Macmillan Law Masters

Evidence
MACMILLAN LAW MASTERS

Series Editor Marise Cremona

Business Law (2nd edn) Stephen Judge
Company Law (3rd edn) Janet Dine
Constitutional and Administrative Law (3rd edn) John Alder
Contract Law (3rd edn) Ewan McKendrick
Conveyancing (3rd edn) Priscilla Sarton
Criminal Law (2nd edn) Jonathan Herring and Marise Cremona
Employment Law (3rd edn) Deborah J. Lockton
Environmental Law and Ethics John Alder and David Wilkinson
Evidence Raymond Emson
Family Law (2nd edn) Kate Standley
Housing Law and Policy David Cowan
Intellectual Property Law Tina Hart and Linda Fazzani
Land Law (3rd edn) Kate Green
Landlord and Tenant Law (3rd edn) Margaret Wilkie and Godfrey Cole
Law of the European Union (2nd edn) Jo Shaw
Law of Succession Catherine Rendell
Law of Trusts Patrick McLoughlin and Catherine Rendell
Legal Method (3rd edn) Ian McLeod
Legal Theory Ian McLeod
Social Security Law Robert East
Torts (2nd edn) Alastair Mullis and Ken Oliphant
Evidence

Raymond Emson
LLM, Barrister

Law Series Editor: Marise Cremona

Senior Fellow, Centre for Commercial Law Studies
Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London

~
MACMillAN
©Raymond Emson 1999

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First published 1999 by

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 v

Contents

Table of Cases viii

Table of Statutes XXXV

Rules, Regulations and Codes of Practice xlii

Foreign Legislation and Rules xliii
Acknowledgements xliv

1 Introduction 1

2 Preliminaries 10
2.1 Facts in issue and the ultimate probandum 10
2.2 Proving facts in issue II
2.3 Collateral facts 18
2.4 Proof without evidence 19
2.5 Relevance, probative value and admissibility 19
2.6 The discretion to exclude admissible evidence 19
2.7 The best evidence rule 21
2.8 The tribunals of fact and law 24

3 Relevance and 'similar facts' 26

3.1 Relevance 26
3.2 Similar fact evidence in civil proceedings 36
3.3 Similar fact evidence in criminal proceedings 38
3.4 The accused's law-abiding propensity:
good-character evidence 77

4 The Criminal Evidence Act 1898 91

4.1 The compromise 92
4.2 The relationship between provisos (e) and (f) 94
4.3 Cross-examination under s.l(f)(i) 100
4.4 Cross-examination under s.l(f)(ii): the first limb 101
4.5 Cross-examination under s.l(f)(ii): the second
limb 104
4.6 Judicial control over s.1(f)(ii) cross-examination 113
4.7 Cross-examination under s.l(f)(iii): the 'cut-throat'
defence 119
4.8 Reforming the 1898 Act 122

5 The scope of the hearsay rule 126

5.1 Hearsay defined 126
5.2 Justifications for the hearsay rule 127
5.3 Statements excluded as hearsay 128
VI Contents

5.4 Out-of-court statements admissible as original

evidence 131
5.5 Performative words as original evidence 133
5.6 The problem of 'implied assertions' 134
5.7 Hearsay and mechanically generated documents 145
5.8 Circumventing the hearsay rule 147
5.9 Reforming the hearsay rule 152

6 Exceptions to the hearsay rule 154

6.1 The common-law exceptions 154
6.2 Statutory exceptions (and supplementary
provisions) in criminal proceedings 169
6.3 Directing the jury 180
6.4 An inclusionary discretion? 181

7 Admissions 183
7.1 Criminal proceedings: confessions 183
7.2 Civil proceedings: informal admissions 218

8 Hearsay in civil proceedings 219

8.1 The Civil Evidence Act 1995 219
8.2 Other statutory exceptions 221
8.3 Common-law exceptions 222

9 Silence as evidence 223

9.1 The relevance of silence as evidence 223
9.2 Silence before the trial 224
9.3 Silence during the trial 235
9.4 The relevance of the European Convention on
Human Rights 240
9.5 The right to remain silent 241

10 Evidence obtained by unlawful or unfair means 244

10.1 The general rule 244
10.2 Reasons for excluding illegally or unfairly
obtained evidence 246
10.3 Section 78(1) of PACE 250
10.4 Exceptions to the general rule 259

11 Safeguards against unreliability and error 260

ll.l Visual-identification evidence 261
11.2 Aural and olfactory identification evidence 280
11.3 Fingerprint evidence 280
11.4 DNA profile evidence 281
11.5 The accused's lies 283
11.6 The accused's silence 285
11.7 Unreliable witnesses generally 285
 Contents Vll

11.8 Evidence from computers 289

11.9 Unreliable confessions 291
11.10 Demeanour in court 292
11.11 Corroboration and supporting evidence 292

12 Opinion evidence 296

12.1 Non-expert opinion evidence 296
12.2 Expert opinion evidence 297
12.3 Previous judgments as evidence 309
12.4 Issue estoppel 314

13 Disclosure and public interest immunity 315

13.1 Pre-trial disclosure: the general position 315
13.2 Public interest immunity 319

14 Privilege 329
14.1 The privilege against self-incrimination 329
14.2 Legal professional privilege 333
14.3 'Without prejudice' communications 340
14.4 Other confidential communications 340

15 The mechanics of proof 342

15.1 The burden and standard of proof 342
15.2 The burden of proof in criminal proceedings 345
15.3 The burden of proof in civil proceedings 359
15.4 The standard of proof 363
15.5 Presumptions 368
15.6 Proof without evidence 379

16 The trial 386

16.1 The course of the trial 386
16.2 The tribunals of fact and law 387
16.3 The competence and compellability of witnesses 387
16.4 The examination-in-chief of witnesses 394
16.5 The cross-examination of witnesses 412
16.6 The re-examination of witnesses 425
16.7 The submission of no case to answer 425
16.8 The trial judge's role 426
16.9 The jury's deliberations 428

17 Sexual experience as evidence 429

17.1 Relevance at common law 430
17.2 The Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1976 431
17.3 The Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Bill
(1999) 439

Index 440
Vlll

Table of Cases

Agassiz v. London Tramway (1872) 21 WR 199 CE 30, 37

Ahmed v. DPP [1998] RTR 90 DC 129-30
Air Canada v. Secretary of State for Trade [1983] 2 WLR 494 HL
322, 323, 324
Ajodha v. The State [1981] 3 WLR 1 PC 207
Alexander v. Rayson [1936] 1 KB 169 CA 426
Alfred Crompton Amusement Machines v. Customs & Excise
Commissioners (No.2) [1972] 2 QB 102 CA 334
Alfred Crompton Amusement Machines v. Customs & Excise
Commissioners (No.2) [1973] 3 WLR 268 HL 340
Anderson v. Whalley (1852) 3 C & K 54 FI 397
Anton Piller KG v. Manufacturing Process [1976] 2 WLR 162 CA 316
AT & T Istel v. Tully [1993] AC 45 HL 332
Attorney-General v. Hitchcock (1847) 1 Exch 91 CE 29, 414, 415
Attorney-General v. Mulholland [1963] 2 WLR 658 CA 340, 341
Attorney-General of Hong Kong v. Lee Kwong-Kut [1993] 3 WLR
329 PC 358
Attorney-General v. Radloff (1854) 10 Ex 84 CE 30, 80
Attorney-General's Reference (No.3 of 1979) (1979) 69 Cr App R
411 CA 397
Aveson v. Lord Kinnaird (1805) 6 East 188 KB 162

Baker v. Sweet [1966] Crim LR 51 DC 350, 356

Balabel v. Air India [1988] 2 WLR 1036 CA 334
Balfour v. Foreign & Commonwealth Office [1994] 2 AllER 588
CA 322
Barclays Bank v. Eustice [1995] 1 WLR 1238 CA 338-9
Barnes v. Chief Constable of Durham [1997] 2 Cr App R 505 DC 272
Barrow v. R [1998] 2 WLR 957 PC 86
Bater v. Bater [1951] P 36 CA 367
Batley v. DPP (1998) The Times 5.3.98 DC 200
Beckford v. R (1993) 97 Cr App R 409 PC 267,268-9
Beresford v. Justices of St Albans (1905) 22 TLR 1 DC 371
Berger v. Raymond Sun [1984] I WLR 625 FI 37
Bessela v. Stem (1877) 2 CPO 265 CA 225
Blunt v. Park Lane Hotel [1942] 2 KB 253 CA 329, 332
Blyth v. Blyth [1966] AC 643 HL 374
Borthwick v. Vickers [1973] Crim LR 317 DC 381
Bourns Inc v. Raychem Corporation (1979) The Times 12.5.99 CA 306
Bowman v. DPP [1991] RTR 263 DC 381-2
 Table of Cases IX

Bradford City Metropolitan Council v. K (Minors) [1990] 2 WLR

532 HC(FD) 20, 219
Bramblevale (Re) [1970] Ch 128 CA 368
Brannigan v. Davison [1996] 3 WLR 859 PC 329
Bratty v. Attorney-General for Northern Ireland [1963] AC 386
HL E~~7
Breeze v. John Stacey and Sons (1999) The Times 8.7.99 CA 338
British Steel Corporation v. Granada Television [1981] AC 1096
HL 341
Brook's Wharf & Bull Wharf v. Goodman Brothers [1937] I KB
534 CA 363
Brown v. Secretary of State for Social Security (1994) The Times
7.12.94 DC 175
Browne v. Dunn (1893) 6 R 67 HL 412
Buckingham v. Daily News [1956] 3 WLR 375 CA 14
Buckinghamshire County Council v. Moran [1989] 3 WLR 152 CA 340
Buckley v. Law Society [1984] I WLR 1101 FI 321
Bullard v. R [1957] AC 635 PC 344
Bunning v. Cross (1978) 141 CLR 54 HC(A) 249, 251
Burr v. DPP [1996] Crim LR 324 DC 291
Burmah Oil v. Bank of England [1979] 3 WLR 722 HL 321-2
Bushell's Case (1670) Vaugh 135 CCP 387
Butler v. Board of Trade [1971] Ch 680 FI 336, 338

Calcraft v. Guest [1898] 1 QB 759 CA 335, 337

Callis v. Gunn [1963] 3 WLR 931 DC 245
Campbell v. Wallsend Slipway & Engineering [1978] ICR 1015 DC
377, 378
Castle v. Cross [1984] 1 WLR 1372 DC 146
Chandrasekera v. R [1937] AC 220 PC 130
Chard v. Chard [1956] P 259 FI 371, 375
Chipchase v. Chipchase [1939] P 391 DC 376
Clift v. Long [1961] Crim LR 121 DC 381
Clough v. Tameside & Glossop Health Authority [1998] 2 All ER
971 FI 305--6
Coldman v. Hill [1919] I KB 443 CA 363
Commonwealth Shipping v. P & 0 Branch Service [1923] AC 191
HL 380
Compagnie Financiere et Commerciale du Pacifique v. Peruvian
Guano Co (1882) 11 QBD 55 CA 316
Comptroller of Customs v. Western Lectric [1966] AC 367 PC 130
Conway v. Rimmer [1968] AC 910 HL 319-20, 321, 324
Cooper v. Rowlands [1971] RTR 291 DC 377
Corke v. Corke [1958] P 93 CA 399
Coward v. Motor Insurers' Bureau [1963] 1 QB 259 CA 166
Cracknell v. Smith [1960] 1 WLR 1239 DC 236
Crescent Farm (Sidcup) Sports v. Sterling Offices [1972] 2 WLR
91 FI 338
x Table of Cases

D (a Minor) (Re) [1986] 2 FLR 189 FI 171

D (Minors) (Re) (1998) The Times 11.3.98 CA 410
D v. DPP (1998) The Times 7.8.98 DC 278
D v. NSPCC [1978] AC 171 HL 321' 322, 340, 341
Daley v. R [1993] 3 WLR 666 PC 270
Davidson v. Quirke [1923] NZLR 552 SC(NZ) 137-8, 140, 163
Davis v. United States (1895) 160 US 469 SC(USA) 348
Dawson v. Lunn [1986] RTR 234 DC 305
Dennis v. AJ White [1916] 2 KB 1 CA 380
Dillon v. R [1982] AC 484 PC 377
DPP v. A and BC Chewing Gum [1968] 1 QB 159 DC 303, 306, 307
DPP v. Ambrose [1992] RTR 285 DC 351
DPP v. Blake [1989] 1 WLR 432 DC 196, 197
DPP v. Boardman [1974] AC 421 HL 47, 50--6, 58, 60--1, 62, 71, 432
DPP v. Humphrys [1977] AC 1 HL 314
DPP v. Hynde (1997) 161 JP 671 DC 381
DPP v. Jordan [1977] AC 699 HL 303
DPP v. Kilbourne [1973] AC 729 HL 26, 41, 293
DPP v. M [1998] 2 WLR 604 DC 393
DPP v. McKeown [1997] 1 WLR 295 HL 290, 291
DPP v. Marshall [1988] 3 AllER 683 DC 258
DPP v. Morgan [1976] AC 182 HL 347
DPP v. P [1991] 2 AC 447 HL 43, 56-8, 61, 65, 71, 74
DPP v. Stonehouse [1978] AC 55 HL 427
Downie v. Coe (1997) The Times 28.11.97 CA 331
Dubai Aluminium v. AI Alawi [1999] 1 AllER 703 FI 339
Duff Development v. Government of Kelantan [1924] AC 797 HL 381
Duncan (Re) [1968] P 306 Fl 334
Duncan v. Cammell Laird [1942] AC 624 HL 319

