the end of personal
THE PRACTICE OF RELIGION existence.
- The soul is the life-force of the body. It is the
- From the point of view of atheist, God does not source of motion as well as the intelligence or mind
exist. He is dead and irrelevant of a person that pre-exists bodily existence.
- However, using the logic, one may be convinced - The Filipino term for soul or spirit is kaluluwa. It
that He really exist by answering such questions as: is believed that it has two existences. One is
o Why does it seem like everything in the universe physical, in which the soul is connected to the
is perfect? human body and its life, and the other is spiritual,
o Why are the distances between the Sun, Moon, which exits on its own.
and Earth very exact? - 80% of Philippines population are Roman
o Why does the human body seem to be perfectly Catholic. Roman Catholic believes that in the
designed from the brain up to the bones, blood and immortality of the soul and life after death (or
internal organs? eternal life).
- With these questions, there has to be an architect - The soul can be purified through confession.
who Gods, or Goddess, as cause or reason of all - A catholic who failed to live a moral life is
phenomena. The traditional concept based on believed to be thrown to hell or impiyerno.
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam and distinct from
the universe that this Supreme Being created. DUNGAN: THE BISAYAN CONCEPT OF
-All agree that this Supreme Being is omnipotent SOUL
(all-power), omniscient (all-knowing), and - Dungan is the Ilonggo term for the soul. It lacks
omnipresent (everywhere at once). material substance and is extremely light that it
-Anthony Wallace as cited by Haviland, Prins, travels with the wind. It is believed that Dungan
Walrath, and Mcbride (2008), explained that dwells above the surface of the earth before
religion is a set of rituals made to coordinate with inhibiting the human body. It patiently chooses an
the goal of either obtaining or hindering changes in unborn child’s body to inhibit.
human condition and nature’s state. These rituals -The Dungan does not stay in any specific part of
are usually justified by myths. the body but it grows proportionately with the
-Religion has many functions such as providing physical body-the bigger the person, the bigger the
sense of the world, strengthening norms and Dungan.
identity, setting sanctions for individual behavior, - Ilonggos believe that it must be protected and
and giving serenity in facing life challenges. nurtured when a person is at a young age due to
one’s vulnerability to usug which may manifest
THE CONCEPT OF SOUL through a headache, nausea, stomachache, fever, or
- Monism is a view of that there is only one other diseases. When one is afflicted with usug, the
substance and only one being. It means that the soul Dungan that causes usug is said to be
and the body are one. overpowering the person.
- Dualism is a view that mind and body are two - Dungan cannot be seen by the naked eye but there
independent substances. are times when it separates from the body and
- Western philosophers believed that the human appears in the form of a butterfly, grasshopper, or
person is a relational being which constituted of other small animals.
soul and body. - For the people of Visayas, one’s Dungan leaves
the body when a person can see his or her Dungan
JUSTINE MAE VERGARA P-104
when dreaming. With such beliefs, Visayas warn
people not to blurry awaken those sleeping to give FINDING AND CREATING MEANING IN
chance for the Dungan to return to the physical LIFE: PERSPECTIVE FROM THE ROMAN
body. CATHOLICS AND ATHEISTS

RELIGIOUS RITUALS -For Roman Catholics, God is the architect and the
-Rituals are patterns of behavior or practices that are designer of all things on earth. He created the world
related to the sacred. according to his plans and purposes. He created the
- In Catholicism, rituals are called sacraments (7 world out of his love and everyone is called to
sacraments: baptism, holy eucharist, follow his examples. They also believe that human
confirmation, reconciliation, anointing of the existence on earth is temporary; faith gives the
sick, marriage, and holy order). believers hope that in life after death they will meet
-Religion establishes norms that mold or shape their creator in a place where there is no sadness
human behavior. and pain.
- For someone who is atheist, human life is absurd.
RITES OF PASSAGE - This passage are rituals In this context, the term absurd does not mean
that mark important stages in an individual’s life illogical or unreasonable. Albert Camus- a well
cycle. know existentialist and atheist said that life is
- Arnold van Gennep analyzed the rites of passage absurd because people are constantly looking for
that help individuals through the crucial crises or answers, reasons or justifications for the good and
major social transitions in their lives such as the bad things happening in the world. He said that
puberty, marriage and parenthood. He divides it into human have a sense of justice and fairness which
3 stages: they project onto the world, but the world always
o Separation- being a ritual removal of the disappoints them by not adhering to their
individual from everyday society. established standards of fairness.
o Transition- period of isolation.
o Incorporation- formal return and readmission into ESSENCE VERSUS EXISTENCE
the society with his or her new status.
