Longitudinal Load, Distribution Factor

of Helical 'Gears - - - -

T. Tobe, Professor
K. Inoue, Associate Professor
Facuhy of Engineering, Toheku University,
Sendai, Japan

This paper deals with the longitudinal load distribution and the
bending moment distribution ofa pair of helical gears with a known
total alignment error, The load distribution along the contact lines
is calculated by the finite element method based on the plate theory
including transverse shear deformation. Empirical formulas for both
longitudinal load distrrbution factor and bending moment distribu-
tion factor are proposed for practical use. The load distribution factor
in AGMA 218.01 is examined, and it is concluded that the load
distribution factor is dose to the calculated results if the value of
unity is taken as the 'transverse load distribution factor.

Introdudion
The contact lines of a pair of helical gears move diagon-
ally an the engaged tooth faces and their lengths consequently
vary with the rotation of the gears. The load distribution
along the contact lines is one of the most important factors
for gear design, and some investigators have analyzed this
problem. In a previous artide(8l, the longitudinal load distribution
Hayashi'!' and Niemann and Schmidt(2) solved numeric- factor was defined as the ratio of the maximum load intensity
ally integral equations to obtain the load distribution, to the average load on the contact lines at the worst posi-
Niemann and Richter(ll proposed an experimental formula tion. Although the definition is logical, it is difficult to foresee
of the load distribution which was obtained by the the worst position. The average load is, therefore, generally
photoelastic method. Conry and Seireg(41 developed a unknown and the load distribution factor in the previous
mathematical programming technique to estimate the load article is inconvenient Ior the practical use in gear design,
distribution and to obtain optimum profile modification. In this article, this weak point is improved by introducing
Kubo and Umezawa(SI obtained tooth bearings by means of the average load an the contact lines of the minimum length.
the finite diHerenc.e method. The authors developed a finite Formulas tor both load distribution factor and bending
element technique based on the plate theory including the moment distribution factor are proposed, A comment is also
transverse shear deformation to calculate the deflection of given on 'the transverse load distribution factor in AGMA
gear teeth, (6) then estimated the longitudinal load distribu- 2UI.01(9l.
tion factor KH,B and determined the optimum amount of arc
shaped crowning for both spur gears(1J and helical gears
Assumptions for the Calculation of the Load Distri.butions
The load distributions discussed in this article are for the
involute helical gears which are generated by the basic rack
AUTHORS: (pressure angle = 20 deg, whole depth = 2.2Sm" and the
radius of tip corner = O.375m,,) recommended in ISO
DR. TOSHJMf TOBE is Professor Emeritus of Tohoku U'.riuersi· 53-1974 as well as J[5 B 1701-1973 ..
ty. He graduated from Tohoku Imperial University in 1944. and in
Although the 'tooth of helical gears is essentially twisted,
1957 he received the degree of Dr. Eng. Subsequently he studied the
SlTength of gears under Professor G Niemann at the Technical Univer- the eHect of twist on the flexibility 'of tooth and the bending
sity at M"micil. From 196H985 he was a Professor at Tohoku Univer- moment is assumed to be negligible. The thrust component
sity. He is a member of 15M£, ISLE. a/'Id !SPI:. of transmitted load is also. assumed to be neglected. Accord-
OR. KATSUMJ INOUE is atl Associate Professor of Tohoku ing to the assumptions, the cantilever plate with the flexural
Ulliversity in the Department of Precision Engitleeritlg. He earned his
rigidity of the tooth is adopted as an adequate model. The
Imdergraduate and graduate degrees from Tohoku Utliversity, and
JPI 1977 lie received the degree of Dr. Eng. Dr. Inoue is a member plate is approximately represented by assembling 12 (in the
oflSME. direction of tooth height) x 21 max (in the direction of face