Edmondson v. Amery (1911) The Times 28.1.11 FI 31, 80

Elliot v. Loake [1983] Crim LR 36 CA 371
English Exporters v. Eldonwall [1973] 1 Ch 415 FI 305
Enoch & Zaretzky (Re) [1910] 1 KB 327 CA 426
Ettenfield v. Ettenfield [1940] P 96 CA 373, 374
Ewer v. Ambrose (1825) 3 B & C 746 KB 406

F v. Child Support Agency (1999) The Times 9.4.99 HC(FD) 235, 374
Fearon v. DPP (1995) 159 JP 649 DC 113
Fennell v. Jerome Property (1986) The Times 26.11.86 FI 405
Ferguson v. R [1979] 1 WLR 94 PC 365
Filiatra Legacy (The) [1991] 2 Lloyd's Rep 337 CA 405,406
Flanagan v. Fahy [1918] 2 IR 361 CA(I) 402
Fox v. General Medical Council [1960] 1 WLR 1017 PC 401
Francisco v. Diedrick (1998) The Times 3.4.98 FI 236, 368
Freemantle v. R [1994] 1 WLR 1437 PC 226, 267' 272
 Table of Cases XI

G v. DPP [I998] 2 WLR 609 DC 300, 393, 409

Garcin v. Amerindo Investment Advisors [199I] I WLR II40 FI 4IO
Gardner v. Gardner (1877) 2 App Cas 723 HL 378
Gaskin v. Liverpool City Council [I980] I WLR I549 CA 32I, 323
Gatland v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1968] 2 QB 279 DC 350
Gibbins v. Skinner [195I] 2 KB 379 DC 377
Gilbey v. Great Western Railway Co (I910) 102 LT 202 CA 162
Glendarroch (The) [I894] P 226 CA 36I
Gordon v. Gordon [1903] P 14I FI 374
Great Atlantic Insurance v. Home Insurance [198I] I WLR
529 CA 338
Greenough v. Eccles (I859) 5 CB(NS) 786 CCP 406
Guinness Peat Properties v. Fitzroy Robinson Partnership [1987] 1
WLR 1027 CA 336, 338
Guyll v. Bright (1986) 84 Cr App R 260 DC 350

H (Minors) (Re) [I996] AC 563 HL 367, 368, 374

H v. Schering Chemicals [I983] I WLR 143 FI 305
Halawa v. Federation Against Copyright Theft [1995] 1 Cr App R
2I DC 207
Hales v. Kerr [1908] 2 KB 601 DC 30, 3I, 38
Halford v. Brookes (I99I) The Times 3.I0.9I FI 368
Hall v. R [I971] I WLR 298 PC 225
Harris v. DPP [I952] AC 694 HL 45, 60, 67
Haw Tua Tau v. Public Prosecutor [I982] AC 136 PC 239
Haynes v. Doman (I899] 2 Ch I3 CA 306
Hennessy v. Wright (I888) 2I QBD 509 DC 324
Henry Coxon (The) (I878) 3 PD I56 FI I67
Hetherington v. Hetherington (I887) I2 PD II2 PD 373
Higham v. Ridgway (I808) 10 East 109 KB I66
Hirst v. Chief Constable of West Yorkshire (1986) 85 Cr App R
I43 DC 35I
Hobbs v. Tiniing [I929) 2 KB I CA 413, 4I4
Holcombe v. Hewson (1810) 2 Camp 39I FI 31
Hollingham v. Head (1858) 27 LJCP 241 CCP 31, 37
Hollington v. Hewthorn [1943] I KB 587 CA 309
Holloway v. MacFeeters (1956) 94 CLR 470 HC(A) I42
Homes v. Newman [1931] 2 Ch 112 FI I 55
Hornal v. Neuberger Products [I957] I QB 247 CA 366
Hoskyn v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner [I978] 2 WLR 695
HL 388, 391
Hui Chi-Ming v. R [199I] 3 WLR 495 PC 313
Hunter v. Chief Constable of the West Midlands Police [I982] AC
529 HL 309, 310, 314
Hunter v. Mann [1974] QB 767 DC 341
Hurst v. Evans [19I7] 1 KB 352 FI 38, 36I
Huth v. Huth [I9I5] 3 KB 32 CA 380
xii Table of Cases

Ikarian Reefer (The) [1993] 2 Lloyd's Rep 68 FI 308

Ingram v. Percival [1969] 1 QB 548 DC 381
lTC Film Distributors v. Video Exchange [1982] 1 Ch 431 FI 259, 335

J v. Oyston (1998) The Times 1l.l2.98 FI 314

Jaggard v. Dickinson [1981] 2 WLR ll8 DC 351
Jarvis v. DPP [1996] RTR 192 DC 382
Jayasena v. R [1970] AC 618 PC 346
Jeffrey v. Black [1977] 3 WLR 895 DC 245
John v. Humphreys [1955] 1 WLR 325 DC 351-2, 356
Jones v. DPP [1962] AC 635 HL 54, 93, 97-9, 100, 123
Jones v. G D Searle [1979] 1 WLR 101 CA 337
Jones v. Metcalfe [1967] 1 WLR 1286 DC 130, 397
Jones v. South-Eastern & Chatham Railway Co [1918] 87 LJKB
775 CA 399
Joseph Constantine Steamship Line v. Imperial Smelting [1942]
AC 154 HL 359, 362, 363
Joy v. Phillips Mills and Co [1916] 1 KB 849 CA 38

Kajala v. Noble (1982) 75 Cr App R 149 DC (2.7/5.7) 22, 146

Keane v. Mount Vernon Colliery [1933] AC 309 HL 382
Knowles v. Knowles [1962] P 161 FI 373, 374
Kuruma v. R [1955] AC 197 PC 244,245,247-8

L (a Minor) (Re) [1996] 2 WLR 395 HL 337

Lal Chand Marwari v. Mahant Ramrup Gir (1925) 42 TLR 159
~ 3M
Lam Chi-Ming v. R [1991] 2 AC 212 PC 185, 212, 247, 249
Lee Chun-Kong v. R [1998] AC 54 PC 207
Lenthall v. Mitchell [1933] SASR 231 SC(SA) 138, 163
Levison v. Patent Steam Carpet Cleaning [1978] 1 QB 69 CA 363
Leyland Cars v. Vyas [1979] 3 WLR 762 HL 321, 323, 340, 341
Lillicrap v. Na1der [1993] 1 WLR 94 CA 338
Li Shu-Ling v. R [1989] AC 270 PC 185
Lloyd v. Powell Duffryn Steam Coal Co [1914] AC 733 HL 160
Lobban v. R [1995] 2 Cr App R 573 PC 20, 185, 213, 214, 215
London Borough of Eating v. Woolworths [1995] Crim LR 58 DC 258
Lord Ashburton v. Pape [1913] 2 Ch 469 CA 336
Lowery v. R [1974] AC 85 PC 73-4, 302
Ludlow v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1971] AC 29 HL 63-4
Lui Mei-Lin v. R [1989] 2 WLR 175 PC 213, 215-16

MacDarmaid v. Attorney-General [1950] P 218 FI 371

McGreevy v. DPP [1973] 1 WLR 276 HL 365
McGregor v. Stokes [1952] VLR 347 SC(V) 137, 138, 163
McVeigh v. Beattie [1988] Fam 69 HC(FD) 235
Mahadervan v. Mahadervan [1964] P 233 DC 374
 Table of Cases xiii

Makanjuola v. Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [1992] 3

AllER 617 CA 323
Makin v. Attorney-General for New South Wales [1894] AC 57 PC
44-5,60,71,99-100
Malindi v. R [1967] AC 439 PC 102, 103, 122
Manchester Brewery v. Coombs (1901) 82 LT 347 FI 142-3
Mancini v. DPP [1942] AC 1 HL 347
Mapp v. Ohio (1961) 367 US 643 SC(USA) 249
Marks v. Beyfus (1890) 25 QBD 494 CA 322, 323, 325
Marshall v. Owners of SS Wild Rose [1910] AC 486 HL 160, 163
Matto v. Wolverhampton Crown Court [1987] RTR 337 DC 253-4
Maturin v. Attorney-General [1938] 2 All ER 214 FI 373
Mawaz Khan v. R [1967] 1 AC 454 PC 131, 184
Maxwell v. DPP [1935] AC 309 HL 94, 98, 103, 113, 114, 331
Mears v. R [1993] 1 WLR 818 PC 427
Mechanical & General Inventions v. Austin [1935] AC 346 HL 413
Miller v. Howe [1969] 1 WLR 1510 DC 150
Miller v. Minister of Pensions [1947] 2 AllER 372 FI 364, 366
Mills v. Cooper [1967] 2 QB 459 CA 314
Mills v. R [1995] 1 WLR 511 PC 165, 166
Mitchell v. R [1998] 2 WLR 839 PC 208, 387
Mood Music Publishing v. De Wolfe [1976] Ch 119 CA 37
Moore v. Ransome's Dock Committee (1898) 14 TLR 539 CA 37-8
Mullen v. Hackney LBC [1997] 1 WLR 1103 CA 383
Munroe, Brice & Co v. War Risks Association [1918] 2 KB 78 FI 360--1
Murdoch v. Taylor [1965] AC 575 HL 101, 104, 119-20, 122
Murray v. DPP [1994] 1 WLR 1 HL 239-40
Murray v. UK (1996) 22 EHRR 29 ECHR 197-8, 240--1, 388
Mutual Life Insurance Co v. Hillmon (1892) 145 US 285 SC(USA) 161
Myers v. DPP [1965] AC 1001 HL 126, 127, 139, 147, 148,
150, 152, 153, 181

Nagy v. Weston [1965] 1 AllER 78 DC 350--1

Nationwide Building Society v. Solicitors (1998) The Times 5.2.98
FI 3~
Neill v. North Antrim Magistrates' Court (1992) 97 Cr App R 121
HL 177
Nembhard v. R [1981] 1 WLR 1515 PC 165, 180
Ng Chun Pui v. Lee Chuen Tat [1988] RTR 298 PC 378
Nicholas v. Penny [1950] 2 KB 466 DC 378
Nimmo v. Alexander Cowan & Sons [1968] AC 107 HL 354, 355, 357-8
Noor Mohamed v. R [1949] AC 182 PC 28, 45, 49, 60
Norbrook Laboratories (GB) v. Health & Safety Executive (1999)
The Times 23.2.99 DC 382
Norwich Pharmacal v. Customs & Excise Commissioners [1974]
AC 133 HL 316
Nye v. Niblett [1918] 1 KB 23 DC 380
xiv Table of Cases

O'Connell v. Adams [1973] Crim LR 113 DC 412

Owen v. Edwards (1983) 77 Cr App R 191 DC 398
Owen v. Nicholl [1948] 1 AllER 707 CA 382
Owner v. Bee Hive Spinning [1914] 1 KB 105 DC 23
Overbury (Re) [1955] Ch 122 FI 373

Parkes v. R [1976] 1 WLR 1251 PC 225

Patel v. Comptroller of Customs [1966] AC 356 PC 129, 150
Paul v. DPP (1989) 90 Cr App R 173 DC 381
Peete (Re) [1952] 2 AllER 599 FI 375
Perkins v. Jeffery [1915] 2 KB 702 DC 45
Phene's Trusts (Re) (1870) 5 LR Ch App 139 CA 376
Philcox v. Carberry [1960] Crim LR 563 DC 352
Piddington v. Bennett (1940) 63 CLR 533 HC(A) 415, 424
Piers v. Piers (1849) 2 HL Cas 331 HL 374
Preston-Jones v. Preston-Jones [1951] AC 391 HL 380
Prudential Assurance v. Edmonds (1877) 2 AC 487 HL 376