- For Plato and Aristotle, all have core elements
MAGIC AND WITCHCRAFTS and without those, things would not be what they
-Magic involves manipulation for good or evil are. Those elements are called essence, are inherent
purposes. properties that give things their defining features.
- 2 of the many forms of magic are sorcery and All entities have substance (no matter) and form.
witchcrafts. People are created to fulfill a specific purpose and
o Sorcery make use of materials, objects, and that endows them the essence of their life. This is
medicines to invoke supernatural malevolence. called essentialism.
o Witchcrafts may accomplish the same ills by - John Paul Sartre, on contrary, argued that
means of thought and emotion alone. “existence precedes essence. Under this claim,
- In the Philippines, barang is done as an act of human beings are not defined by any predetermined
revenge for the wrongdoing done by the inflicted properties or essences. People are free to live their
person. A victim of sorcery is called natabang or lives and they should define what they are, not in
nabarang. accordance with an idealized set of characteristics.
-Victim of witchcraft in the Philippines are called There is no set of paths that one is supposed to
nagaway or nakulam. Many forms of illness may follow. One creates his or her own meaning in the
be inflicted by the mangagaway or mangkukulam act of maximizing his or her absolute freedom.
through the use of dolls, candles, and prayers during - Theistic Existentialism tries to invalidate the
the rituals. concept that God created humans and the entire
JUSTINE MAE VERGARA P-104
universe for a specific purpose. For them, Theistic - Aristotle labeled Man as a political animal.
existentialism, the existence of God is possible but -Similar to being a social animal, the great
God does not predetermine the meaning of life or philosopher said that, humans come together and
existence of his creation. form a political body.
- The fundamental philosophy of existentialism is
that the individual who are born into the world WHY IS POLITICS NECESSARY?
wherein the existence, actions and world do not -People make decision that affect all of them as a
possess real and inherent importance. group.
- Each of these decisions requires the setting of a
MAN’S SEARCH FOR MEANING- Victor common policy for the group, a single decision that
Frankl, a neurologist who developed logotherapy. affects all members of the group.
It was influenced by the work of Soren - The formulation of a general policy for a group of
Kierkegaard’s will to meaning as opposed to people constitutes politics, and the questions about
Alfred Adler’s will to power and Sigmund these policies are political questions-questions that
Freud’s will to pleasure affect both personal and public interest.
-Logotherapy is based on the guided principle that
the primary motivational force of every individual POLITICAL CULTURE- Is the pattern of
is to find meaning in life. individual attitudes and orientation towards politics
-Logotherapy is anchored on: among members of a political system.
o life has meaning under all circumstances, even the
most miserable ones. Characteristics of Philippine Political Culture-
o the impetus “motivation” to live is one’s will to Filipino political culture includes beliefs, feelings,
discover meaning in life. and group accepted practices, language and
o humans are free to discover meaning in paraphernalia shared by groups of Filipino in their
everything they do, in what they experience, or at production, allocation, and usage of political powers
least in the decision they make when faced with alongside the interaction with the state.
immutable suffering.
-Frankl asserted that life has meaning and it is 1. Dominance of Family ties or Kinship system-
mentally unhealthy if humans’ search of meaning is Political dynasties usually control the government. I
suppressed. 2. Euphemism-They use parinig or patutsada
- For him, there are three ways to find meaning: instead of confronting the officials to address the
o Doing an action. problem or issues.
o Having personal experiences and interpersonal 3. Utang na Loob-Filipinos feel obliged to repay
interactions. immediately or in the future any favor they receive
o Evaluating one’s attitude in the midst of suffering. from another person.
- Upon discovering the meaning of life, humans 4. Sense of overdependency-some constituents rely
must prepare to face any type of suffering. To deal on an elected official or a “patron” politician for
with suffering, one has to undergo a change of their personal and economic needs.
attitude. 5. Belief that majority of politicians are corrupt-
the term “buwaya” has been used to describe
POLITICAL ASPECT OF SELF corrupt politicians in the Philippines signifying their
greed for money and power.
-This is the self that rejects the individualistic view 6. Lack of political maturity-people elect officials
and focuses on collective welfare- for the people based on popularity and personality and not on
and the country. performance and platform.

