CHAPTER 1

A. Background of the study

Translation is one of the language skills. Translation the process of transferring a

written text from source language (SL) to target language (TL). Translation means
transferring written messages for language to another.

In addition, translation is very important in communication between people

around the world. Translation is much needed in education, jobs, culture, and another.
Translation is important because by translation people can communicate with others from
other countries easier.

Moreover, translation is important in education when people get a scholarship to

studying aboard. Automatically they use the foreign language to communicate with the
other students from another countries. Furthermore, studying the translation in business is
very important to because when people will do business or partnership with foreigner,
they need a foreign language to communication with them. Through translation, people
can easily understand what they are saying.

However, translation is not easily to learn. There are many problems in the
process of translation such as limited vocabulary mastery, low grammar mastery,
ambiguity, and difficult in conveying the paper information from the source language to
the target language.

One of the phenomenon in translation is category shift. Category shift means

change from the formal correspondence in translation. Category shift itself is categorized
into four types that include of class shift, structure shift, unit shift, and intra-system shift.

Moreover, class shift happens when an SL item is translated by means of a TL

item belonging to different grammatical class. It is a change in word class. Examples SL:
mechanical engineering (adjective) – TL: Teknik mesin (noun). A structure shift involves
a change in grammatical structure between MH (modifier + head) into HM (head +
modifier) or between structure SL and target language TL. Examples: SL: wooden(M)
 guitar(H) - TL guitar(H) kayu (M). Unit shifts also can be from low level to higher level
or from high level to lower level. It is caused by the differences of the amount of meaning
component in different concept. Example: SL: Her head (phrase) – TL: kepalanya (word).
An intra-system shift is the change from SL “Singular” becomes a TL “Plural” or
“plural” to singular. Example: SL: the petals (plural noun) – TL: daun bunga (singular
noun).

Pre-survey

For the sentences

Based on the explanation above, the researcher would like to investigate usage
category shift in translation student of English department at IAIN Metro. The researcher
will conduct qualitative research to explores phenomena on category shift in their
 translation. Therefore, the researcher focusses on research proposal “An Analysis of
Category Shift in Translation Among English Department Students at Iain Metro”.

A. Research Questions

Considering the background that had been presented above, the researcher had
formulated the problem as follows:

1. What are the student’s difficulties in implementing category shift in translation at

IAIN Metro?
2. Why do the student’s get difficulties in implementing category shift in translation at
IAIN Metro?
3. How to overcome the student’s difficulties in implementing category shift in
translation at IAIN Metro?
B. Objectives and benefits of the research
1. Objectives of the research

This research has the objectives:

a. To analyze the student difficulties in implementing category shift in translation at

IAIN Metro.
 b. To analyze the cause of student’s difficulties in implementing category shift in
translation at IAIN Metro.
c. To investigate the solution to overcome the student’s difficulties implementing
category shift in translation at IAIN Metro.
2. Benefits of the research

This research not only useful for researcher but also to the student, lecturer, and other
researcher.

a. For the students

It is hoped that this research can be useful for the students by giving important
information to them about usage category shift in translation. With knowing the
concepts of category shift, the writer hoped the student can minimize of usage
error category shift in translation. Furthermore, through this research the students
are expected to be apply the concepts of category shift correctly in their
translation so their translation is better.

b. For the lecturers

It is hoped that this research can give positive contribution to English lecturer to
motivate their students to using category shift in translation. Furthermore, this
research will give English lecturer by knowing the factors that cause the error, the
English lecturer can find way to minimize it. Therefore, it is hoped that this
research can be helpful to the English lecturer to increase quality the student in
translation.

c. For the other researchers

It is hoped that this research can be useful for the other researcher to give
information about usage category shift in translation. Furthermore, this research
will reinforce the data and evidence about used category shift in translation.
Furthermore, this research can be motivating for the other researcher and to
continue the research with the same topic that is category shift in translation.
C. Prior research

 This research will be done by considering some prior researches. The first prior
research was done by Anik Sholekhah who did the research the title is "An Analysis of
Category-Shifts on The Comic Translation from English Into Indonesian in Visual
Translation Subject of English Department Tidar University." The objectives of her study
are to describe the occurrence of category shift on the comic translation translated by the
third semester students in Visual Translation subject of English Department Tidar
University and to describe the influences of category shift on transferring meaning from
source language into target language. The research method of her study is Qualitative
research method. The research to make by the third semester students in Visual
Translation subject of English Department Tidar University as a sample of the research.
From the finding of Anik`s research, it shows that there are four category shifts occur on
the comic translation from English into Indonesian. They are structure shift, class shift,
unit shift and intra-system-shift. The influence of category shift on the comic translation
causes complete meaning increased meaning, decreased meaning, lost meaning and
different meaning. The researcher concluded that the dominant of category shift is
structure shift and the influence of shift causes the meaning in the TL is complete
meaning.