Radford v. Kent County Council (1998) 162 JP 697 DC 237

Ratten v. R [1972] AC 378 PC 126, 131-2, 134, 136--7,
139, 140, 155--6, 157, 163
RCA Corp v. Pollard [1982] 2 AllER 468 F1 380
R v. A [1997] Crim LR 883 CA 239
R v. Abadom [1983] 1 WLR 126 CA 149, 304-5, 306
R v. Adams [1996] 2 Cr App R 467 CA 282
R v. Adams [1997] 1 Cr App R 369 CA 282, 288, 400
R v. Adams (No.2) [1998] 1 Cr App R 377 CA 282
R v. Agar (1989) 90 Cr App R 318 CA 326
R v. Akram [1995] Crim LR 50 CA 35, 84
R v. Ali (1991) The Times 19.2.91 CA 203-4
R v. Alladice (1988) 87 Cr App R 380 CA 196, 197, 227, 254
R v. Anastasiou [1998] Crim LR 67 CA 276
R v. Anderson [1972] 1 QB 304 CA 303
R v. Anderson [1988] QB 678 CA 53, 94, 99-100
R v. Anderson [1990] Crim LR 862 CA 83, 84
R v. Andrews [1987] AC 281 HL 156--7, 180
R v. Apicella (1985) 82 Cr App R 295 CA 255
R v. Argent [1997] 2 Cr App R 27 CA 231-3
R v. Ashford Justices ex parte Hilden [1993] 2 WLR 529 DC 173
R v. Asghar [1995] 1 Cr App R 223 CA 286
R v. Askew [1981] Crim LR 398 CA 418
R v. Austin (1912) 8 Cr App R 27 CCA 164, 165
R v. Aziz [1996] AC 41 HL 78, 81, 82, 83, 86, 185

R v. B [1997] Crim LR 220 CA 401

R v. Bailey (1961) 66 Cr App R 31 CCA 307-8
R v. Bailey [1989] Crim LR 723 CA 85
R v. Bailey (1993) 97 Cr App R 365 CA 204
 Table of Cases xv

R v. Bailey [1995] 2 Cr App R 262 CA 292

R v. Baker (1912) 7 Cr App R 252 CCA 102
R v. Baldwin (1925) 18 Cr App R 175 CCA 413
R v. Ball [1911] AC 47 HL 46, 52, 53
R v. Ball [1983] 1 WLR 801 CA 226, 370
R v. Barbery (1975) 62 Cr App R 248 CA 403
R v. Barnes [1994] Crim LR 691 CA 432
R v. Barnes [1995] 2 Cr App R 491 CA 67
R v. Barratt [1996] Crim LR 495 CA 299, 393
R v. Barrington [1981] 1 WLR 419 CA 55
R v. Barry (1991) 95 Cr App R 384 CA 188, 193, 195
R v. Barsoum [1994] Crim LR 194 CA 105
R v. Bartlett [1959] Crim LR 285 CCA 47,49
R v. Barton (1986) 85 Cr App R 5 CA 435
R v. Bashir [1969] 1 WLR 1303 FI 431
R v. Baskerville [1916] 2 KB 658 CCA 286-8,293-4
R v. Batt [1994] Crim LR 592 CA 33
R v. Bayliss (1993) 98 Cr App R 235 CA 191
R v. Beales [1991] Crim LR 118 Fl 193
R v. Beard [1998] Crim LR 585 CA 80,398,422
R v. Beattie (1989) 89 Cr App R 302 CA 402,416
R v. Beck [1982] 1 WLR 461 CA 286-9
R v. Beckett (1913) 8 Cr App R 204 CCA 297
R v. Beckles [1999] Crim LR 148 CA 229, 268
R v. Bedingfield (1879) 14 Cox CC 341 Fl 155, 156, 165
R v. Beecham [1921] 3 KB 464 CCA 102
R v. Bell [1998) Crim LR 879 CA 276
R v. Bellamy (1985) 82 Cr App R 222 CA 393
R v. Bellis [1966] 1 WLR 234 CCA 86
R v. Benjamin (1913) 8 Cr App R 146 CCA 402
R v. Bennett [1988] Crim LR 686 CA 311-12
R v. Bentley (1991) 99 Cr App R 342 CA 218, 268
R v. Bentley (1998) The Times 31.7.98 CA 427
R v. Bernadotti (1869) 11 Cox CC 316 FI 165
R v. Berrada (1989) 91 Cr App R 131 CA 81
R v. Berriman (1854) 6 Cox CC 388 FI 212
R v. Berry (1986) 83 Cr App R 7 CA 54
R v. Bills [1995] 2 Cr App R 643 CA 42
R v. Birchall [1999] Crim LR 311 CA 241
R v. Bircham [1972] Crim LR 430 CA 412
R v. Bishop [1975] QB 274 CA 106, 110, 111
R v. Black [1995] Crim LR 640 CA 67
R v. Blackburn (1992) The Times 1.12.92 CA 291
R v. Blastland [1986] AC 41 HL 35, 128-9, 132, 136, 145,
158, 160, 183-4, 215
R v. Bleakley [1993] Crim LR 203 CA 279
R v. Blenkinsop [1995] 1 Cr App R 7 CA 271
R v. Blick (1966) 50 Cr App R 280 CCA 383
xvi Table of Cases

R v. Bogie [1992] Crim LR 301 CA 432, 438

R v. Bond [1906] 2 KB 389 CCCR 43
R v. Bowden [1993] Crim LR 379 CA 267, 269
R v. Bowden [1999] 1 WLR 823 CA 233
R v. Bowers (1998) 163 JP 33 CA 230
R v. Boyes [1991] Crim LR 717 CA 42
R v. Boyle [1914] 3 KB 339 CCA 45
R v. Boyson [1991] Crim LR 274 CA 312
R v. Bracewell (1978) 68 Cr App R 44 CA 36, 73
R v. Bradley (1979) 70 Cr App R 200 CA 59, 69-70
R v. Braithwaite [1983] 1 WLR 385 CA 349
R v. Bray (1988) 88 Cr App R 354 CA 172
R v. Britton [1987] 1 WLR 539 CA 398
R v. Britzman [1983] 1 WLR 350 CA 108, 111, 118-19
R v. Brooks (1990) 92 Cr App R 36 CA 55
R v. Brown (1960) 44 Cr App R 181 CCA 111
R v. Brown (1963) 47 Cr App R 204 CCA 48-9, 52
R v. Brown (1971) 55 Cr App R 478 CA 349
R v. Brown (1987) 87 Cr App R 52 CA 327
R v. Brown (1988) 89 Cr App R 97 CA 435
R v. Brown [1991] Crim LR 368 CA 275, 277
R v. Brown [1991] Crim LR 835 CA 129, 150
R v. Brown [1995] Crim LR 716 CA 33
R v. Brown [1997] Crim LR 502 CA 68
R v. Brown [1998] 2 Cr App R 364 CA 409,413-14,438,439
R v. Browning (1991) 94 Cr App R 109 CA 271
R v. Browning (No.2) [1995] Crim LR 227 CA 302
R v. Bruce [1975] 1 WLR 1252 CA 120
R v. Bryant [1978] 1 WLR 589 CA 80
R v. Bryce (1992) 95 Cr App R 320 CA 203, 204, 216
R v. Buckley (1873) 13 Cox CC 293 FI 160, 167
R v. Buckley (1999) The Times 12.5.99 CA 280
R v. Burge [1996] 1 Cr App R 163 CA 284
R v. Burke (1858) 8 Cox CC 44 CCA(I) 415
R v. Burke (1978) 67 Cr App R 220 CA 353
R v. Burke (1985) 82 Cr App R 156 CA 116, 117
R v. Burnham [1995] Crim LR 491 CA 85
R v. Bums [1996] Crim LR 322 CA 62
R v. Burrage [1997] 2 Cr App R 88 CA 71
R v. Busby (1981) 75 Cr App R 79 CA 421
R v. Butler (1986) 84 Cr App R 12 CA 48, 55, 58, 60, 61
R v. Butterwasser [1948] 1 KB 4 CCA 88, 106, 115, 123
R v. Buzalek [1991] Crim LR 116 CA 86, 101
R v. Byron (1999) The Times 10.3.99 CA 278

R v. Caceres-Moreira [1995] Crim LR 489 CA 57-8

R v. Cadette [1995] Crim LR 229 CA 205
R v. Cain (1993) 99 Cr App R 208 CA 87
 Table of Cases xvii

R v.Caldwell (I993) 99 Cr App R 73 CA 279

R v.Callender [1998] Crim LR 337 CA I63
R v.Camelleri [1922] 2 KB I22 CCA 400
R v.Campbell [I995] I Cr App R 522 CA 292
R v.Camplin [I978] AC 705 HL 36
R v.Canale (I989) 9I Cr App R I CA 201, 210
R v.Cannan (1990) 92 Cr App R I6 CA 64
R v.Cape [I996] I Cr App R I9I CA 268
R v.Carr-Briant [1943] 1 KB 607 CCA 363
R v.Carey (1968) 52 Cr App R 305 CA 107
R v.Cargill [I9I3] 2 KB 27I CCA 43I
R v. Carnall [1995] Crim LR 944 CA 157, 180-1
R v. Carrington (1993) 99 Cr App R 376 CA 175
R v. Carter (1996) 161 JP 207 CA 29, 93, 113
R v. Cartwright (19I4) 10 Cr App R 219 CCA 272
R v. Castillo [I996] 1 Cr App R 438 CA 172
R v. Castleton (I909) 3 Cr App R 74 CCA 18
R v. Central Criminal Court ex parte Francis [I988] 3 WLR 989
HL 339
R v. Chalkley [I998] 2 Cr App R 79 CA 20, 252, 253, 254, 255, 259
R v. Challenger [I994] Crim LR 202 CA 84
R v. Champ (198I) 73 Cr App R 367 CA 349
R v. Chandler [I976] I WLR 585 CA 225-6
R v. Chan-Fook (1993) 99 Cr App R 147 CA 299
R v. Chapman [I969] 2 WLR 1004 CA 133
R v. Chard (I971) 56 Cr App R 268 CA 298
R v. Chauhan (1981) 73 Cr App R 232 CA 294
R v. Cheema [1994] I WLR I47 CA 286
R v. Chief Constable of the West Midlands Police ex parte Wiley
[I995] I AC 274 HL 323, 324
R v. Chinn (I996) I60 JP 765 CA II9
R v. Chisnell [1992] Crim LR 507 CA 397
R v. Chitson [I909] 2 KB 945 CCA 96, 98, 99
R v. Christie [19I4] AC 545 HL I85, 224, 225, 226, 392, 403
R v. Christou [1992] 3 WLR 228 CA 202, 203, 253, 256, 257
R v. Christou [1996] 2 Cr App R 360 HL 64
R v. Chung (1990) 92 Cr App R 314 CA 196
R v. Clancey [I997] Crim LR 290 CA 76
R v. Clare [1995] 2 Cr App R 333 CA 271, 303
R v. Clark [1955] 2 QB 469 CCA 111, 112
R v. Clarke (1977) 67 Cr App R 398 CA 55
R v. Clarke [1995] 2 Cr App R 425 CA 49-50, 58
R v. Cleland [I995] Crim LR 742 CA 437
R v. Cokar [1960] 2 QB 207 CCA 100
R v. Cole (I94I) 28 Cr App R 43 CCA 45, 56
R v. Cole [1990] 1 WLR 866 CA I76--7
R v. Coles [1995] I Cr App R I57 CA 300
R v. Collins (I960) 44 Cr App R I70 CCA 23
xviii Table of Cases

R Coltress (1978) 68 Cr App R 193 CA

v. 104
R Conde (1868) 10 Cox CC 547 FI
v. 162
R v.
Condron [1997] 1 WLR 827 CA 230--31, 232, 233
R Constantinou (1990) 91 Cr App R 74 CA
v. 266, 267
R v.
Conway (1990) 91 Cr App R 143 CA 278
R Cook [1959] 2 QB 340 CCA
v. 110, 111, 117
R Cook [1987] 2 WLR 775 CA
v. 149, 404
R Cooke (1986) 84 Cr App R 286 CA
v. 314
R Cooke [1995] 1 Cr App R 318 CA
v. 253, 255
R Coote (1873) LR 4 PC 599 PC
v. 332
R v.
Cottrill [1997] Crim LR 56 CA 338
R Coulman (1927) 20 Cr App R 106 CCA
v. 49, 102
R Court [1962] Crim LR 697 CCA
v. 245
R Courtnell [1990] Crim LR 115 CA
v. 268
R Cousins [1982] 2 WLR 621 CA
v. 353
R Coventry Justices ex parte Bullard (1992) 95 Cr App R 175
v.
DC 146
R v. Cowan [1995] 3 WLR 818 CA 107, 231, 237, 238, 241
R v. Cox (1884) 14 QBD 153 CCCR 338-9
R v. Cox (1986) 84 Cr App R 132 CA 436-7
R v. Cox [1991] Crim LR 276 CA 194, 207
R v. Cramp (1880) 14 Cox CC 390 FI 224, 225
R v. Crampton (1990) 92 Cr App R 369 CA 194
R v. Crawford [1997] 1 WLR 1329 CA 121
R v. Crees [1996] Crim LR 830 CA 428
R v. Cresswell (1876) 1 QBD 446 CCCR 377
R v. Cross (1990) 91 Cr App R 115 CA 413
R v. CPS ex parte J (1999) The Times 8.7.99 DC 327
R v. Cruttenden [1991] 2 WLR 921 CA 389
R v. Cummings [1948] 1 All ER 551 CCA 400
R v. Curbishley [1963] Crim LR 778 CCA 117
R v. Curgerwen (1865) LR 1 CCR 1 CCCR 353, 357
R v. Curry [1983] Crim LR 737 CA 270
R v. Curry [1988] Crim LR 527 CA 311
R v. Curry (1998) The Times 23.3.98 CA 180