MAN AS POLITICAL ANIMAL ESTABLISHING A DEMOCRATIC CULTURE

JUSTINE MAE VERGARA P-104
- Democracy is a system of government in which 3. Integrity- it means maintaining a good name and
all citizens are eligible members of the state. character. Public officials and employees must be
o Rule of the majority- the decision of the majority the epitome of obedience to law.
prevails. However, sometimes, people suffer from 4. Honesty- it means telling the truth, hiding
the consequences of their behavior. “Vox populi, nothing, and being transparent at all times. In
Vox dei “voice of the people is the voice of God” government, officials usually measured in the
o Protection of the human rights- the state value accuracy and truthfulness of their SALN.
the dignity of every human person and guarantees 5. Accountability- it means being liable and
full respect for human rights. responsible for one’s actions.
o Upholding the rule of law- as most legal 6. Openness- it means being transparent with
practitioners often say, democracy should be under whatever information one handles.
the rule of law and not the rule of men. Loyalty to 7. Leadership- it means being able to lead the way
the constitution and adherence to the law should be for development that would benefit all.
the guiding light for law enforcement agencies and
the judicial branch of the government in making FILIPINO VALUES - There are inherent traits
policies and decisions. that make Filipinos different from other
nationalities. These traits form part of socio-
IDEAL CITIZEN anthropological self of the Filipinos. The influence
-Article XIV, section 3, paragraph 2 of the of eastern thought for Filipinos is also evident like
Philippine Constitution identifies the qualities being “Others-oriented” in nature. Below are the
expected of citizens to process, thereby creating positive and negative Filipino Values
ideal citizen
POSITIVE
GOVERNANCE - It is defined as the traditions 1. Bayanihan- spirit of kinship and camaraderie.
and institutions that determine how authority is “Helping Hand”.
exercised in a particular country. 2. Damayan- Filipinos always extend sympathy for
o The process by which governments are selected, people specially those who lost their love ones.
held accountable, monitored, and replaced. 3. Familism or Close Family Ties- Filipinos
o The capacity of governments to manage resources always prioritize the welfare of their family.
efficiently and formulate, implement, and enforce 4. Optimism- looking at all ways to be happy and
sound policies and regulations; and to maintain positive outlook.
o The respect of citizens and the state for the 5. Hospitality- Filipinos are identified to be warm,
institutions that govern economic and social friendly, generous and accommodating.
interactions among them. 6. Regionalism- outside the significant others. They
prioritize their province mate.
Good Governance- a British Prime Minister John 7. Flexibility- ability to adapt or conform to the
Major created the committee on standards in public expectations or will of other people to achive
servants. The committee release the Nolan smooth and harmonious relationship
Principles. This principle aims to eliminate 8. Religious- strong faith and submission to the will
corruption in the government. of a supreme being.
1. Selflessness- it means caring for what the people 9. Respect for elders- show courtesy to elders.
need and want instead of promoting personal 10. Remedyo Attitude- Filipinos are known for
interest. Public service is nothing else but serving being creative and resourceful.
the people. 11. Matiyaga- Filipinos are known for their grit and
2. Objectivity- it means being neutral and free from strong determination in every undertaking.
biases in making decisions. The must be applied as 12. Utang na Loob- the feeling of gratitude,
it is. recognition of one’s indebtedness, and obligation to
JUSTINE MAE VERGARA P-104
repay someone who has extended assistance to I, ME, MYSELF AND MY ONLINE IDENTITY
another.
NEGATIVE -In looking at your friends’ FB profiles especially
their profile pictures, you may perceive that these
1. Bahala na Attitude- trait of leaving to fate and images are not only projected images-these are how
luck. your friends want themselves to be seen.
2. Colonial Mentality or Blue-seal Mentality- -Profile pictures on FB or any social networking
giving high regard to foreign products and treating sites reflect the online identifies people want to
local as inferior and low in quality. establish.
3. Crab Mentality- Filipino born out of jealousy
and insecurity characterized by an attempt to pull FRONT AND BACK STAGES OF THE SELF
down others. -Goffman’s Dramaturgical Theory claimed that
4. Euphemistic- Filipino attitude of not being frank life is a series of interactions and performances
and straightforward so as not to offend or hurt where people enact the presentation of the self on a
another person. daily basis.
5. Filipino Time- lack of punctuality. - The said theory presents social life as a stage,
6. Gaya-Gaya Atitutde- copying or imitating where all are actors and audience members. The
others’ work, product, type of business, fashion and basic dimension includes the setting, or the location
the likes. where interactions take place.
7. Jackpot Mentality- instant millionaire mentality -Like theater, front stage is where one can openly be
of some Filipinos who would rather engage in fast seen by the audience, while back stage is linked to
ways of acquiring money. what the individual would like to be kept secret.