30 Gear Technology
 variations of the maximum load Pmax and the maximum
bending moment mma~. of a tooth are shown in Fig. 2. The
transmitted load is P,,/b = 600 N/mm. The direction of
total alignment error Ffj and the rotation of gear 1 are
illustrated in the figure. The abscissa indicates the position
of the contact line, that is, r I(E" + ffj) Pbt = o and 1 mean
the initiation and the end of meshing, respectively. Since a
set of contact lines whose interval is Pbl are in mesh
simultaneously, the maximum load on the contact lines and
the maximum bending moment of gear 1 vary as shown in
Fig. 3. The total length of contact lines L, the mean load Pm
and the load sharing factor ..p are also shown in the Hgure.
In the case of F{J = 0, Pm"" and MmiIX reach maximum at the
position where L is minimum. When the gears have total
alignment error, the worst meshing positions for the load
distribution are fairly close to 'the position of L = Lmin. The

.-. - -I
r··
i" " ' .
.
~
~,. ~-;,:- ~~~ -'~~~~ ".~. ~-:::

Fig. 1- Contact lines on the plane of action (m" ~ 5. b ~ 68.89, Pbl ~

15.59, fa ~ 1.44)

width} rectangular elements whose thicknesses vary linearly

in the direction of tooth height. The deflection of the plate
was calculated by FEM including both the transverse shear
deformation and the deformation at the elastic built-in edge
of the plate(6). Since the helical gear tooth does not have full
thickness near the end of tooth trace, the thickness at the cen-
troid of element is adopted to estimate the flexibility at the
part of tooth. The characteristic of a helical gear tooth is
mainly involved in the inclination of the contact lines. In the
middle plane of a tooth, the angle {3tm between the contact
line and the tooth trace is presented by the following
expression,

tan (3fm = sin [3b tan ~t cos ~J1

where at is the transverse pressure angle. The fundamental

equations'" 8) are summarized in Appendix 2.

Variations of the Load Intensity 3iI1.d the Bending

Moment With. the Rotation of Gears
An example of the contact lines in the plane of action is
illustrated in Fig. 1. The transverse base pitch Pbl is divided
into six equal parts .. The lines with the same number are a
set of contact line and the mesh advances in numerical order.
The position of each line is indicated by the distance r along
the side of the plane of action.
The load distributions of the pair of gears: mIT = 5, zl =
Fig. 2 - Variations of the maximum load on a tooth (al and the maximum
Z2 = 20, [3 = 20 deg, b] = bz = 68.89 (fiJ = 1.5), were
bending moment (bl (m"l = 5. zl = zl = 20, (3 = 20 deg, f{1 ~ 1.5,
calculated at every position of mesh shown in Fig. 1. The PII,Ibm" = N/mmz)

July I August 1985 31

 worst positions for the bending moment, on the contrary,
e are shifted and they do not coincide with the worst positions
e
..... for the load distribution. The worst positions r
of both load
z distribution and bending moment are shown in F~g.4. In the
I(
case of Fplb = 1.0 p:m/mm, t* increases linearly with the
a increase of the face width. On the contrary, t* in case of
E
Q.
fa1b = -1.0 J.!,mfmm is approximately constant. The in-
(Q)
~e/b= 0 ~m/mm crease, like a step shown in th figure, means the boundary
where the worst position shifts from the region of the single-
2000 05 1.0
tooth meshing to double-teeth meshing.

e :Toe
:e:~~~:~~~
600~~ Longitudinal Load Distribution Factor
In the previous paper,181 the longitudinal load distribution
3000 0 5 1.090 factor was defined as the ratio of the maximum load intensity
6000~--------~--------~ to the average load which was u~iformly distributed on the
E (c) contact lines at the worst position. Although the definition
E is logical, the worst position may not be Foreseen and the
average load is generally unknown.
z In order to improve this weak point, the following defini-
tion of the longitudinal load distribution factor is adopted
in this paper:

(2)

where Pma~ is the maximum load intensity and Ptel is the

reference load intensity which is represented as follows:
04
Pref = p"ILmin = (P",!cos{3/J/Lmin (3)