R v. Daniel [1998] 2 Cr App R 373 CA 229, 231

R v. Darby [1989] Crim LR 817 CA 407
R v. Da Silva [1990] 1 WLR 31 CA 50, 61, 395--6
R v. Dat [1998] Crim LR 488 CA 407
R v. Davies [1962] 1 WLR 1111 CMAC 297
R v. Davis (1975) 62 Cr App R 194 CA 428
R v. Davis [1975] 1 WLR 345 CA 120--21
R v. Davis [1990] Crim LR 860 CA 208
R v. Davis [1998] Crim LR 659 CA 133, 233
R v. Davison-Jenkins [1997] Crim LR 816 CA 102, 118
R v. Deakin [1995] 1 Cr App R 471 CA 299, 393
R v. Deen (1993) The Times 10.1.94 CA 283
 Table of Cases xtx

R v. Deenik [1992] Crim LR 578 CA 280

R v. Delaney (1988) 88 Cr App R 338 CA 188, 189, 195, 248
R v. Denley [1970] Crim LR 583 FI 420
R v. Derby Magistrates' Court ex parte B [1995] 3 WLR 681 HL
334-5, 336-7, 416
R v. Derodra (1999) The Independent 10.6.99 CA 175
R v. Desmond [1999] Crim LR 313 CA 109
R v. Dickson [1983] 1 VR 227 SC(V) 263
R v. DPP ex parte Kebilene (1999) The Times 31.3.99 DC 359
R v. Director of Serious Fraud Office ex parte Smith [1993] AC 1
HL 241, 330
R v. Dix (1981) 74 Cr App R 306 CA 229
R v. Dodd (1981) 74 Cr App R 50 CA 385
R v. Doheny [1997] 1 Cr App R 369 CA 282, 283
R v. Donovan [1934] 2 KB 498 CCA 347
R v. Doolan [1988] Crim LR 747 CA 196
R v. Douglass (1989) 89 Cr App R 264 CA 73, 89-90
R v. Downes [1981] Crim LR 174 CA 40
R v. Downey [1995] 1 Cr App R 547 CA 65, 66-7
R v. Dragic [1996] 2 Cr App R 232 CA 177-8
R v. Duffus (1993) 158 JP 224 CA 69
R v. Dunbar [1958] 1 QB 3 CCA 349
R v. Dunford (1990) 91 Cr App R 150 CA 199
R v. Dunkley [1927] 1 KB 323 CCA 93, 109
R v. Dunn (1990) 91 Cr App R 237 CA 216
R v. Durbin [1995] 2 Cr App R 84 CA 81, 83, 85, 87
R v. Dures [1997] 2 Cr App R 247 CA 20

R v. E [1995] 1 WLR 1348 CA 401

R v. Eades [1972] Crim LR 99 FI 423
R v. Edwards (1872) 12 Cox CC 230 FI 162
R v. Edwards [1974] 3 WLR 285 CA 352-3, 354, 355
R v. Edwards [1991] 1 WLR 207 CA 76, 421
R v. Edwards (Maxine) [1996] 2 Cr App R 345 CA 76
R v. Edwards [1997] Crim LR 348 CA 203
R v. Edwards [1998] Crim LR 207 CA 33
R v. Eleftheriou [1993] Crim LR 947 CA 130, 397
R v. El-Hannachi [1998] 2 Cr App R 226 CA 241, 276
R v. Ellis [1910] 2 KB 746 CCA 101
R v. Ellis (1973) 57 Cr App R 571 CA 385
R v. Ellis [1990] Crim LR 717 CA 433
R v. Ellis [1998] Crim LR 661 CA 417
R v. Emery (1992) 14 Cr App R (S) 394 CA 301
R v. Emmerson (1990) 92 Cr App R 284 CA 192
R v. Evans [1981] Crim LR 699 CA 186
R v. Evans (1991) 156 JP 539 CA 419
R v. Everett [1988] Crim LR 826 CA 195
R v. Everett [1995] Crim LR 76 CA 427
xx Table of Cases

R v. Ewens [1967] 1 QB 322 CCA 351

R v. Exall (1866) 4 F & F 922 FI 15

R v. Falealili [1996] 3 NZLR 664 CA(NZ) 85-6

R v. Farr (1998) 163 JP 193 CA 427
R v. Fenlon (1980) 71 Cr App R 307 CA 432,436
R v. Fergus (1993) 98 Cr App R 313 CA 262, 270
R v. Ferguson (1909) 2 Cr App R 250 CCA 102
R v. Field & Others (Justices) ex parte White (1895) 64 LJMC 158
DC 383-4
R v. Finley [1993] Crim LR 50 CA 278
R v. Fitzgerald (1998) Unreported CA 233-4, 338
R v. Flack [1969]1 WLR 937 CA 45
R v. Flemming (1987) 86 Cr App R 32 CA 270
R v. Flynn [1963]1 QB 729 CCA 108, 122-3
R v. Forbes (1999) The Times 5.5.99 CA 91, 277
R v. Fowler (1987) 86 Cr App R 219 CA 70
R v. Fraser (1956) 40 Cr App R 160 CCA 407
R v. Fricker (1999) The Times 13.7.99 CA 383
R v. Friend [1997] 1 WLR 1433 CA 238
R v. Fulcher [1995] 2 Cr App R 251 CA 54, 81
R v. Fulling [1987] 2 WLR 923 CA 192, 193
R v. Funderburk [1990] 1 WLR 587 CA 413,416-17,418,424,431

R v. Galbraith [1981] 1 WLR 1039 CA 270,425

R v. Gall (1989) 90 Cr App R 64 CA 278
R v. Gallagher [1974] 1 WLR 1204 CA 236
R v. Garbett (1847) 1 Den 236 CCCR 332
R v. Garrod [1997] Crim LR 445 CA 82, 185
R v. Gayle [1999] Crim LR 502 CA 231
R v. Gent (1989) 89 Cr App R 247 CA 427-8
R v. Gerard (1948) 32 Cr App R 132 CCA 227
R v. Gibson [1887] 18 QBD 537 CCCR 130
R v. Gibson (1983) 77 Cr App R 151 CA 345
R v. Gilbert (1977) 66 Cr App R 237 CA 227
R v. Gilfoyle [1996]1 Cr App R 303 CA 157, 158, 159
R v. Gill (1963) 47 Cr App R 166 CCA 344, 347
R v. Gillard (1990) 92 Cr App R 61 CA 210
R v. Gillespie (1967) 51 Cr App R 172 CA 413
R v. Glaves [1993] Crim LR 685 CA 209
R v. Glover [1991] Crim LR 48 CA 158
R v. Gokal [1997] 2 Cr App R 266 CA 177, 179
R v. Goldenberg (1988) 88 Cr App R 285 CA 188, 194
R v. Golder [1960] 1 WLR 1169 CCA 407, 408
R v. Golizadeh [1995] Crim LR 232 CA 291
R v. Goodway (1993) 98 Cr App R 11 CA 284--5
R v. Goodwin (1993) The Times 26.11.93 CA 119
R v. Gordon (1789) 1 Leach 515 CEC 377
 Table of Cases xx1

R v. Gordon [1995] 1 Cr App R 290 CA 282

R v. Gordon [1995] 2 Cr App R 61 CA 33
R v. Governor of Brixton Prison ex parte Levin [1997] Crim LR
891 HL 146
R v. Governor ofBrixton Prison ex parte Osman (1990) 93 Cr App
R 202 DC 325
R v. Governor of Pentonville Prison ex parte Alves [1993] AC 284
HL ~8
R v. Governor of Pentonville Prison ex parte Osman (1988) 90 Cr
App R 281 DC 22
R v. Grannell (1989) 90 Cr App R 149 CA 279
R v. Grant [1996] 1 Cr App R 73 CA 33, 59
R v. Grant [1996] 2 Cr App R 272 CA 67
R v. Gray (1973) 58 Cr App R 177 CA 365
R v. Greatbanks [1959] Crim LR 450 FI 431
R v. Greer [1998] Crim LR 572 CA 172, 180
R v. Gregg (1932) 24 Cr App R 13 CCA 294
R v. Griffin (1853) 6 Cox CC 219 FI 341
R v. Griffiths [1998] Crim LR 567 CA 33
R v. Groves [1998] Crim LR 200 CA 57
R v. Gunewardene [1951] 2 KB 600 CCA 185, 422
R v. Guney [1998] 2 Cr App R 242 CA 33, 59, 71
R v. Gunning (1980) 98 Cr App R 303 CA 426
R v. Gurney [1994] Crim LR 116 CA 61

R v. H [1987] Crim LR 47 FI 205

R v. H [1994] Crim LR 205 CA 85
R v. H [1995] 2 Cr App R 437 HL 64,295
R v. Hacker [1994] 1 WLR 1659 HL 70,71
R v. Halpin [1996] Crim LR 112 CA 33
R v. Hall [1973] 1 QB 496 CA 168
R v. Hall (1994) Unreported FI 205
R v. Hallett [1986] Crim LR 462 CA 325-6
R v. Hamill [1994] 5 BNIL 51 CA(NI) 238
R v. Hamilton [1969] Crim LR 486 CA 103
R v. Hamilton (1998) The Times 25.7.98 CA 80,398-9,422
R v. Hammond (1941) 28 Cr App R 84 CCA 208
R v. Hampshire [1995] 3 WLR 260 CA 393
R v. Harden [1963] 1 QB 8 CCA 297
R v. Haringey Justices ex parte DPP [1995] QB 351 DC 426
R v. Harris [1986] Crim LR 123 CA 427
R v. Harron [1996] 2 Cr App R 457 CA 285
R v. Harry (1986) 86 Cr App R 105 CA 141, 145, 181
R v. Hart (1932) 23 Cr App R 202 CCA 160, 412
R v. Hart [1998] 8 CL 33 CA 230
R v. Harvey (1869) 11 Cox CC 546 FI 397
R v. Harvey [1988] Crim LR 241 FI 188, 193
R v. Hayes [1977] 1 WLR 234 CA 393
xxii Table of Cases

R v. Heath (1994) The Times 10.2.94 CA 85

R v. Hedges (1909) 3 Cr App R 262 CCA 401
R v. Helliwell [1995] Crim LR 79 CA 347
R v. Hepworth [1955] 2 QB 600 CCA 365
R v. Herron (1966) 50 Cr App R 132 CCA 71
R v. Hersey (1997) Unreported CA 280
R v. Hickin [1996) Crim LR 584 CA 276--7
R v. Hill [1996) Crim LR 419 CA 285
R v. Hills (1987) 86 Cr App R 26 CA 295
R v. Hinds [1979] Crim LR 111 FI 432,436
R v. Hodges (1957) 41 Cr App R 218 CCA 40
R v. Hogan [1997] Crim LR 349 CA 175-6
R v. Holloway [1980] 1 NZLR 315 FI(NZ) 59
R v. Holmes (1871) LRl CCR 334 CCCR 430, 431
R v. Holt (1996) The Times 31.10.96 CA 173
R v. Horley [1999] Crim LR 488 CA 410
R v. Horne [1990] Crim LR 188 CA 225
R v. Horseferry Road Magistrates' Court ex parte Bennett (No.2)
(1993) 99 Cr App R 123 DC 328
R v. Horwood [1970] 1 QB 133 CA 47, 52
R v. Boulden (1993) 99 Cr App R 245 CA 87
R v. Howes [1996] 2 Cr App R 490 CA 433
R v. Hoyte [1994] Crim LR 215 CA 201
R v. Hudson [1912] 2 KB 464 CCA 107, 108, 111
R v. Hulbert (1979) 69 Cr App R 243 CA 131
R v. Humphreys [1995] 4 AllER 1008 CA 301
R v. Hunt [1987] 1 AC 352 HL 349, 353-7
R v. Hunt [1992] Crim LR 582 CA 200
R v. Hutton (1988) The Times 27.10.88 CA 403