8. Belief in Kapalaran- Filipino trait of believing -In social media, for instance, one may upload a
and accepting that one’s fate is already written in picture or a video showing his or her happy
the stars. relationship or successful in his profession wherein
9. Manana Habit- mamaya na means “ill do it fact he or she is not.
later”, is a Filipino attitude characterized by stalling
on doing tasks, rather doing it immediately DIGITAL SELF
10. Ningas Kugon- attitude of being enthusiastic -In today’s digital technologies, it is very easy for
only at the beginning of an endeavor. Usually any person to redefine or recreate himself or herself
politicians. digitally.
11. Oversensitivity- inability of Filipinos to -While technology can manipulate one’s physical
withstand and accept criticisms or negative appearances, what is manages to produce is
comments. definitely not the authentic self. Manipulated
12. Pakikisama- attitude of always adhering or images simply serve as representations of one’s
submitting to the will of the group. ideal self-what one wants to be.
13. Lack of Sportsmanship- manifested in how - One’s digital self consists of how one express
they cannot seem to accept defeat. himself or himself in various online platforms.
14. Tsamba lang Attitude- characterized by the - Does it really have a psychological and moral
refusal to take the credit for one’s own implication if one will not reveal his or her real self
accomplishments, instead owning it to charm or on social media? It depends upon one’s view but as
luck. one popular song in the year 2000, “will the real
slim shady, please come up”, Will the real “you”
DIGITAL ASPECT OF SELF come up?
-The self that is presented online can be regarded as
one’s “extended self” WHAT NOT TO POST ONLINE
1. Sexy or revealing pictures.
JUSTINE MAE VERGARA P-104
2. Pictures or vides showing private moments with 2. Cyberbullying- one form of cyberbullying is
love ones. bushing which can do damage to an individual’s
3. Pictures or vides showing bad habits. psychological well-being (R.A. 10627 “Anti
4. Negative comments on another person’s attitudes. Bullying Act of 2013).
5. Post announcing conflicts with another person. 3. Sharing Viruses- some social media users share
6. Post of the results of a particular competition viruses for fun.
with the names of defeated participants.
7. Comments showing strong opposition to certain HOW TO FIGHT SOCIAL MEDIA
issues. ADDICTION
8. Comments with foul, vulgar, indecent, and - If you are spending more than three hours of your
offensive words. time everyday on social media, then you can be
9. Pictures or vides revealing one’s financial status- considered as a social media addict.
may put security risk. - To avoid social media addiction, you need to o
10. Pictures or videos showing family trips- it may Limit the time you use for social media (maximum
post security risk for it may attract unwanted should be less than three hours). The lesser the
attention from criminals. better.
11. Pictures or vides displaying one doing good
deeds- misleading photos such as deeds for it tends o You should inform people to reach you in
to focus more on the dose of the good deed instead platforms other than social media so as to further
of the deed itself. control your time using it.
12. Pictures or videos in hospital- both unethical o Do not participate in the discussion of political
and illegal to take photos in hospitals. Taking of issues- it is time-consuming and neverending.
photos in hospital is against the law (Health Privacy o Do not post comments supporting or opposing a
Code R.A 10173 “Data Privacy of Act 2012). certain issue.
13. Post of every single thing you do- people who o Do not post in social media just for sake of
announces in social media every detail of their daily posting.
activities may show or tell the world that they lack o Read books instead of spending time reading
self-esteem. Or they could seek for public approval news, articles, and issues on social media.
which is a sign of low self-esteem. o Spend time communicate personally.
o Consider the friends you have on social media.
They should be worth people keeping in touch.
o You may unfriend and unfollow a person who
DICHOTOMIES OF THE SELF shows no care or concern.
1. Producer or Consumer- Do your material
possessions define who you are? Imitating someone
or one’s material possessions define one’s identity.
2. Offline versus Online- sometimes, online self is
different from the offline self or actual self.
3. Body versus Technology- technology and
consumerism allow people to easily redefine and
recreate themselves.

ARE YOU A RESPONSIBLE NETIZEN?

1. Sharing Fake News- Many people on social
media share fake news because they fail to verify
the truthfulness of such online articles. “Think
before you click”.
JUSTINE MAE VERGARA P-104
 “We summoned the next until the end was
reached”
Good luck peeps! Review well.
-Vergs
References:
Puno, C.M. (2019). Lectures in Understanding the
Self. Holy Angel University.

JUSTINE MAE VERGARA P-104