The load distribution factor KHi3 of the pair of gears ZJ =

%2 = 20, t3 = 20 deg is shown in Fig. 5. The direction of
total alignment error had little effect on KHd• In most cases
0.5 1.0 of F{j = 0, KH{J is not equal to unity. However, KHfJ for Fjj
r/ (£~·£eI) Pbt
= o is assumed to be unity ill this paper, since the 'error is
not very significant, From the calculated results in the figure,
Fig .. 3-Variatiom, of the maximum load intensity Pm ax (aJ. mean load Pm
and the total length of contact lines L (b), the maximum bending moment the following expression can be obtained:
M""", (el and the load sharing factor '" (d) of the pair of gears shown in Fig.
2. (4)

Nomenclafure p load intensity or tooth normal load per unit length

of the contact line (N /mm)
A dimensionless value in relation to the ratio of Lmin
to face width, see ,equation(S) and Appendix 1 Pbl = transverse base pitch (mrn)

b face width, (mm) Pn = tooth normal load in the normal plane, (N)
em load distribution factor in AGMA 218.01 P"I = tooth normal load in the transverse plane, (N)

Cmf = face load distribution factor in AGMA 218.01 z = number of teeth

Cmf transverse load distribution factor in AGMA a" normal pressure angle, (deg)
218.,01 (3 helix angle, (deg)
Ffj total alignment error, (/Lm) base helix angle, (deg)
KI#3 longitudinal load distribution factor transverse contact ratio
Kma bending moment distribution factor ffJ overlap ratio
Lmin minimum total length of lines of contact, (mm) r distance from the initiation of meshing to the posi-
normal module, (mm) tion of contact line, (mm)
mil
M bending moment at the root per unit length (N 1/1 = load sharing factor
mm/mm) Subscripts 1 and 2 represent pinion and gear, respectively,

Ju IYiAugust 198533
 --- "a O•5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.!I

Fig. 5-Longitudinal load distribution factor KHd

Fig. 4-Worst position r* of helical g iUS in relation to load intensity {al

and bending moment (b)

where ClH is estimated from the value of KHIJ for IFlil/b

1.0 p.m/mm. Introducing the dimensionless value

(5)

equation (2) is transformed as follows:

(6)
Fig. 6 - Modified load distribution factor KH/ of gears ZI = Zz = 20 wi th
KHII* for IFpl/b
1.0 p.m/mm is shown in Fig. 6. The rela-
= the effective alignment error IFailb - 1.0 j).m/mm
tion between CXH - {KH/I IFill/I> ~ 1.o..JP"tlbm" andfll is
shown in Fig, 7 and the following expression can be derived
fOfffJ ~1.0:

Promequations (4) to (7), the approximate expression of KHIJ

for the pair of gears of {3 = 20 deg is obtained. In the same
way, similar expressions for gears of {3 = 10 deg and 30 deg
are obtained. These are arranged and the empirical formula
is finally determine-d as follows:

K.1fJ = 1.00 + (.cP/EJ+8.77

I A -1.00
)
(IF~ l/blLl (8)
.,jPn,lbm.

Fig. 7 - Value of a H (aH = {KHI/1IFt! 1& _ 1.0 ..jp mIbm"J

34 Gear Technol'ogv
 II ,Ellplrlcll f01"llUla (8) IZI • lO. Z'2' • ,lO)
~~/ .. ~~·~a~·~I~.D~~ __ 4-~~2~.~0~+-~;2~.5~~
__ ~1.~5