R v. Ilyas [1996] Crim LR 810 CA 169

R v. Imran [1997] Crim LR 754 CA 233
R v. Inder (1977) 67 Cr App R 143 CA 105
R v. Irish [1995] Crim LR 145 CA 76
R v. Iroegbu (1988) The Times 2.8.88 CA 427
R v. Islam [1999] 1 Cr App R 23 CA 401
R v. Ismail [1990] Crim LR 109 CA 210

R v. Jackson [1953] 1 WLR 591 CCA 236

R v. James [1996] Crim LR 650 CA 200
R v. Jarvis [1991] Crim LR 374 CA 398, 399
R v. Jelen (1989) 90 Cr App R 456 CA 199, 204, 205
R v. Jenkins (1869) LR1 CCR 187 CCCR 165
R v. Jenkins (1945) 31 Cr App R 1 CCA 105, 111
R v. Johannsen (1977) 65 Cr App R 101 CA 60
R v. Johnson [1961) 1 WLR 1478 CCA 347
R v. Johnson [1988] 1 WLR 1377 CA 324, 326--7
R v. Johnson [1995] 2 Cr App R 41 CA 41, 65
 Table of Cases xxiii

R v. Jones (1910) 3 Cr App R 67 CCA 105

R v. Jones (1923) 17 Cr App R 117 CCA 111
R v. Jones [1970] 1 WLR 16 CA 380
R v. Jones [1997] 2 Cr App R 119 CA 168
R v. Joseph [1994] Crim LR 48 CA 279

R v. K (1992) 97 Cr App R 342 CA 325

R v. Kalla [1975] Crim LR 181 CA 413
R v. Kamar (1999) The Times 14.5.99 CA 81
R v. Kau1 (1997) The Times 10.11.97 CA 428
R v. Keane (1994) 99 Cr App R 1 CA 325
R v. Kearley [1992] 2 AC 228 HL 35, 137, 138-41, 142, 145, 181
R v. Keenan [1989] 3 WLR 1193 CA 199,248
R v. Kelly (1998) 162 JP 231 CA 279
R v. Kelsey (1982) 74 Cr App R 213 CA 397
R v. Kempster [1989] 1 WLR 1125 CA 312
R v. Kennaway [1917] 1 KB 25 CCA 96,98
R v. Kennedy [1994] Crim LR 50 CA 180
R v. Khan (1986) 84 Cr App R 44 CA 389
R v. Khan [1991] Crim LR 51 CA 105
R v. Khan [1996] 3 WLR 162 HL 205, 246, 250--1, 253
R v. Kidd [1995] Crim LR 406 CA 61, 72, 313
R v. King [1967] 2 QB 338 CA 52-3
R v. King [1983] 1 WLR 411 CA 339
R v. Kirkpatrick [1998] Crim LR 63 CA 120
R v. Knott [1973] Crim LR 36 CA 71
R v. Knowlden (1981) 77 Cr App R 94 CA 286, 288, 289
R v. Knutton (1992) 97 Cr App R 115 CA 59,72
R v. Kosten [1993] Crim LR 687 CA 203
R v. Kracher [1995] Crim LR 819 CA 73
R v. Kurasch [1915] 2 KB 749 CCA 96-7
R v. Kwok Si Cheng (1976) 63 Cr App R 20 CA 397

R v. Lamb (1980) 71 Cr App R 198 CA 279

R v. Lanfear [1968] 2 QB 77 CA 307
R v. Lasseur [1991] Crim LR 53 CA 109
R v. Latif [1996] 1 WLR 104 HL 249,253
R v. Lawrence [1977] Crim LR 492 FI 436,437
R v. Lawrence [1995] Crim LR 815 CA 419-20
R v. Lawson [1998] Crim LR 883 CA 19, 164
R v. Leatham (1861) 8 Cox CC 498 DC 244
R v. Leckey [1944] 1 KB 80 CCA 332
R v. Lee [1976] 1 WLR 71 CA 103
R v. Lee [1996] Crim LR 825 CA 65, 68, 312
R v. Lee [1998] 6 CL 33 FI 238
R v. Lewes Justices ex parte Secretary of State for the Home
Department [1973] AC 388 HL 321, 322-3, 324
R v. Lewis (1982) 76 Cr App R 33 CA 17, 40, 55--6, 61, 71
xxiv Table of Cases

R v. Lillyman [1896] 2 QB 167 CCCR 400, 401

R v. Lin [1995] Crim LR 817 CA 203
R v. List (1965) 50 Cr App R 81 FI 71
R v. Littleboy [1934] 2 KB 408 CCA 227, 228
R v. Liverpool Juvenile Court ex parteR [1987] 3 WLR 224 DC
207, 208
R v. Lobell [1957] 1 QB 547 CCA 347
R v. Lockley [1995) 2 Cr App R 554 CA 126, 168, 171, 175, 177
R v. Long (1973) 57 Cr App R 871 CA 265
R v. Lovegrove [1920] 3 KB 643 CCA 40
R v. Lovelock [1997] Crim LR 821 CA 33
R v. Lovett [1973] 1 WLR 241 CA 101, 104
R v. Lucas [1981] 3 WLR 120 CA 284, 295
R v. Luffe (1807) 8 East 193 KB 380
R v. Lumley (1869) LR 1 CCR 196 CCCR 371
R v. Lunnon (1988) 88 Cr App R 71 CA 311
R v. Lunt (1986) 85 Cr App R 241 CA 40--1, 61
R v. Lupien (1969) 9 DLR (3d) 1 SC(C) 306
R v. Lydon (1986) 85 Cr App R 221 CA 151

R v. McAnoy [1996] 6 BNIL 50 CA(NI) 238

R v. McCarthy (1980) 71 Cr App R 142 CA 403
R v. McCay [1990] 1 WLR 645 CA 138, 149, 163, 404
R v. MacDonnell (1909) 2 Cr App R 322 CCA 389
R v. McGarry [1999] 1 Cr App R 377 CA 230
R v. McGee (1979) 70 Cr App R 247 CA 112
R v. McGillivray (1992) 97 Cr App R 232 CA 171
R v. McGovern (1990) 92 Cr App R 228 CA 195, 208, 209
R v. McGranaghan [1995] 1 Cr App R 559 CA 65--6
R v. McGuire (1985) 81 Cr App R 323 CA 167
R v. Mcllkenny (1991) 93 Cr App R 287 CA 189, 217
R v. Mcinnes (1989) 90 Cr App R 99 CA 293--4
R v. Mcintosh [1992) Crim LR 651 CA 151
R v. Mackenney (1981) 76 Cr App R 271 CA 300, 423
R v. Mackie (1973) 57 Cr App R 453 CA 63
R v. McLean (1926) 19 Cr App R 104 CCA 109
R v. McLean (1967) 52 Cr App R 80 CA 130, 397
R v. McLean [1978] Crim LR 430 CA 111
R v. McLeod [1995) 1 Cr App R 591 CA 105, 116, 117
R v. McLemon [1992] NI 168 CA(NI) 229
R v. Macmath [1997] Crim LR 586 CA 276
R v. McQuiston [1998] 1 Cr App R 139 CA 410
R v. Maggs (1990) 91 Cr App R 243 CA 428
R v. Mahmood [1997] 1 Cr App R 414 CA 312
R v. Makanjuola [1995] 1 WLR 1348 CA 236, 284, 287-8, 293, 294
R v. Malashev [1998] Crim LR 587 CA 278
R v. Manchester Crown Court ex parteR (1999) The Times
15.2.99 DC 333
 Table of Cases xxv

R v. Manley (I962) I26 JP 3I6 CCA I09

R v. Mann (I972) 56 Cr App R 750 CA 227
R v. Mann [I995] Crim LR 647 CA 257
R v. Manning (I923) I7 Cr App R 85 CCA 49
R v. Manning [I968] Crim LR 675 CA 407
R v. Maqsud Ali [I966] I QB 688 CCA I46
R v. Marr (I989) 90 Cr App R I54 CA 427
R v. Marsh (I993) The Times 6.7.93 CA 426
R v. Marsh [1994] Crim LR 52 CA 102, 104
R v. Marshall [1977] Crim LR 106 FI 130, 13I
R v. Martin [1996] Crim LR 589 CA 172
R v. Martinez-Tobon [1994] I WLR 388 CA 236
R v. Masih [I986] Crim LR 395 CA 299-300
R v. Mason [1988] 1 WLR 139 CA 197, 205-6, 248, 249
R v. Matheson [1958] 1 WLR 474 CCA 307, 308
R v. Mathias (I989) The Times 24.8.89 CA 189
R v. Mattan (I998) The Independent 4.3.98 CA 7
R v. Mattey [I995] 2 Cr App R 409 CA 17I
R v. Mattison [1990] Crim LR 117 CA 311
R v. May [1912] 3 KB 572 CCA 347
R v. Meads [1996] Crim LR 519 CA 413
R v. Mendy (1976) 64 Cr App R 4 CA 420, 42I
R v. Menga [1998] Crim LR 58 CA 326
R v. Merry (1993) 99 Cr App R 326 CA 301
R v. Miah [1997] 2 Cr App R 12 CA 81
R v. Micallef (I993) The Times 26.11.93 CA 8I
R v. Middlebrook (1994) The Independent 7.3.94 CA 20
R v. Miller (I952) 36 Cr App R I69 F1 20, 58, 72, 87, I22, 213
R v. Miller [I997] 2 Cr App R I78 CA I04, I78
R v. Miller [1998] Crim LR 209 CA 201-2
R v. Millington [1995] Crim LR 824 CA 35
R v. Mills (1978) 68 Cr App R 327 CA 436
R v. Minors [1989] I WLR 441 CA 289
R v. Mitchell (1892) I7 Cox CC 503 FI 224-5
R v. Moghal (1977) 65 Cr App R 56 CA 160
R v. Molloy [I997] 2 Cr App R 283 CA 338
R v. Moore (1956) 40 Cr App R 50 CCA 311
R v. Moore [1982] 1 NZLR 242 CA(NZ) 299
R v. Morgan [1993] Crim LR 56 CA 53
R v. Morhall [1996] 1 AC 90 HL 36
R v. Morris (1959) 43 Cr App R 206 CCA III
R v. Morris [1998] Crim LR 416 CA 410
R v. Morris [1998] 1 Cr App R 386 CA 299
R v. Mortimer (1936) 25 Cr App R I50 CCA 40
R v. Moshaid [1998] Crim LR 420 CA 230
R v. Muir (1983) 79 Cr App R 153 CA 148-9
R v. Muncaster [1999] Crim LR 409 CA 288
R v. Murphy [1993] NI 57 CA(NI) 225
xxvi Table of Cases

R v. Murray [1995] RTR 239 CA 75

R v. Mustafa (1976) 65 Cr App R 26 CA 49, 55, 61
R v. Myers [1997] 3 WLR 552 HL 20, 72, 213-16

R v. Nagah (1990) 92 Cr App R 344 CA 278

R v. Nagrecha [1997] 2 Cr App R 401 CA 417, 431
R v. Napper (1995) 161 JP 16 CA 239
R v. Nathaniel [1995] 2 Cr App R 565 CA 254
R v. Naudeer [1984] 3 AllER 1036 CA 390
R v. Nazeer [1998] Crim LR 750 CA 23
R v. Neale (1977) 65 Cr App R 304 CA 72
R v. Neale [1998] Crim LR 737 CA 415
R v. Neil [1994] Crim LR 441 CA 210
R v. Nelson [1998] 2 Cr App R 399 CA 200-201, 211
R v. Newport [1998] Crim LR 581 CA 157-8
R v. Newsome (1980) 71 Cr App R 325 CA 403
R v. Newton (1912) 7 Cr App R 214 CCA 42
R v. Newton (1982) 77 Cr App R 13 CA 385
R v. Nickolson [1999] Crim LR 61 CA 229, 231
R v. Norcott [1917] 1 KB 347 CCA 401
R v. Novae (1976) 65 Cr App R 107 CA 60
R v. Nowaz [1976] 1 WLR 830 CA 23
R v. Nye (1977) 66 Cr App R 252 CA 156
R v. Nye (1982) 75 Cr App R 247 CA 84--5, 117

