SOCIOLINGUISTICS

GROUP 1

MARIAH DEA PAENDONG 18091102033

MONICA JULIA KOKALINSO 18091102013

KRISDAYANTI GIGISOR 18091102031

EUNIKE WAGEY 18091102005

NADYA MARIA GABRIELA MULUK 18091102007

CHIKYTHA KIREY TAMUNTUAN 18091102001

SAM RATULANGI UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES

MANADO

2020
DEFINITION

What’s taboo words?

The term taboo language refers to words and phrases that are generally considered
inappropriate in certain contexts.

Social anthropologist Edmund Leach identified three major categories of taboo words and
phrases in English:

1. “Dirty” words that are concerned with sex and excretion, such as “bugger,” “shit.”
2. Words that have to do with the Christian religion, such as “Christ” and “Jesus.”
3. Words which are used in “animal abuse” (calling a person by the name of an animal),
such as “bitch,” “cow.”

According to The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Ritual and Religion (2011), the word
taboo was first introduced into European languages by Captain Cook in his description of his
third voyage around the world, when he visited Polynesia.

What’s euphemism?

Euphemism is the substitution of an inoffensive expression (such as “passed away”) for one
considered offensively explicit (“died” or “dropped dead”).

In his Oxford Dictionary of Euphemisms (2007), R.W. Holder notes that in speech or writing
“we use euphemism for dealing with taboo or sensitive subjects. It is therefore the language of
evasion, hypocrisy, prudery, and deceit.”

According to Ruth Wajnryb, “Euphemisms have a short shelf life—once the stigma of the
original catches up to them, the battery that runs the euphemistic device goes flat. The only
way forward is to invent a new euphemism” (Expletive Deleted: A Good Look at Bad
Language, 2005).

According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary (1828), euphemism is the substitution of an

What’s term of address?

A term of address is a word, phrase, name, or title (or some combination of these) used to
address someone in writing or while speaking. Terms of address are also known as address
terms or forms of address. Nicknames, pronouns, pejoratives, and terms of endearment all
qualify.

Key Takeaways: Terms of Address

A term of address is any word, phrase, name, or title used to address another person.
Terms of address may be formal (Doctor, The Honorable, His Excellence) or informal (honey,
dear, you). Formal terms of address are often used to recognize academic or professional
accomplishments, while informal terms of address are often used to show affection.

What’s term of reference?

Terms of reference are determined by the way that a word is currently used in non-address
contexts. Terms of reference indicate the addressee’s relationship with the addresser. These
terms or reference are used to refer to the third person’s relationship with the addresser in the
social context.

What’s kinship?

According to Encyclopedia Britannica, Kinship is a system of social organization based on real

But in sociology, kinship involves more than family ties, according to the Sociology Group:

“Kinship is one of the most important organizing components of society. … This social
institution ties individuals and groups together and establishes a relationship among them.”

Kinship can involve a relationship between two people unrelated by lineage or marriage,
according to David Murray Schneider, who was a professor of anthropology at the University
of Chicago who was well known in academic circles for his studies of kinship.

In an article titled “What Is Kinship All About?” published posthumously in 2004; in “Kinship
and Family: An Anthropological Reader,” Schneider said that kinship refers to:

“the degree of sharing likelihood among individuals from different communities. For instance,
if two people have many similarities between them then both of them do have a bond of
kinship.”

At its most basic, kinship refers to “the bond (of) marriage and reproduction,” says the
Sociology Group, but kinship can also involve any number of groups or individuals based on
their social relationships.

Types of Kinship:

Sociologists and anthropologists debate as what to types of kinship exist. Most social scientists
agree that kinship is based on two broad areas: birth and marriage; others say a third category
of kinship involves social ties. These three types of kinship are:

Consanguineal: This kinship is based on blood—or birth: the relationship between parents and
children as well as siblings, says the Sociology Group. This is the most basic and universal
type of kinship. Also known as a primary kinship, it involves people who are directly related.

Affinal: This kinship is based on marriage. The relationship between husband and wife is also
considered a basic form of kinship.
Social: Schneider argued that not all kinship derives from blood (consanguineal) or marriage
(affinal). There are also social kinships, where individuals not connected by birth or marriage
may still have a bond of kinship, he said. By this definition, two people who live in different
communities may share a bond of kinship through a religious affiliation or a social group, such
as the Kiwanis or Rotary service club, or within a rural or tribal society marked by close ties
among its members. A major difference between consanguineal or affinal and social kinship
is that the latter involves “the ability to terminate absolutely the relationship” without any legal
recourse, Schneider stated in his 1984 book, “A Critique of the Study of Kinship.”
EXAMPLES OF KINSHIP IN STUDENTS’ NATIVE LANGUAGE

1. TOMBULU (Minahasa)

3 generasi di atas ego:

1) Ayah – Ibu = Ama – Ina

3 generasi di bawah ego:

1) Anak = Oki, Tole (laki-laki), Keke (perempuan)

2. SALUAN (Luwuk)

3 generasi di atas ego:

1) Ayah – Ibu = Papa - Mama

3 generasi di bawah ego:

1) Anak = Ana’, Tatu (laki-laki), Udu (perempuan)

3. HALMAHERA BARAT

3 generasi diatas ego:

1) Ayah – Ibu = Papa – Mama

2) Kakek – Nenek = Tete – Nene

3) Kakek Buyut = Totu Laki-Laki

Nenek Buyut = Totu Perempuan

3 generasi dibawah ego:

1) Anak yang tua: Kaka

Anak yang bungsu: Onco

2) Cucu: Hanya menyebutkan namanya saja

3) Cicit : Hanya menyebutkan namanya saja

3 generasi diatas ego:

1) Ayah – Ibu = Ama - Ina

2) Kakek – Nenek = Tete - Nene

3) Kakek Buyut = Tete kundu

Nenek Buyut = Nene kundu

3 generasi dibawah ego:

1) Anak: Tuama (Laki-Laki) – Wewene (Perempuan)

2) Cucu: Poyo

3) Cicit: Cicit

5. MANADO – CHINESE

3 generasi diatas ego:

1) Ayah – Ibu = Mama – Papa

2) Kakek – Nenek = Akong/Ng Kong – Amah/Ema

3) Kakek Buyut = Kong Co

Nenek Buyut = Mah Co

3 generasi dibawah ego:

1) Anak yang tua: Koko (Laki-Laki) – Cici/Cece (Perempuan)

Anak yang bungsu: Meimei

2) Cucu: Sunnzi (Laki-Laki) – Sunnu (Perempuan)

3) Cicit: Hanya panggil nama.

6. KAILI (Palu)

3 generasi diatas ego:

1) Ayah – Ibu : Topa – Ino

1) Anak: Ngana
Laki-laki: Ngana Langgai
Perempuan: Ngana Mombine
2) Cucu: Makumpu
3) Cicit: Makumpu