~"'.
I
8 •
10·
~t<~..:~b~~0~.S~~1~.O~_O~.~5+-~I~.O~~O~.S~~I'~01-~O~.5~
80
120
1.81
1.58
Z.87
2.34
71~.~O
1.95
1.70
3.18
2.,60
2.41
2.07
4.24
3.45
2.57
,2.20'
4.61
3.76,
160 1.45 2.03 1.54 2.25 1.87 2.99 1.911 3.26
80 1.54 2.25 1.59 2.35 1.89 33M 1.96 3.21
IS· 120 1.36 1.84 1.40 1.92 1.64 2.48 1.70 2.62
160 1.26 1.59 1.29 1.'66 1.50 2.1S 1.55 2.21
80 1.41 1.93 1.42 1.97 1.63 2.46 1.68 2.;55
20· 120 1. 25 1.58 1.27 1.61 1.44 2.01 1.47' 2.09
160 1.16 1.31 1.17 1.40 1.32 1.74 I.lS LSI
80 1.31 1.72 1.32 1.74 1.48 2.10 1.50 2.16
25" 120 1.18 loCI 1.18 1.42 1.31 1.71 i.n 1.16
160 1.09 1.22 LID 1.23 1.21 1.48 1.23, 1..53
80 1.24 1.55 1.24 1.56 1. 36 1. 83 l.3'8 1. 88
30· 120 1.12 1.27 1.12 1.27 1.21 1.49 1.23, 1.S3
160 1.04 1.10 1.04 1.10 1.13 1.29 1.14 1.33

(2) AliMA 218 01

fig. 8 - Effect of gear ratio on the load distribution factor

~,,"~
~FI

S •
10"
80
120
'8
0.5
1.64
1.43
0 1.0
1.0
2.29
1.86
0.5
1. 91
1.64
1.5
1.0 ' D.5
2.78
2.27
2.21
1.86
2.0

3.21
2.62
1.0 0.5
2.54
2.D7
2.5

3.59
2.93
1.0

The formula is valid for gears of %1 = %2 = 20, 10 deg 160 1.32 1.64 US 1.91 1.64 2.27 1.81 2.54
80 1.42 1.64 2.25 UiO 2.06 2.91
~13 ~30 deg, 1.0 ~2.5; 80 ~P ..t/bm" ~160 N/mm2
~f.ll
ISO.
I.BS 1.85
120 1.28 1.56 1.42 1.85 1. S6 2.12 1. 71 2.38
with the restriction that the value in the first parentheses of
160 1.21 1.42 lo3Z 1.64 1.42 1.85 1.53 2.06
expression(8l is positive. The maximum error is about 5 per- 80 1.31 1.62 1.47 1.93 1.62 2.23 1. 78 2.49
cent ,except for the geiLrs 'of narrow face width. 20· 120 1.21 1.41 1.31 1.62 1.41 1.83 1.52 2.03
An 'example of the effect of gear ratio on I<H6 is shown 160 1.16 1.11 1.23 1.47 1.31 1.62 1. 39 1.18
in Fig,S. It is obtained for the gears with the 'total alignment 80 1. 24 1.48 1.36 1.12 1.48 1.9ii 1.60 2.20
I

error ,of IF.IIl!b - 0.5 and 1..0' IL/mm. The transmitted load 25" 120 1. 16 1.32 1.24 1.48 1.32 1.64 1.40 1.80
160 1. 12 1.24 LIB 1.36 1.24 l.48 1.30 1.60
is P ,,!bm" = 80 to 160 N I mm.:z The effect shown in the
80 1.19 1.39 1.29 1.58 1.3!1 1.17 1.46 1.97
figure is rather significant. It is the reason that the reference 3~" 120 1.13 , .26, 1.19 1.3,9 1.26 1.52 1.32 1.64
load of gears wi,th huger number of teeth is Ijght since the 160 1.10 1.19 1.15 1.29 1.19 1.39' 1.2' 1.48
Lmm is proportional to the transverse contact ratio Ea' The
maxim~m load intensity 1"rrw<' however. is not strongly in-
fluenced by gear ratios. For example, "mal!
of gears z] = 20
and Z2 = 100 is only about 5 percent greater than, that of emf is defined as the ratio of the peak load intensity to Ithe
gears %1 = %1 = 20. average load. Cml is related to the load sharing. but 'the
The effect ,of shaft stiffness for straddle- and overhung- defini.tion is not given. The value of unity is used because
mourned gears on the load distribution factor has already standardized procedures. to evaluate the influence of em'
been reported.(S) The load distribution can be estimated have not been established,
from the resultant error which is the sum ·of 'the initial align- The contact stress number Sc can be represented as
ment error and ,the additional alignment 'error due to shaft follows:
dellection, The formula, (81therefore. is valid for straddle-
and o,verhu:ng-mountedgears by substituting the resultant
error into Ffj. In the case of mF ( > 1.0. C~ - 1.0 and
ffj) mN -
The comparison between KH6 of the present method and FILaun. Suhsmutir\gthese values into equation. [101 the
Ithe load distribution factor emin AGMA 218.01 is shown following expression is obtained:
in Table 1. The value of AGMA 218.01 (t'he stiffness G =
1.4 x 10" M-Pa is used) are dose to the caiculated results.
especiaUy in the case of (3= 20 deg,
un
Inorder to estimate Sc on the basis of 'the maximum
'Comments ,on the Transverse load tangential load wTJW(' em should equal to WII'WI: I (Wr/Lmin)
Distribution Fade))' in AGMA 21S.m and it coincides with the definition of .1(Hfj in this paper.
In AGMA 218.01. the load distribution factor Crn is de- If c'mf is assumed here to be defined as the ratio of the
fined by the product of the transverse load distribution fac- peak load to Ithe mean load on the contact line where the
'tor Crn! and the face load distribution facto·r Crnf. peak load exists

