SCIENCE 2 MODULE Santa Monica Institute of Technology MODULE 1 WEEK NO.

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DATE: 9-28-2020
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Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEED)

Science 1: Teaching Science in Elementary Grade (Biology and Chemistry)
Semester of A.Y. 2020-2021 Instructor: Dominic Ray Y. Gequilan, LPT

Introduction

The Circulatory (cardiovascular) system is an organ system including the “heart”

(cardi) and “little vessels” (vascul) that carries the blood in a “little circle” that
both begins and ends with the heart. Along the way, the blood passes by the
main tissues. In so doing, the blood delivers hormones, glucose, and various
other nutrients to the main body tissues and as it leaves; the blood picks up
number of waste products form the main body tissues.

Rationale
The blood circulatory (cardiovascular) system and briefly mentioned the role of
certain plasma proteins in helping to protect the body from foreign invaders. The
most appropriate term to describe this protection is immunity. “a condition of” (-ity)
(immun) “not serving”. Thus, when a living does not serve or buckle under to the
onslaught of a particular foreign invader or disease. Such immunity is accomplished
by the operation of a strong body defense.
Intended Learning Outcomes

A. Identify the parts/organs of circulatory, respiratory, skeletal, reproductive

nervous and excretory system.
B. Explain the different function and uses of organs involve in different types of
systems.
C. Discuss the importance of the different systems of our body.

Activity

Essay:

1. What will happen if we will let our brain controls our heart (Mind over
Affection)? Thus, what will happen if we will let our heart control our
brain (Affection over mind)? Justify.

Discussion
*Important reminder: Please provide extra sheet for this activity and attach it together with your
assessment sheet.
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The arteries are large- diameter vessels that always carry blood away from the heart.
Thus, the arteries immediately receive the blood being pumped form the ventricles – the
“little belly” like lower chambers on either side of the heart. Specifically, the right
ventricle (abbreviated as RV) pumps blood out into the common pulmonary. Artery
(abbreviated as CPA), which in turn sends blood out towards both lungs. And the left
ventricle (abbreviated as LV) pumps out blood into the aortic arch. The aortic arch
sends the blood form LV out towards the tissues of the major body systems.

As the major arteries (such as the common pulmonary artery and aortic arch) travel
farther from the heart, they branch into smaller arteries and these smaller arteries, in
turn, branch into even smaller arterioles or “little arteries”. As the arterioles approach
the cells of the body tissues, they branch into smallest blood vessels of all, the
capillaries. Each capillary is very narrow (much liked a hair strand). This characteristic
is reflected in the translation of capillary, which “pertains to a hair”. Several of the
largest veins return blood back to atria the small “entrance rooms” or chambers located
at the top of the heart. Among the biggest set of veins are the superior and inferior vena
or upper and lower cave viens. The superior vena cava (SCV) drains blood down into
the right atrium (RA) form the area above the heart, while the inferior vena cava (ICV)
returns blood up into the right atrium from the entire region below the heart. The four
pulmonary veins as their name suggests, return blood from the lungs and empty it into
left atrium.

THE SYSTEMATIC AND PULMONARY CIRCULATIONS

The pulmonary circulation is a short loop from the heart to the lungs and back again. The pulmonary
artery is a big artery that comes from the heart. It splits into two main branches, and brings blood from
the heart to the lungs. At the lungs, the blood picks up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide. The blood
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then returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins.

The systemic circulation carries blood from the heart to all the other parts of the body
and back again. Next, blood that returns to the heart has picked up lots of oxygen from
the lungs. So it can now go out to the body. The aorta is a big artery that leaves the heart
carrying this oxygenated blood. Branches off of the aorta send blood to the muscles of
the heart itself, as well as all other parts of the body. Like a tree, the branches get
smaller and smaller as they get farther from the aorta. At each body part, a network of
tiny blood vessels called capillaries connects the very small artery branches to very
small veins. The capillaries have very thin walls, and through them, nutrients and
oxygen are delivered to the cells. Waste products are brought into the capillaries.
Capillaries then lead into small veins. Small veins lead to larger and larger veins as the
blood approaches the heart. Valves in the veins keep blood flowing in the correct
direction. Two large veins that lead into the heart are the superior vena cava and inferior
vena cava. (The terms superior and inferior don't mean that one vein is better than the
other, but that they're located above and below the heart.) Once the blood is back in the
heart, it needs to re-enter the pulmonary circulation and go back to the lungs to drop off
the carbon dioxide and pick up more oxygen.