R v. Oakwell [1978] 1 WLR 32 CA 266, 270

R v. O'Connor (1986) 85 Cr App R 298 CA 311
R v. Okafor (1993) 99 Cr App R 97 CA 200
R v. Okai [1987] Crim LR 259 CA 401
R v. O'Leary (1988) 87 Cr App R 387 CA 20, 199, 259
R v. Oliphant [1992] Crim LR 40 CA 199, 248
R v. Oliva [1965] 1 WLR 1028 CCA 407
R v. Oliver [1944] 1 KB 68 CCA 351
R v. Osborne [1905] 1 KB 551 CCCR 400
R v. Osbourne [1973] 2 WLR 209 CA 149,404
R v. O'Shea (1993) The Times 8.6.93 CA 85
R v. Ollis [1900] 2 QB 758 CCCR 53, 58
R v. Onufrejczyk [1955] 1 QB 388 CCA 16, 54
R v. Orrell [1972] RTR 14 CA 151
R v. Oscar [1991] Crim LR 778 CA 277
R v. Osman (1881) 15 Cox CC 1 FI 165
R v. Owen (1985) 83 Cr App R 100 CA 116, 117
R v. Oyesiku (1971) 56 Cr App R 240 CA 401,402

R v. P [1998] Crim LR 663 CA 402, 409

R v. Paris (1992) 97 Cr App R 99 CA 188, 191, 192-3
R v. Pall [1992] Crim LR 126 CA 200
R v. Park (1993) 99 Cr App R 270 CA 184
 Table of Cases xxvii

R v. Parker (1924) 18 Cr App R 14 CCA 102

R v. Parker [1933] 1 KB 850 CCA 228
R v. Parker [1995] Crim LR 233 CA 204
R v. Parker [1996] Crim LR 511 CA 409
R v. Parris (1988) 89 Cr App R 68 CA 198
R v. Patel (1981) 73 Cr App R 117 CA 148
R v. Patel (1992) 97 Cr App R 294 CA 177
R v. Payne [1963] 1 WLR 637 CCA 244-5, 253, 254
R v. Pearce (1979) 69 Cr App R 365 CA 403
R v. Penny (1991) 94 Cr App R 345 CA 278, 365
R v. Perry [1909] 2 KB 697 CCA 164
R v. Perry [1984] Crim LR 680 CA 71
R v. Pestano [1981] Crim LR 397 CA 408
R v. Peters [1995] 2 Cr App R 77 CA 50
R v. Pettigrew (1980) 71 Cr App R 39 CA 146
R v. Phillips (1936) 26 Cr App R 17 CCA 420-21
R v. Pieterson [1995] 1 WLR 293 CA 280
R v. Pike (1829) 3 C & P 598 FI 165
R v. Pitt [1983] 1 QB 25 CA 341, 390, 406
R v. Platt [1981] Crim LR 332 CA 308
R v. Podola [1960] 1 QB 325 CCA 348
R v. Pook (1871) 13 Cox CC 172n Fl 160
R v. Popat [1998] 2 Cr App R 208 CA 272, 273, 274-6, 277
R v. Powell [1985] 1 WLR 1364 CA 77, 102, 116
R v. Prefas (1986) 86 Cr App R 111 CA 405-6,407
R v. Preston [1909] 1 KB 568 CCA 123

R v. Qadir [1998] Crim LR 828 CA 268

R v. Quinn [1995] 1 Cr App R 480 CA 20, 273, 279

R v. R [1995] 1 Cr App R 183 CA 334, 339

R v. Raghip (1991) The Times 6.12.91 CA 188, 195, 300
R v. Ramsden [1991] Crim LR 295 CA 269
R v. Rance (1975) 62 Cr App R 118 CA 54, 62
R v. Rankine [1986] 2 WLR 1075 CA 326
R v. Rappolt (1911) 6 Cr App R 156 CCA 105, 109
R v. Raviraj (1986) 85 Cr App R 93 CA 370
R v. Rawlings [1995] 1 WLR 178 CA 410
R v. Reader (1998) Unreported CA 230
R v. Reading (1965) 50 Cr App R 98 CCA 49
R v. Redd [1923] 1 KB 104 CCA 88, 101
R v. Redgrave (1981) 74 Cr App R 10 CA 78-9
R v. Redguard [1991] Crim LR 213 CA 436, 437
R v. Redpath (1962) 46 Cr App R 319 CCA 294
R v. Reid [1989] Crim LR 719 CA 122
R v. Rennie [1982] 1 WLR 64 CA 194-5
R v. Reynolds [1989] Crim LR 220 CA 301
R v. Rhodes [1899] 1 QB 77 CCCR 236, 388
xxviii Table of Cases

R v. Rice [1963] 1 QB 857 CCA 149-51

R v. Richards [1997] Crim LR 499 CA 33
R v. Richardson [1969] 1 QB 299 CA 103, 115, 422
R v. Richardson [1971] 2 WLR 889 CA 395
R v. Richens [1993] 4 All ER 877 CA 84
R v. Riley (1887) 18 QBD 481 CCCR 431
R v. Riley [1991] Crim LR 460 CA 433, 436, 437
R v. Rivett (1950) 34 Cr App R 87 CCA 307
R v. Robb (1991) 93 Cr App R 161 CA 280, 303, 304
R v. Roberts (1878) 14 Cox CC 101 CCCR 377
R v. Roberts (1942) 28 Cr App R 102 CCA 185, 399
R v. Roberts (1984) 80 Cr App R 89 CA 426
R v. Roberts [1997] 1 Cr App R 217 CA 204
R v. Roberts (1998) 162 JP 691 CA 395
R v. Robertson [1987] 3 WLR 327 CA 310, 311, 312
R v. Robinson (1953) 37 Cr App R 95 CCA 60
R v. Robinson (1993) 98 Cr App R 370 CA 302,423
R v. Roble [1997] Crim LR 449 CA 233
R v. Rodger [1998] I Cr App R 143 CA 301
R v. Rodley [1913] 3 KB 468 CCA 49, 58-9
R v. Rogers [1993] Crim LR 386 CA 276
R v. Rogers [1995] I Cr App R 374 CA 166
R v. Ross [1960] Crim LR 127 CCA 261
R v. Rosser (1836) 7 C & P 648 FI 383
R v. Rothwell (1993) 99 Cr App R 388 CA 130
R v. Rouse [1904] 1 KB 184 CCCR 109
R v. Rowland (1909) 3 Cr App R 277 CCA 94
R v. Rowson [1985] 3 WLR 99 CA 216
R v. Rowton (1865) Le & Ca 520 CCCR 78-9, 80, 87-9, 169
R v. Roy [1992] Crim LR 185 CA 57, 62
R v. Ruiz [1995] Crim LR 151 CA 65
R v. Rush (1896) 60 JP 777 FI 401
R v. Rutherford (1993) 98 Cr App R 191 CA 279
R v. Ryan (1964) 50 Cr App R 144 CCA 227,228
R v. Ryan [1990] Crim LR 50 CA 266, 270

R v. S [1992] Crim LR 307 CA 417, 424

R v. Said [1992] Crim LR 433 CA 437
R v. Samuel (1956) 40 Cr App R 8 CCA 78, 93, 102, 104, 108
R v. Samuel [1988] 2 WLR 920 CA 197
R v. Sanders (1991) 93 Cr App R 245 CA 307
R v. Sang [1979] 3 WLR 263 HL 19, 32, 45, 57, 61, 62, 191, 206,
212, 245-6, 247, 248, 249, 256
R v. Sat-Bhambra (1988) 88 Cr App R 55 CA 184, 188, 195, 206, 365
R v. Sawoniuk (1999) Unreported FI 14
R v. Scarrott (1977) 65 Cr App R 125 CA 55, 60, 64
R v. Schaub (1993) The Times 3.12.93 CA 409
R v. Scott (1921) 86 JP 69 FI 351, 354
 Table of Cases XXIX

R v. Seaman (1978) 67 Cr App R 234 CA 55

R v. Secretary of State for the Home Department ex parte
Sivakumaran [1988] AC 958 HL 368
R v. Seig1ey (1911) 6 Cr App R 106 CCA 120
R v. Sekhon (1986) 85 Cr App R 19 CA 401
R v. Setz-Dempsey (1993) 98 Cr App R 23 CA 171
R v. Seymour [1954] 1 WLR 678 CCA 226
R v. Shah [1994] Crim LR 125 CA 200
R v. Sharif (1999) The Times 8.6.99 CA 428
R v. Sharman [1998] 1 Cr App R 406 CA 392, 410
R v. Sharp [1988] 1 WLR 7 HL 126, 127, 135, 149, 185, 220
R v. Shephard (1991) 93 Cr App R 139 CA 146
R v. Shephard [1993] AC 380 HL 147,289-90
R v. Shepherd [1995] Crim LR 153 CA 84
R v. Shick1e (1997) Unreported CA 404
R v. Shone (1982) 76 Cr App R 72 CA 148, 149
R v. Shore (1988) 89 Cr App R 32 CA 55
R v. Showers [1996] Crim LR 739 CA 118
R v. Silcott (1991) The Times 6.12.91 CA 189
R v. Si1verlock [1894] 2 QB 766 CCCR 303
R v. Simpson (1983) 78 Cr App R 115 CA 381
R v. Skirving [1985] 2 WLR 1001 CA 303
R v. Slater [1995] 1 Cr App R 584 CA 269
R v. Slowcombe [1991] Crim LR 198 CA 326
R v. Smith (1910) 6 Cr App R 19 CCA 348
R v. Smith (1915) 11 Cr App R 229 CCA 40,46
R v. Smith (1918) 13 Cr App R 151 CCA 70
R v. Smith [1959] 2 QB 35 CMAC 209
R v. Smith [1971] Crim LR 531 CA 81
R v. Smith [1979] 1 WLR 1445 CA 299
R v. Smith (1985) 81 Cr App R 286 CA 235
R v. Smith (1986) 85 Cr App R 197 CA 425
R v. Smith [1987] VR 907 SC(V) 303
R v. Smith [1989] Crim LR 734 CA 54
R v. Smith (1992) 94 DLR (4th) 590 SC(C) 181
R v. Smith (1999) The Times 31.5.99 CA 425
R v. SMS [1992] Crim LR 310 CA 437
R v. Smurthwaite (1993) 98 Cr App R 437 CA 251, 252, 253, 255,
256, 257' 259
R v. Sokialiois [1993] Crim LR 872 CA 50, 57, 61, 62
R v. South Ribble Magistrates ex parte Cochrane [1996] 2 Cr App
R 544 DC 396
R v. Spencer [1987] AC 128 HL 286-8
R v. Spens [1992] 1 WLR 148 CA 193
R v. Spiby (1990) 91 Cr App R 186 CA 146
R v. Spurge [1961] 2 QB 205 CCA 347
R v. Squire [1990] Crim LR 341 CA 185
R v. Stanton [1994] Crim LR 834 CA 112
xxx Table of Cases

R v. Stevens [I995] Crim LR 649 CA 54

R v. Stewart (1989) 89 Cr App R 273 CA 428
R v. Stewart [I995] Crim LR 500 CA 255
R v. Stockwell (I993) 97 Cr App R 260 CA 271, 307
R v. Storey (1968) 52 Cr App R 334 CA 402-3
R v. Straffen [1952] 2 QB 9II CCA 39, 48, 52, 60, 67
R v. Stratford Justices ex parte lmbert (I999) The Times 25.2.99
DC 3I7
R v. Stronach [I988] Crim LR 48 CA I02-3
R v. Summers [I952] I AllER 1059 CCA 364-5
R v. Swaysland (1987) The Times I5.4.87 CA 364
R v. Sweet-Escott (1971) 55 Cr App R 3I6 FI 4I2, 4I9
R v. Sykes (I9I3) 8 Cr App R 233 CCA I83, I87
R v. Sykes [I997] Crim LR 752 CA 280