(9) emf"" wmax/(~Wtm -' pmax/(~P,,/1), (U)

July/August 1985 35
 and it was less than ISO's KF/3' ln the case of helical gears,
the meshing position where the maximum bending moment
arises is generally different hom the worst position of load
E
u intensity as illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4. It shows that the rela-
tion between KHd and KM/3 has less physical meanings as
compared with the case of spur gears.
The following definition of KMfJ for the bending moment
distribution is adopted in this paper:

(14)

Mref is the reference bending moment due to the uniform

load P,/Lmin which is imaginarily distributed along the tip

(15)

where Jp is the length of moment ann and it is presented us-

ing tooth height 11, chordal thickness a.t the tip Stip' and the
normal load angle at the tip lin'
o 0'.5 1.0 1.'5 2.0 2.5
Ell (16)

calculated KMfJ of the pair of gears:zl = Z2 = 20, ~ = 20'

Fig. 9 - Estimated face load distribution factor em! (cd and tra nsverse load
e deg is shown in JOig.10. The following expression can be ob-
distribution factor ml (b) of gears fj ... 20 deg, P",lbmn ... 120 Imm'21
tained from the result

e ml is represented as follows: (17)

Using A in equation, (51 KMfj is transformed as follows:

where 1{1 and I denote the load sharing factor and the length of (18)
'contact line on the tooth where wmaxexists. This idea, apart
from the propriety of equation, (12) would be consistent with
the definition of e,m
which is related to the load. sharing.
Following these definitions, C~'fan..d Cmt are estimated from
the results of calculation and they are shown in Fig. 9. In
the case of s« ~ 1.0, estimated Cmf is approximately equal
to, the values of AGMA 218.01 and estimated Cmt is dose
to unity. em! in equation(]3) is, however, exactly equal to
unity only when the load distribution is uniform or the gears
are in single-tooth meshing. Consequently, in the 'case of
larger ED' estimated em' is greater than unity as shown in the
figure and. emf in equation(U} is too small in comparison
with Cmf in AGMA 218.01 because of larger emt. The
foregoing discussion, therefore. leads to the following con-
elusion: the supposed transverse load distribution factor is
not unity owing to the definition, and em,. should be taken
as unity if the formula of em in AGMA .218.01 is used to
estimate the maximum load intensity ..

8endmg Moment Distribution F.ador

In AGMA's formula, the load distribution factor for ben-
ding stress Km is equal! to the load distribution factorfor sur-
face durability Cm- In ISOs formula, no) on the contrary,the
load distribution factor for bending stress KFfj is reduced by
theexpression KFfj = KHt. The authors have reported the
bending moment distribution Factor KMfJ for spur gears(7} Fig, 10 - Bending moment distribution factor KMIJ

36, Gear fechnology

 1. 1 '5

0.'5 1.0 1.5 2.'0

[II

Fig. 12 - Value of a ,..

