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Energy Transfer (Heat, Work and Mass)

The document discusses different forms of energy transfer including heat, work, and energy transfer by mass. It defines heat as energy transferred due to a temperature difference, and work as energy transferred through a force acting over a distance. Heat and work are energy interactions between a system and its surroundings. Energy can also be transferred by mass flow into and out of a control volume.

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ISRAEL HAILU
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106 views25 pages

Energy Transfer (Heat, Work and Mass)

The document discusses different forms of energy transfer including heat, work, and energy transfer by mass. It defines heat as energy transferred due to a temperature difference, and work as energy transferred through a force acting over a distance. Heat and work are energy interactions between a system and its surroundings. Energy can also be transferred by mass flow into and out of a control volume.

Uploaded by

ISRAEL HAILU
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter III

Energy Transfer
(Heat, work and mass)
3.1 Forms of Energy
• Energy can be viewed as the ability to cause
change.
• Energy can exist in numerous forms: such as
thermal, mechanical, kinetic, potential, electric,
magnetic, chemical, and nuclear, and their sum
constitutes the total energy E of a system.
• The various forms of energy that make up the total
energy of a system are classified in two groups:
▪ Macroscopic
▪ Microscopic
• Macroscopic forms of energy are those a system
possesses as a whole with respect to some outside
reference frame, such as kinetic and potential
energies.
• The energy that a system possesses as a result of
its motion relative to some reference frame is
called kinetic energy (KE).
or, on a unit mass basis,

▪ The energy that a system possesses as a result


of its elevation in a gravitational field is called
potential energy (PE) and is expressed as

or, on a unit mass basis,


• In the absence magnetic, electric, and surface
tension effects, the total energy of a system
consists of the kinetic, potential, and internal
energies and is expressed as:

• or, on a unit mass basis,


• Microscopic- related to the molecular
structure of a system and the degree of the
molecular activity, and they are independent
of outside reference frames.
• Sum of all the microscopic forms of energy is
called the internal energy of a system and is
denoted by U.
Examples
• Latent energy- related with the phase of a
system.
• Chemical energy-with the atomic bonds in a
molecule.
• Nuclear energy-with the strong bonds within the
nucleus of the atom itself.
• Sensible energy- portion of internal energy
related with kinetic energies of the molecules.
• The total energy of a system, can be contained or
stored in a system-known as static forms of
energy.
• The forms of energy not stored in a system can be
viewed as the dynamic forms of energy or as
energy interactions. They represent the energy
gained or lost by a system during a process.
• The only two forms of energy interactions
associated with a closed system are heat transfer
and work.
• Most closed systems remain stationary during a
process and thus experience no change in their
kinetic and potential energies.
• Closed systems whose velocity and elevation of
the center of gravity remain constant during a
process are frequently referred to as stationary
systems.
• The change in the total energy of a stationary
system is identical to the change in its internal
energy .
3.2 Energy Transfer by Heat & Work

• Energy can cross the boundaries of a closed system


in the form of heat and work.
Energy Transfer by Heat
• Heat is defined as the form of energy that is
transferred between two systems (or a system and
its surroundings) by virtue of a temperature
difference. Examples:

Hot baked potato gets cool down


Cold soda left in the env’t, eventually gets warm
• Temperature difference is the driving force for heat
transfer.
• The larger the temperature difference, the higher is
the rate of heat transfer.
• The direction of energy transfer is always from the
higher temperature body to the lower temperature
one.
• Energy is recognized as heat transfer only as it
crosses the system boundary.
• A process during which there is no heat transfer is
called an adiabatic process.
• There are two ways a process can be adiabatic:
• Either the system is well insulated so that only
a negligible amount of heat can pass through
the boundary, or
• Both the system and the surroundings are at
the same temperature and therefore there is no
driving force (temperature difference) for heat
transfer.

During an adiabatic process, a system


exchanges no heat with its surrounding
• Heat has energy units, kJ.
• The amount of heat transferred during the
process between two states (states 1 and 2) is
denoted by Q12, or just Q.
• Heat transfer per unit mass of a system is
denoted q and is determined from:

• Sometimes it is desirable to know the rate of


heat transfer (the amount of heat transferred
per unit time) instead of the total heat
transferred over some time interval.
• The heat transfer rate 𝑄ሶ has the unit kJ/s, which is
equivalent to kW.
• When 𝑄ሶ varies with time, the amount of heat
transfer during a process is determined by
integrating 𝑄ሶ over the time interval of the process:

• When 𝑄ሶ remains constant during a process, this


relation reduces to:

• Where ∆𝑡 =t2- t1 is the time interval during which


the process takes place.
• Heat is transferred by three mechanisms:
– conduction,
– convection,
– and radiation.
• Conduction is the transfer of energy from the
more energetic particles of a substance to the
adjacent less energetic ones as a result of
interaction between particles.
• Convection is the transfer of energy between a
solid surface and the adjacent fluid that is in
motion, and it involves the combined effects of
conduction and fluid motion.
• Radiation is the transfer of energy due to the
emission of electromagnetic waves (or photons).
Energy Transfer by Work
• Work, like heat, is an energy interaction between
a system and its surroundings.
• As mentioned earlier, energy can cross the
boundary of a closed system in the form of heat or
work.
• Therefore, if the energy crossing the boundary of
a closed system is not heat, it must be work.
• More specifically, work is the energy transfer
associated with a force acting through a distance.
–A rising piston,
–a rotating shaft,
• Work has energy units kJ.
• The work done during a process between states 1
and 2 is denoted by W12, or simply W.
• The work done per unit mass of a system is
denoted by w and is expressed as

• The work done per unit time is called power and


is denoted W.
• The unit of power is kJ/s, or kW.
• Heat and work are directional quantities, and thus
the complete description of a heat or work
interaction requires the specification of both the
magnitude and direction.
• One way of doing that is to adopt a sign
convention.
• The generally accepted formal sign convention
for heat and work interactions is as follows:
– heat transfer to a system and work done by a system
are positive;
– heat transfer from a system and work done on a system
are negative.
• Another way is to use the subscripts in and out
to indicate direction.

•
• Heat and work are energy transfer mechanisms
between a system and its surroundings, and
there are many similarities between them:
1. Both are recognized at the boundaries of a
system as they cross the boundaries. That is,
both heat and work are boundary phenomena.
2. Systems possess energy, but not heat or work.
3. Both are associated with a process, not a
state. Unlike properties, heat or work has no
meaning at a state.
4. Both are path functions (i.e., their magnitudes
depend on the path followed during a process
as well as the end states).
• Path functions have inexact differentials
designated by the symbol δ.
• Therefore, a differential amount of heat or work is
represented by δQ or δW, respectively, instead of
dQ or dW.
• Properties, however, are point functions (i.e., they
depend on the state only, and not on how a system
reaches that state), and they have exact
differentials designated by the symbol d.
• A small change in volume, for example, is
represented by dV, and the total volume change
during a process between states 1 and 2 is
• That is, the volume change during process 1–2 is
always the volume at state 2 minus the volume at
state 1, regardless of the path followed.
• The total work done during process 1–2,
however, is

• That is, the total work is obtained by following


the process path and adding the differential
amounts of work (δW) done along the way.
• The integral of δW is not W2-W1 (i.e., the work
at state 2 minus work at state 1), which is
meaningless since work is not a property and
systems do not possess work at a state.
Energy transfer by mass
• Energy can be transferred to or from a closed
system (a fixed mass) in two distinct forms:
heat and work.
• For control volumes, energy can also be
transferred by mass flow.
• When mass entering a control volume the
energy of control volume increases and when
mass leaves the energy of control volume
decreases.

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