R v. Tanner (1977) 66 Cr App R 56 CA 112

R v. Taylor (1923) I7 Cr App R 109 CCA 39, 49
R v. Taylor (I928) 2I Cr App R 20 CCA I5
R v. Taylor (1998) I63 JP I68 CA I08
R v. Teasdale (I993) 99 Cr App R 80 CA 84
R v. Thomas [I998] Crim LR 887 CA I79
R v. Thompson (I872) LR I CCR 377 CCCR 390
R v. Thompson (1965) 50 Cr App R 9I CCA 103, 113
R v. Thompson (I976) 64 Cr App R 96 CA 406, 407
R v. Thompson [1982] I QB 647 CA 168
R v. Thompson [I995] 2 Cr App R 589 CA 73
R v. Thomson [I9I2] 3 KB I9 CCA I6I
R v. Thornton [I995] I Cr App R 578 CA 269
R v. Thornton (No.2) [1996] 2 Cr App R I08 CA 30I
R v. Thrussell (I981) [I997] Crim LR 50In CA 48, 152
R v. Timson [I993] Crim LR 58 CA 85
R v. Tompkins (1977) 67 Cr App R I8I CA 335
R v. Toner (I99I) 93 Cr App R 382 CA 299
R v. Tooke (1989) 90 Cr App R 4I7 CA 403
R v. Treacy [I944] 2 All ER 229 CCA 2I3, 4I3
R v. Trew [I996] Crim LR 44I CA 27I
R v. Tricoglus (I976) 65 Cr App R I6 CA 49, 63
R v. Tune (1944) 29 Cr App R I62 CCA 227
R v. Turnbull [I976] 3 WLR 445 CA 236, 263, 264-72, 280, 283, 425
R v. Turnbull (1984) 80 Cr App R I04 CA I56
R v. Turner [I944] KB 463 CCA 110
R v. Turner (1975) 6I Cr App R 67 CA I28, I83, I86
R v. Turner [1975] 2 WLR 56 CA 298, 30{}-30I, 302, 304, 306, 423
R v. Turner [1995] I WLR 265 CA 326
R v. Twaites (I990) 92 Cr App R 106 CA I9I
R v. Tyler (1992) 96 Cr App R 332 CA 269
R v. Tyndale [I999] Crim LR 320 CA 402
R v. Tyrer (1989) 90 Cr App R 446 CA I88, I96
 Table of Cases xxx1

R v. Underwood [1999] Crim LR 227 CA 54

R v. Valentine [1996] 2 Cr App R 213 CA 161-2,371,400,401

R v. Varley (1982) 75 Cr App R 242 CA 119, 121
R v. Verelst (1813) 3 Camp 432 FI 377-8
R v. Viola [1982] 1 WLR 1138 CA 432, 433, 436
R v. Virgo (1978) 67 Cr App R 323 CA 398
R v. Voisin [1918] 1 KB 531 CCA 213
R v. Vye [1993] 1 WLR 471 CA 81-7

R v. W [1997] Crim LR 678 CA 177

R v. Wainwright (1875) 13 Cox CC 171 FI 160, 162-3
R v. Wainwright [1998] Crim LR 665 CA 112
R v. Wait [1998] Crim LR 68 CA 277
R v. Waldman (1934) 24 Cr App R 204 CCA 101, 103
R v. Walker [1994] Crim LR 763 CA 431
R v. Walker [1996] Crim LR 742 CA 288
R v. Walker [1998] Crim LR 211 CA 193, 195
R v. Wallwork (1958) 42 Cr App R 153 CCA 392, 401
R v. Walsh (1989) 91 Cr App R 161 CA 198, 199, 207
R v. Ward [1993] 1 WLR 619 CA 188, 195, 300, 308
R v. Ward (1993) 98 Cr App R 337 CA 201
R v. Warickshall (1783) 1 Leach 263 Fl 183, 184, 211-12
R v. Warley Justices ex parte DPP [1998] Crim LR 684 DC 314
R v. Warner (1992) 96 Cr App R 324 CA 130, 141-2
R v. Waters (1997) 161 JP 249 CA 173
R v. Watts (1983) 77 Cr App R 126 CA 115-16, 118
R v. Wayte (1982) 76 Cr App R 110 CA 22, 23
R v. Weeder (1980) 71 Cr App R 228 CA 270, 272
R v. Weeks [1995] Crim LR 52 CA 196
R v. Weightman (1990) 92 Cr App R 291 CA 299
R v. Weller [1994] Crim LR 856 CA 236
R v. Welstead [1996] 1 Cr App R 59 CA 410
R v. West [1996] 2 Cr App R 374 CA 41, 65
R v. Westfall (1912) 7 Cr App R 176 CCA Ill
R v. Wharton [1998] 2 Cr App R 289 CA 65, 267
R v. Whelan [1996] Crim LR 423 CA 420
R v. White [1995] Crim LR 393 CA 299
R v. Whitehouse [1996] Crim LR 50 CA 62
R v. Whitton [1998] Crim LR 492 CA 390
R v. Wickham (1971) 55 Cr App R 199 CA 236
R v. Wickramaratne [1998] Crim LR 565 CA 365
R v. Wiggan (1999) The Times 22.3.99 CA 426
R v. Wignall [1993] Crim LR 62 CA 109, 118
R v. Wilbourne (1917) 12 Cr App R 280 CCA 401
R v. Wilkins (1975) 60 Cr App R 300 CA 69
R v. Williams (1986) 84 Cr App R 299 CA 53-4, 61
R v. Williams (1994) The Times 7.10.94 CA 269
xxxii Table of Cases

R v. Williams [1998] Crim LR 494 CA 402

R v. Willoughby (1988) 88 Cr App R 91 CA 272
R v. Wilson [1991] 2 NZLR 707 FI(NZ) 28-9, 30, 76
R v. Winfield (1939) 27 Cr App R 139 CCA 77, 88, 89
R v. Winfield [1939] 4 All ER 164 CCA 89, 101
R v. Winn-Pope [1996] Crim LR 521 CA 427
R v. Wood (1911) 7 Cr App R 56 CCA 227
R v. Wood [1920] 2 KB 179 CCA 77, 104
R v. Wood (1982) 76 Cr App R 23 CA 146
R v. Wood (1987) 85 Cr App R 287 CA 69,70
R v. Wood [1990] Crim LR 264 CA 301
R v. Wood [1994] Crim LR 222 CA 209
R v. Wood [1996] 1 Cr App R 207 CA 86, 427
R v. Wood [1998] Crim LR 213 CA 172
R v. Woodcock (1789) 1 Leach 500 FI 164, 165
R v. Woodward [1995] 1 WLR 375 CA 35
R v. Woolgar [1991] Crim LR 545 CA 390
R v. Wright (1910) 5 Cr App R 531 CCA Ill
R v. Wright (1987) 90 Cr App R 91 CA 392,401
R v. Wright (1989) 90 Cr App R 325 CA 71
R v. Y [1995] Crim LR 155 CA 402
R v. Yacoob (1981) 72 Cr App R 313 CA 388
R v. Yalman [1998] 2 Cr App R 269 CA 57, 59
R v. Yap Chuan Ching (1976) 63 Cr App R 7 CA 365
R v. Young [1995] 2 WLR 430 CA 428

R v. Z [1990] 3 WLR 113 CA 393

R v. Zoppola-Barraza [1994] Crim LR 833 CA 82-3, 83---4

Reid v. DPP (1998) The Times 6.3.98 DC 291

Reid v. R [1990] l AC 363 PC 267, 269
Reynolds v. Llanelly Associated Tinplate [1948] 1 AllER 140 CA 382
Rhesa Shipping v. Edmunds [1985] 1 WLR 948 HL 342, 366
Robertson v. French (1803) 4 East 130 FI 379
Roylance v. General Medical Council (1999) The Times 27.1.99 PC 321
Rush & Tompkins v. GLC [1988] 3 WLR 939 HL 340

S v. S [1972] AC 24 HL 373
Sambasivam v. Malaya Federation Public Prosecutor [1950] AC
458 PC 314
Sattin v. National Union Bank [1978] 122 SJ 367 CA 38
Saunders v. UK (1996) 23 EHRR 313 ECHR 330, 331, 333
Savage v. Chief Constable of Hampshire [1997] 1 WLR 1061 CA 323---4
Schenk v. Switzerland (1988) 13 EHRR 242 ECHR 246
Scott v. Baker [1969] 1 QB 659 DC 377
Scott v. London & St Katherine Docks (1865) 3 H & C 596 CEC 378
 Table of Cases xxxiii

Scott v. R [1989] AC 1242 PC 177, 180

Selby v. Chief Constable of Avon [1988] RTR 216 DC 357
Selvey v. DPP [1970] AC 304 HL 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114,
116, 117, 122
Senat v. Senat [1965] 2 All ER 505 FI 398
Sewell v. Electro1ux (1997) The Times 7.11.97 CA 308, 343
Shand v. R [1996] 1 WLR 67 PC 267, 268, 272
Sherrard v. Jacob [1965] NI 151 CA(NI) 296-7
Sophocleous v. Ringer [1988] RTR 52 DC 291
Soward v. Leggatt (1836) 7 C & P 613 CE 359--60
Sparks v. R [1964] AC 964 PC 21, 128, 181
Statue of Liberty (The) [1968] 1 WLR 739 FI 146
Stirland v. DPP [1944] AC 315 HL 93, 94, 101
Stupple v. Royal Insurance [1971] 1 QB 50 CA 309-10
Subramaniam v. Public Prosecutor [1956] 1 WLR 965 PC 127, 131,
134, 159
Sugden v. Lord St Leonards (1876) 1 PD 154 CA 160
Sussex Peerage Case (The) (1844) 11 Cl & F 85 HL 167
Swift v. Barrett (1940) 163 LT 154 DC 377

T v. T [1971] 1 WLR 429 FI 373

Tang Sui Man v. HKSAR (1997-98) 1 HKCFAR 107 CFA(HK) 86-7
Taylor (Re) [1961] 1 WLR 9 CA 375
Taylor v. Anderton [1995] 1 WLR 447 CA 324
Taylor v. Chief Constable of Cheshire [1986] 1 WLR 1479 DC 146
TC Coombs v. IRC [1991] 3 All ER 623 HL 377
Teper v. R [1952] AC 480 PC 18, 27, 135-6, 144, 155, 158
Teixeira de Castro v. Portugal (1998) Reports 1998-IV No.77 1452
ECHR 258-9
Thatcher v. Charles (1961) 104 CLR 57 HC(A) 225
Thomas v. Commissioner of Police [1997] 2 WLR 593 CA 420
Thomas v. Connell (1838) 4 M & W 267 CEC 163
Thomas v. David (1836) 7 C & P 350 FI 420
Thompson v. Manhatten Rly Co (1896) 11 ADR 182 SC(NY) 142
Thompson v. R [1918] AC 221 HL 40, 47, 52, 65
Thorpe v. Chief Constable of Greater Manchester Police [1989] 1
WLR 665 CA 37
Tickle v. Tickle [1968] 2 AllER 154 DC 162
Tingle Jacobs v. Kennedy [1964] 1 WLR 638 CA 378
Tobi v. Nicholas (1987) 86 Cr App R 323 DC 158
Toohey v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1965] AC 595 HL 421,
422,423
Tweney v. Tweney [1946] P 180 FI 374

Ventouris v. Mountain (No.2) [1992] 1 WLR 887 CA 171, 219

Vernon v. Bosley (1994) The Times 8.4.94 CA 30
Vista Maritime v. Sesa Goa [1997] CLC 1600 FI 306
xxxiv Table of Cases

Wakelin v. London & South Western Railway (1886) 12 App Cas

41 HL 342-3
Walters v. R [1969] 2 AC 26 PC 365
Walton v. R (1977) 66 Cr App R 25 PC 308
Walton v. R (1989) 166 CLR 283 HC(A) 136, 161
Warren v. Warren [1996) 4 All ER 664 CA 393-4
Waugh v. British Railways Board [1980] AC 521 HL 334, 335
Waugh v. R [1950] AC 203 PC 164
Wentworth v. Lloyd (1864) 10 HLC 589 HL 332
Western v. DPP [1997] 1 Cr App R 474 DC 183-4, 185, 230
Wetherall v. Harrison [1976] QB 773 DC 384--5
Wheeler v. Le Marchant (1881) 17 ChD 675 CA 334, 341
White v. R [1998] 3 WLR 992 PC 400
Widdowson v. Newgate Meat Corporation (1997) The Times
4.12.97 CA 378-9
Wiedemann v. Walpole [1891] 2 QB 534 CA 225
Williams (Re) [1969] Crim LR 158 DC 379
Williams v. DPP (1993) 98 Cr App R 209 DC 257-8, 259
Williams v. Home Office [1981] 1 AllER 1151 FI 322
Williams v. R [1997] 1 WLR 548 PC 279
Wong Kam-Ming v. R [1979] 2 WLR 81 PC 207-8, 212
Woodhouse v. Hall (1980) 72 Cr App R 39 DC 132, 134, 139
Woolmington v. DPP [1935] AC 462 HL 345--6, 347, 348, 350, 352,
353, 354, 355, 356, 364, 373
Woon v. R (1964) 109 CLR 529 HC(A) 226
Wright v. Tatham (1837) 7 Ad & El 313 CEC 135, 138, 139, 140,
142, 143
Wu Chun-Piu v. R [1996] 1 WLR 1113 PC 186