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COMPARISON TO CIRCULATIONS AND OTHER VERTEBRATES

Fishes
The hearts of fishes show little modification from the basic plan, except
that lungfish hearts tend to become subdivided. In them, the oxygenated blood carried
by the pulmonary vein does not enter the sinus venosus along with the deoxygenated
blood from the body. Instead, the oxygenated blood remains separate and enters the left
side of the atrium. The atrium is partially divided into two auricles, and the ventricle
also has a partial septum. Lungfishes show further signs of circulatory developments in
their venous system. As in land vertebrates, there is a median posterior vena cava, and
the posterior cardinal veins are reduced.
The arterial system of fishes is also altered from the basic plan. First there are the
afferent (leading to) and efferent (leading from) parts of the gill (branchial) blood
vessels. Each pair of blood vessels looping up between a pair of gills is called an arterial
arch. During the development of embryos, the arterial arches become interrupted by
capillaries in the gills. Thus, each arch consists of a ventral afferent section that brings
blood to the gills from the heart and a dorsal efferent section that collects blood from the
gill capillaries and carries it to the dorsal aorta. The whole circulatory system is a one-
way arrangement, with the heart pumping only deoxygenated blood from the body
forward to the gills to be oxygenated and redistributed to the body.
Although six gill slits appear in embryos, few adult fishes retain all six. The first and
most anterior gill slit in the series becomes the spiracle, and the first branchial arch is
much modified; parts of it disappear altogether. The second branchial arch is variable in
its presence in different fishes. In general, therefore, adult fishes often have only four of
the six original arterial arches found in embryos. The external carotid arteries also show
modifications. Instead of arising from the anterior part of the ventral aorta, they become
connected with the efferent portion of the second branchial arch. This change ensures
that, despite modifications to the most anterior of the arterial arches, blood just
oxygenated in the gills will reach the head.
It may be that the prevalence of poorly oxygenated water in certain habitats explains the
evolution of lungs and, hence, of land vertebrates. Fishes also have evolved accessory
structures for obtaining oxygen from the air. These are often modified gill chambers,
with dense capillary networks. Even the intestine may be involved, as in the
loach Haplosternum.
Except for sharks and their relatives (elasmobranchs), most fishes have a swim bladder,
the structure from which lungs may have evolved. Although its prime function in fishes
is to control buoyancy, the swim bladder may also act as an oxygen reserve, for the gas
in it often contains a high concentration of oxygen derived from the blood’s own supply.
Blood to the swim bladder usually comes from the dorsal aorta. The conus is large and is
divided by a complex system of valves arranged in a spiral pattern and called the spiral
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valve. The ventral aorta is also subdivided internally. The result is that oxygenated blood
from the left side of the ventricle is directed into the ventral division of the ventral aorta
and passes to the anterior of the arterial arches, while deoxygenated blood from the right
side of the ventricle is directed into the two most posterior arterial arches and passes
mainly to the lungs.
Four arterial arches are present even in the lungfish species most dependent on breathing
air (Lepidosiren), where gills still exist. These are arches three to six of the original
series of six present in fish embryos. Their arrangement is largely unaffected by the
presence of lungs, except that the gills may be reduced and the arteries may pass straight
through without intervening capillaries. Arches five and six, however, join together
before entering the dorsal aorta and give rise to a large pulmonary artery to the lungs.
Thus, in lungfishes, lungs and gills can be seen working side by side.
The circulatory systems of lungfishes are strikingly similar to those of amphibians, and
although lungfishes do not seem to have been amphibian ancestors, they are related to
fishes that were. It is likely that several groups of ancient fishes had lungs, partially
divided hearts, and ventral aortas, and from one of these groups arose the land
vertebrates.

Amphibians
Modern amphibians are characterized by the flexibility of their gaseous exchange
mechanisms. Amphibian skin is moistened by mucous secretions and is well supplied
with blood vessels. It is used for respiration to varying degrees. When lungs are
present, carbon dioxide may pass out of the body across the skin, but in some
salamanders there are no lungs and all respiratory exchanges occur via the skin. Even in
such animals as frogs, it seems that oxygen can be taken up at times by the skin, under
water for example. Therefore, regulation of respiration occurs within a single species,
and the relative contribution of skin and lungs varies during the life of the animal.