M (a M = IKMD llf,Bllb - LO ";P;"I/)m,,)

theory including the transverse shear deformation.

40 120 160 The longitudinal load distribution factor KHI3 caused by
the effective alignment error is obtained and an empirical for-
mula of KH(j is proposed. The load distribution factor ern in
Fig. U -Modified bending moment distribution factor KMllof gears ZI =
Zl ~. 20 with the effective alignment error IF"lib = 1.0 /Lffi/mm AGMA 218.01 is dose to the values calculated by the present
method ..A formula is also proposed for the estimation of the
maximum bending moment of gears with the alignment error.
A supposed definition of the transverse load distribution
KMtl" for IFI3I/,b= 0 ,~mjmm in approximately equal to O.S factor is examined and it leads to theconclusion tha.t the
and the value for If~l/,b = l..o ILm/mm is illustrated in Hg., transverse load distribution factor in AGMA 218.01 should
11. The relation between a M = [KMtl*IIF,Bl/b _ 1.ovP',.y'bml1, be taken as unity if the formula of load distribution factor
ande(j is shown in Fig. 12 and the following expression can C~ is used to estimate the maximum load intensity.
be derived for f:{l ~ 1.0:

(19) Relerences
1.. HAYASHI, K., Trans. J5ME, Vol. 28, 1962. pp. 1,093-1101.
Fl!'Omequations(l7) to, (19) the approximate formula of KMtl 2. NIEMANN, G .• and SCHMIDT, G .• VDl-Z, Vol. 113, 1971,
for the pair of gears of fJ = 20. deg is obtained. In 'the same pp .. 165-170.
way, similar formulas for the gears of {3 = 10 deg and 30 3. NfEMANN, G., Maschinenelemente .ll, Springer, 1965.
deg are obtained and the following formula is finally 4. CONRY. T. fl.• and SEIREG, A., Trans, ASME, Vol. 9.5, 1973.,
determined. pp, 1115-1122.
5. KUBO, A., and UMEZAWA, K., Trans. J5M£. Vol. 43, 1977,
5 05
r - (¢...,crJ+
J(-MJ=AtO•5+ rr. .- -O.5_')·.'(IF~l/b_)J.
u
'(2~.) Pl'. 2771-2783.
'JP",lb.m" 6. TOBE. T .• KATO, M., and INOUE, K., ASME Journal of
Mechalll'cal Design, Vol. 100, 1978, pp, 374-381.
7. TOBE, T., and INOUE, K., ASM..Epaper 8O-C2/DET -45, 1980.
The formula is valid for the gears or Zl= Zz = 2.0, 1.0 deg 8. INOUE, K.. and TOBE. T., Proc. Int. Symp. on Gearing &
~{3"-30 deg, 1.0 ~E/1 ~2.S; 8O~P~t I bm; ~160 N/mm2 Power Transmissions, Tokyo, Vol. 2, 1981, Pl'. 165-170.
with the restriction of (cPMEI3 + 5.05) I .,JPl1!.bmn - .0..5 > 9 .. AGMA 218.01, Dec. 1982.
O. The maximum error is about 6 percent 'except for a part 10. IS0lOIS 633611, 1983.
of light load where the err ill' exceeds 10 percent Since the 11. "Calculation of the Load Capacity of Involute Cylindrical!
bending moment distribution factor is less than the load Gears," Report No. 137, f. TSME, Vol. 72, 1969, pp. 14.&-159.
distribution factor, the effect of gear ratio shown in Fig .. 8
can also be adopted in this case as the value ofthe safe side.
It should be noted that the factor KMIJ is obtained at the Appendix.l
worst posifion of gears with the alignment error. As the posi- The rmrumum of total length of contact lines Lmin is
tion does not gene~ally coincide with the worst position in calculated by the foUowing equation:(ll)
the case of FIJ = A., the helical. factor Ch in AGMA strength
rating formula is still valid for the gears without the align- (0) if frC(t,J + frc(fJ) < I,
ment error. The helical factor calculated by the present
f re(f,,)f reef oJ ),
method has already been shown in the previous paper!8) Nh=I------
f"fJ