 This research has the similarities and differences with the first prior research. The
similarities includes of similarities in the topic of research and research methods. The
topic of both these studies is use of category shift in translation. Another similarity is
research method that is qualitative research. The differences of this study are in the
objective of research and the sample of research. The objectives of this study are to
analyze the student difficulties in implementing category shift, analyze the cause of
student`s difficulties in implementing category shift, and to investigate the solution
overcome the student difficulties implementing category shift in translation at IAIN
Metro. The objectives of the first prior research are to describe the occurrence of category
shift on the comic translation translated by the third semester students in Visual
Translation subject of English Department Tidar University and to describe the influences
of category shift on transferring meaning from source language into target language. The
different sample of this research by the Student’s at IAIN Metro, as for sample of the prior
research by the third semester students in Visual Translation subject of English
 Department Tidar University.

The second prior research was done by Aswarini Sentana the title of her study is
Category Shifts Occurrence in the Indonesian Translation of Little Women. The purposes
of her study are to find out what types of category shifts found in the Indonesian
translation of Little Women and to find out the dominant category shift found in the
translation. The research method of her study a combination of qualitative and quantitative
research method. Research sample consisted of Novel Little Women written by Louisa
May Alcott.

 This study has a similarities and differences with the second prior research. The
similarities which includes similarities topic of research. The subject of both these studies
is use of category shift in translation. The differences of this study with Aswarini`s
research they differ because of method of research, the objective of research, and. the
sample of research. The method of this study is Qualitative research method. The method
of Aswarini`s study is combination of qualitative and quantitative research method. The
objectives of this study are to analyze the student difficulties in implementing category
shift, analyze the cause of student`s difficulties in implementing category shift, and to
investigate the solution overcome the student difficulties implementing category shift in
 translation at IAIN Metro. The purposes of Aswarini`s study is to find out what types of
category shifts found in the Indonesian translation of Little Women and to find out the
dominant category shift found in the translation. The different sample of this research by
the Student’s at IAIN Metro, as for sample of the prior research by using Novel Little
Women written by Louisa May Alcott. From finding of Aswarini`s research shows that all
types of category shifts which are structure shift, class shift, unit shift and-system shifts,
found in the translation. It also shows that the dominant category shift found in the
translation is structure shift.
 The third prior research was done by Herman and the title of his study is
Category Shifts in the English Translation of Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone
Movie Subtitle into Indonesia (An Applied Linguistics Study). The objectives of his study
are to find out the kinds of category shifts and the dominant category shift found in the
movie of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's stone into Indonesia subtitle. The research
method of his study a combination of qualitative and quantitative research method.
Research sample consisted of taken from the movie subtitle of Harry Potter from English
into Indonesia by Togap.

This study has a similarities and differences with the third prior research. The
similarities which includes similarities topic of research. The subject of both these studies
is use of category shift in translation. The differences of this study with Herman`s research
they differ because of method of research, the objective of research, and. the sample of
research. The method of this study is Qualitative research method. The method of his
study is combination of qualitative and quantitative research method. The objectives of
this study are to analyze the student difficulties in implementing category shift, analyze
the cause of student`s difficulties in implementing category shift, and to investigate the
solution overcome the student difficulties implementing category shift in translation at
 IAIN Metro. The objectives of Herman`s research is to find out the kinds of category
shifts and the dominant category shift found in the movie of Harry Potter and the
Philosopher`s stone into Indonesia subtitle. The different sample of this research by the
Student’s at IAIN Metro, as for sample of the prior research by the movie subtitle of Harry
Potter from English into Indonesia by Togap. Finally, from findings of Herman`s research
it shows, all kinds of category shifts found in the subtitle from English into Indonesia, and
the dominant category shift found in movie subtitle is unit shift.