PEACEMAKER TISSUE
The atria contract because they are excited by cardiac peacemaker cells. These peace
maker cells are actually muscle fibers that are self-exciting. Sodium and other charged
particles are automatically let into the peacemaker cells at a certain rate or rhythm. This
happens because the proteins in the membranes of the peacemaker cells tend to shift
around, allowing ions to enter and excite the peacemaker cells or “turn themselves on”.
The main cardiac peacemaker area is called sinoatrial or SA node (NOAD). This
region is called a node because it is somewhat rounded like a “knot”.
Primary cardiac peacemaker- the sinoatrial node excites itself first.
Intercalled disc- appeared as the thick dark lines when viewed through a
compound microscope.

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SEMILINAR VALVES
Systole- “contraction or emptying”, that the blood is pumped from each of the
ventricles, and out into their major arteries.
Diastole- “relaxation and filling”, while the atria are still contracting in systole,
the ventricles below them are in a state of diastole, so that they receive blood
through the right and left atrioventricular valves.
Cardiac cycle- is one heart beat or one complete cycle of contraction plus
relaxation of all four chambers of the heart.
HEART MURMURS
Bacterial endocarditis- disease involves an inflammation of lining of the heart due
to infection with bacteria.
Turbulent- back-flow of blood which is highly disorderly and in a state of turmoil
through the distorted and ill-fitting heart valve flaps. The resulting noisy,
abnormal heart sounds are called a heart murmur.
Exercise
Submit to me a recorded video demonstrating and explaining the parts of the heart
with a limit of 5 minutes.
Reflection
The Heart is part of the involuntary muscles which muscles not under our control. It
pumps in its own to circulate the blood. The heart does not produce blood it only
pumps the blood. Heart is one of the important organ of our body because without it
the organs of our body will not function it would cause a sudden death.
Resources and Additional Resources
 Biology Demystified: A self- teaching guide
Dr. Dale Layman

Additional Resources:
 https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/heart.html#:~:text=The%20circulatory%20system%20is
%20made,waste%20products%2C%20like%20carbon%20dioxide.
 https://www.britannica.com/science/circulatory-system/The-vertebrate-circulatory-system

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Assessment

TEST 1: Multiple Choice

Instruction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. The circulatory system is literally named for its characteristic of:

a. Transporting nutrients to the body tissues
b. Carrying waste products form the body tissues
c. Traveling through the body in a straight line
d. Tracing a circle in its journey to and from the heart
2. The smallest branches of the arteries.
a. Capillaries c. Venules
b. Veins d. Arterioles
3. The __________ are the “entrance rooms at the top of the heart.
a. Atria c. Ventricles
b. Auricles d. Myocandria
4. The left-heart circulation is alternately called the ________ circulation.
a. Pulmonary c. cardiorespiratory
b. Systematic d. Cerebrovascular
5. The powerful cardiac muscle portion of the heart wall.
a. Semilunar valves c. Myocardium
b. Endocardium d. Pericardium
6. The primary peacemaker of the heart.
a. Myocardium c. Sinaotrial node
b. Left atrium d. Right A-V valve
7. Half-moon shaped flaps that control the entry of blood into the aortic
arch and common pulmonary artery.
a. Atrioventricular valves c. Semilunar valves
b. Z-lines d. Crescent muscles
8. The relaxation and filling phase of each heart chamber.
a. Diastole c. Systole
b. Fibrillation d. Bacterial endocarditis
9. Heart murmurs represent.
a. Turbulent back-flow of blood through leaky valve flaps
b. Smooth and efficient blood flow through healthy open valves
c. Extensive arteriosclerosis
d. A false appearance of atherosclerosis
10. The vessel most frequently used to take a person’s blood pressure.
a. Superior verna cava c. Common pulmonary artery
b. Brachial vein d. Brachial artery
11. Are large- diameter vessels that always carry blood away from the heart.
a. Atria c. Arterioles
b. Arteries d. capillaries
12. Appear as thick dark lines when viewed through a compound
microscope.
a. Capillaries c. Atria

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b. Intercalled disck d. ventricles
13. That the blood is pumped fromm each of the ventricles and out into
their major arteries.
a. Diastole c. Brachial vain
b. Systole d. Brachial artery
14. Have very thin walls, and through them, nutrients and oxygen are
delivered to the cells.
a. Atria c. ventricles
b. Atrium d. Capillaries
15. Pumps out blood into the aortic arch.
a. Right atrium c. Left ventricle
b. Left atrium d. Right ventricle
Test II- Enumeration

1. List at least 10 ways how to keep your heart healthy.

2. List at least 10 ways causing heart failures.