N"-I-frc(f,,)/f,, (~~<I)
Conclusions
(b) if frc(f .. ) + fre(f~) ? I.
The longitudinal load distribution on the contact. lines and
N./1=1- _U_-_fr_cC....;Eu;;...>..;,I_I_I-_fr_C(....;EJ;;...I_'j
the bending moment distribution along the root of helical
'fufp
gears are calculated by FEM which is based on the plate

July/August 1985 37
 the relative approach due to elastic contact.

[H] {P} = {w} (A6)

The elements of matrices [HJ and {w} are

(A.7)
lVt = "'1.J + \1.'~.1 + •.Ij'I~.1
where Wp, is the relative approach at node i and Gil is
Kronecke;'s delta. When some pairs of teeth I, U, ... are
in mesh matrices [HIL [HilL .. ' . are separately obtained. If
the load on a pair of teeth is assumed to have littleeffect on
the deflection of other pair of teeth, the matrix IHI inequa-
tion (A.6) is diagonally constructed as follows:

__= [IHd0
[H]
0
(HII J
]
(A.S)

.The equation (A.6) is solved under the following

conditions:

r;,P,=P"
(A.9)
s,
w,+ WOO =(r/oIOI +r/j202)Cos{3I, (node in conracr)

P, =0 (node not in contact)

fig. A.l- Value of Nb where s. [ttmlis the spacing at node j caused by the effec-
rive alignment error, rb is the radius of base cylinder and e
(rad) is the rotating angle of gear.

This article was contributed by the Power Transmission and Gearing Com-
mittee for presentation at the Design Engineering Technical Conference. Or-
where frc (X) denotes the fraction of X. The function Nb is tober, 1984 of TIle American Society of Mechcmical Engineers. Paper No.
shown in Fig. A 1, The dimensionless value A in equation(5) 84-DET-68.
can be calculated by using Nb
E-4 ON READ.ERREPlV CARD
(A.3)
MATERIAL SHECTION. __
In the case that the face contact ratio mF ( = E,gJ in AGMA (continued from page 46)
218.01 is greater than unity, the load sharing ratio mN is
and accuracy, and improved lubrication- rather than changes
defined by mN = F / Lmin• Therefore, A is expressed as
in material- are required to solve this problem.
follows:
COS{3h Scoring
A=-- (AA)
m, In some heavily loaded or high-speed gearing, scoring may
occur under boundary HIm conditions. This is believed to
be caused by frictional heat which reduces the lubricant pro-
Appendix .2 tection sufficiently to allow welding and tearing of the profile.
The matrix [Hk] for gear k(k = 1, 2) is defined by wk.li' Materials selection alone will not prevent scoring; proper
which is the deflection at node f on the contact line due to lubricants and design geometry are required. This difficulty
a unH normal load applied to node i. is seldom encountered in the conventional industrial gear
drive. AGMA 217.0'1, Oct. 1967, "AGMA Injormation
Sheet - Gear Scoring Design Guide for Aerospace Spur and
Helical Power Gears" provides helpful recommendations for
(AS) avoiding scoring.
(This article will be continued in the September/October 1985 issue of GEAR
)T = transposed matrix TECHNOLOGY. J

The deflection wlt.ii is calculated by FEM. When a pair of Reprinted from Modem Methods of Gear Man"fachm? 4th Edition, Published
teeth are in mesh, the distributed load {P} along the contact Nationo! Broaclland Mac/rine Division of LEar Siegler. lnc., 17500 Twenty
Three Mile Rd .• MI. Clemens. MI 48044
line is related to the sum of the deflection of the teeth and

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