Y v. DPP [1991) Crim LR 917 DC 210

Young v. Rank [1950] 2 KB 510 FI 426
 XXXV

Table of Statutes

The Evidence Act 1843 388

The Summary Jurisdiction Act 1848
Section 14 350, 352-3
The Evidence Act 1851 388
The Evidence Amendment Act 1853 388
The Offences Against the Person Act 1861
Section 16 353
Sections 18 and 20 42
Section 57 353, 376
The Criminal Procedure Act 1865
Section 3 405,406,407,424
Section 4 214,416-18,421,424
Section 5 416-18,424
Section 6 418
Section 8 23,297
The Bankers' Books Evidence Act 1879
Sections 3 and 4 180, 222
Section 7 341
The Summary Jurisdiction Act 1879
Section 39(2) 350, 353
The Criminal Evidence Act 1898 91-125
Section 1(a) 388, 389
Section 1(b) 235, 237
Section 1(e) 92-100, 331
Section 1(t) 77, 92-100, 123, 331, 413, 419
Section 1(t)(i) 93, 94, 95, 96, 100, 124, 313
Section 1(t)(ii) 88, 93, 94, 95, 101-19, 122-4, 178, 238, 313, 331, 430
Section 1(t)(iii) 88, 93, 95, 119-22, 124, 313, 419
Section 1(h) 92
Section 2 386
The Official Secrets Act 1911
Section 1 216
The Perjury Act 1911
Section 13 293
The Indictments Act 1915
Section 4 63
Section 5 62-3
xxxvi Table of Statutes

The Larceny Act 1916

Section 43(1) 71
Section 43{l)(a) 70
The Prevention of Corruption Act 1916
Section 2 349
The Law of Property Act 1925
Section 184 376
The Children and Young Persons Act 1933
Section 50 372
The Evidence Act 1938
Section 3 24
The Marriage Act 1949
Section 65(3) 222
The Magistrates' Courts Act 1952
Section 81 350, 351, 352, 356
The Births and Deaths Registration Act 1953
Section 34 221
The Prevention of Crime Act 1953
Section 1(1) 348, 349
The Sexual Offences Act 1956
Section 1(2)(a) 347
Section 13 311
Section 30(2) 379
Section 33 132
Section 47 349
The Homicide Act 1957
Section 2(2) 348
Section 3 131
Section 4(2) 348
The Highways Act 1959
Section 121(1) 350-1
Section 140(1) 350-1
The Obscene Publications Act 1959
Sections 1, 2 and 4 303
The Factories Act 1961
Sections 29(1) and 155(1) 358
The Children Young Persons Act 1963
Section 16(2) 419
The Licensing Act 1964
Section 160(1)(a) 352
 Table of Statutes xxxvii

The Criminal Justice Act 1967

Section 8 372
Section 9 179
Section 10 385
The Road Safety Act 1967
Section 2(2)(b) 133
The Civil Evidence Act 1968
Section 11 309-10
Section 12 310
Section 13 310, 372
Section 14 329
The Firearms Act 1968
Sections 1(1) and 58(2) 353
The Theft Act 1968
Section 27(3) 62, 68-71, 75, 103
Section 27(3)(a) 69-70
Section 27(3)(b) 70-71
Section 31(1) 330
The Trade Descriptions Act 1968
Section 24(1) 348
Family Law Reform Act 1969
Section 23(1) 235
Section 26 373
The Law Reform(Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1970
Section 3(2) 379
The Criminal Damage Act 1971
Section 1(1) 351
Section 5(2) 351
Section 9 330
The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971
Section 5(1) 353
Section 5(2) 353
Section 5(3) 138
Section 28(2) 349
The Civil Evidence Act 1972
Section 3(1) 306
Section 3(2) 297
Section 3(3) 297, 306
The Road Traffic Act 1972
Section 9(3) 384
The Matrimonial Causes Act 1973
Section 19 376
xxxviii Table of Statutes

The Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974

Sections 4, 5 and 7 419-20
The Bail Act 1976
Section 6(1) 75
The Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1976
Section 2 412, 431-9
Section 4 432,438,439
Section 7(2) 432
The Interpretation Act 1978
Section 3 381
The Oaths Act 1978
Sections 1 to 6 394
The Highways Act 1980
Section 137(1) 351
The Limitation Act 1980
Section 33(3)(f) 337
The Magistrates' Courts Act 1980
Sections SA and 5B 179
Section 97A 179
Section 101 349-59
The Contempt of Court Act 1981
Section 8 428
Section 10 341
The Supreme Court Act 1981
Section 34 316
Section 72 330
The Criminal Justice Act 1982
Section 72 92
The County Courts Act 1984
Section 53 316
The Data Protection Act 1984
Section 5(6) 339
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
Section 10 333, 334, 339
Section 56 191
Section 58 191, 196, 197, 198, 199, 208, 241, 251
Section 60 190
Section 61 331
Section 62(10)(b) 235, 331
Section 63 255, 331
Section 64 254
Section 65 235, 255
 Table of Statutes xxxix

Section 66 190, 272

Section 67(9) 191
Section 67(11) 191, 273
Section 69(1) 147, 289-91, 378
Section 71 23
Section 73(1) 314
Section 73(2) 70, 314
Section 74(1) 130, 141, 309, 310-12
Section 74(2) 310
Section 74(3) 312-13
Section 75(1) 310
Section 75(4) 310
Section 76(1) 180, 184, 185, 186, 197, 214, 215
Section 76(2) 142,190,191,193,196,199,206,207,209,
211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 242, 247, 251, 365
Section 76(2)(a) 4, 184,191-3,249,332
Section 76(2)(b) 190, 191, 193-7, 198, 206, 208, 247, 291, 300
Section 76(3) 192, 193
Section 76(4) 211-13
Section 76(5) 211-13
Section 76(6) 211-13
Section 76(8) 192
Section 77(1) 217, 218, 291-2
Section 78(1) 19-20, 71, 191, 196-7, 206, 207-8, 210-11, 213, 214,
215, 216, 217, 231, 242, 247, 248, 249, 250-9, 273-5,
277,278,310-12,335,409
Section 80 389-92
Section 82(1) 184, 250
Section 82(3) 206, 250, 253
Schedule 3, paras.8 and 9 290
The Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984
Section 89(2) 293, 297
The Companies Act 1985
Sections 434 and 436 330
The Criminal Justice Act 1987
Section 2 330
The Criminal Justice Act 1988
Section 23 164, 167, 170-3, 176, 178, 179, 181, 408
Section 24 167, 170, 173-6, 178, 179, 181
Section 25 170, 176-8, 179
Section 26 170, 176-8, 179
Section 27 22-3, 170
Section 28(1)(a) 170
Section 28(1)(b) 176
Section 30 179
Section 32 408--10
xi Table of Statutes

Section 32A 408-10

Section 33A 392-3, 394
Section 34(2) 287
Section 34A 410, 414
Section 134 192
Section 139(4) 348
Schedule 2, para.1 178
Schedule 2, para.5 22-3, 170
The Road Traffic Act 1988
Section 6(4) 331
Section 7(6) 331, 351
Section 103(1 )(b) 75
Section 170(3) 357
The Children Act 1989
Section 96 221, 393
Section 98 330
The Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1989
Section 2A(2) 304
Sections 16A and 16B 359
The Courts and Legal Services Act 1990
Section 63 334
The Criminal Procedure (Insanity and Unfitness to Plead) Act
1991
Sections 1 and 2 299, 307
The Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1992 438, 439
The Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992
Section 94(3) 379
The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994
Section 31 112
Section 32 287, 438
Section 34 223, 227, 228-34, 236, 238, 240, 241, 242-3, 331, 332, 370
Section 35 123, 223, 228, 230, 235, 236--40, 241, 272, 370, 388
Sections 36 and 37 223, 226, 227, 228, 234-5, 236, 241, 272, 331, 370
Section 38 229, 234, 237
Section 168(3) 237
Schedule 11 237
The Civil Evidence Act 1995
Section 1(1) 183, 218, 219, 398, 399, 402, 408, 418
Section 1(2)(a) 126,219-20,222
Section 1(2)(b) 219-20
Section 1(3) 219
Section 1(4) 219
Sections 2 to 6 219-20
Section 6(2) 21, 399, 402
Section 6(4) 398
 Table of Statutes xli

Section 6(5) 398,399,402,408,418

Section 7(1) 217, 222
Section 7(2)(a) 169, 222
Section 7(2)(b) 169, 222
Section 7(2)(c) 169, 222
Section 7(3)(a) 169, 222
Section 7(3)(b) 168, 222
Section 8 23, 221
Section 9 221
Section 11 220
Section 12 221
Section 13 23, 220, 221
Section 14 220

The Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996

Section 3 317, 318
Section 5 235, 318
Section 6 235, 318
Section 7 318
Section 8 318
Section 11 235, 318, 331
Section 13 317, 318
Section 21 317, 318
Section 26(3) 317
Section 26(4) 317
Section 47 438
Section 68 179
Schedule 2, paras. I and 2 179

The Crime and Disorder Act 1998

Section 34 379
Section 35 237
The Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Bill (1999)
Clause 16 411
Clause 17 411
Clause 19 394, 411
Clauses 22 to 28 411
Clause 31 411
Clauses 33 414, 439
Clauses 34 and 35 414
Clause 37 414
Clause 38 439
Clauses 40 and 41 414, 439
Clause 50 390, 394
Clause 51 to 54 394
Clause 55 241
Clause 57 439
Schedule 2 439
Schedule 3 124-5, 390
xlii

Rules, Regulations and Codes of

Practice

The Indictment Rules 1971 (SI 1971 No.1253)

Rule 9 63

The Misuse of Drugs Regulations 1973 (SI 1973 No.797)

Regulation 4 and Schedule 1, para.3 353

The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 Codes of Practice

Code C 191, 192, 193, 196-206, 208, 209-11, 213, 215, 216
CodeD 270--79
Code E 191, 216

The Magistrates' Courts (Advance Information) Rules 1985 (SI

1985 No.601)
Rule 4 317

The Crown Court (Advance Notice of Expert Evidence) Rules

1987 (SI 1987 No.716) 319

The Children (Admissibility of Hearsay Evidence) Order 1993 (SI

1993 No.621) 221

The Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 Code of

Practice
Paragraph 2.1 317

The Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (Defence

Disclosure Time Limits) Regulations 1997 (SI 1997 No.684)
Regulations 2 and 3 318

The Magistrates' Courts (Advance Notice of Expert Evidence)

Rules 1997 (SI 1997 No.705) 319

The Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (SI 1998 No.3132)

Rule 31.3 316
Rule 31.6 316, 324
Rule 31.17 316
Rule 31.19 316
Rule 31.20 21, 336, 338
Rule 32.1 20
 xliii

Rule 32.3 410

Rule 33.2 220
Rule 33.4 221
Rule 33.5 221
Rule 35.3 308
Rule 35.7 309
Rule 48.7(3) 337

Foreign Legislation and Rules

The Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1988 (SI 1988

No.l987)
Articles 3 to 6 223

The United States Federal Rules of Evidence

Rule 401 26
Rule 403 30
Rule 801 145-6

The Canadian Charter of Rights 1982

Section 24(2) 249

The Australian Evidence Act 1995

Section 55 26
Section 59 145
Section 138 249

The European Convention on Human Rights

Article 3 192
Article 6 152, 178-9, 192, 197-8, 205, 240-41, 250, 258-9, 311,
317,330,337,346,358-9,414
Article 8 205, 254
xliv

Acknowledgements

The author and publishers are grateful to the following for permission to
reproduce copyright material: New Zealand Council of Law Reporting for
material from its New Zealand Law Reports; Sweet & Maxwell Asia for
material from The Authorised Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Reports
(Tang Sui Man v. HKSAR (1998) 1 HKLRD 350); The Incorporated
Council of Law Reporting for England and Wales for extracts from The
Law Reports and the Weekly Law Reports; Northern Ireland Court Service
for extracts from the Northern Ireland Law Reports; Sweet & Maxwell UK
for material from Criminal Appeal Reports, Criminal Law Review,
European Human Rights Reports, Current Law, Road Traffic Reports,
Law Quarterly Review; Ausinfo (Government Information for Austra-
lians) for Sections of the Evidence Act 1995 (copyright Commonwealth of
Australia); Supreme Court of Victoria for extracts from the Victoria Law
Reports; Dominion Law Reports (R. v. Smith (1992) 94 Dominion Law
Reports (4th) 590 SC, pp. 603-4 with permission of the Canada Law Book
Inc., through the Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency; The Butter-
worths Division of Reed Elsevier (UK) Limited for material from the
Justice of the Peace Reports and the All England Law Reports; Harvard
Law Review for material from Stone in issue 1932 46 Harv LR 954 at
p. 983; The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office for use of
Crown copyright material concerning the Criminal Law Revision
Committee Eleventh Report and the Law Commission consultation paper
and report; The Independent newspaper and Kate O'Hanlon for a report of
the R. v. Mattan case. Every effort has been made to contact all copyright-
holders, but if any have been inadvertently omitted the publishers will be
pleased to make the appropriate arrangement at the earliest opportunity.