Project Report On Liquid Bromine
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EIRI Board of Consultants and PublishersProject Report On Liquid Bromine
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EIRI Board of Consultants and PublishersLIQUID BROMINE
[EIRI/EDPR/3701] J.C.: 1788
INTRODUCTION
It is a deep red fuming liquid, member of the halogen elements as Group VII
of the periodic table that is liquid at ordinary temperature and pressure. A rare
element bromine is found in, nature dispersed throughout the earth crust only
in compounds such as soluble and insoluble bromides. The chief commercial
source of bromine is ocean water, from which the element is extracted by
means of chemical replacement (oxidation) by more active chlorine. Bromine
has traditionally been manufactured as a byproduct from saline mother
liquors (bitterns) left after the crystallization of the main salt products.
The properties of bromine are significantly different from those of fluorine and
chlorine. Discovered in the early 19th century, in the form of its salts
(bromides) in the bitterns remaining after evaporating sea water and extracting
the sodium chloride, it was obtained latter from stassfurt, Germany, as a by
product in the production of potassium salts and from other deposits and salt
lakes.
Its main use was originally for bromides in medicine still a minor use. Bromine
first because of industrial importance with the development of modern
photographic process, in which the light sensitive material is an emulsion of
minute particles of silver bromide (together with silver chloride or iodide or both)
in gelatine.
For a time, the expanding world automobile industry. Threatened a scarcity
of bromine, obtained from brines, which contained about 0.5 % bromine. To
meet the demand, it was necessary to turn to sea water which contains
about 70 ppm bromine.
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The chief sources of bromine are sea water, brines and betters and the natural
deposits of potassium salts. In these, it is present in very small quantities in the
combined state. Sea-water contains, 66 parts per million (0.0066 %) of bromine
and in 1933, the DOW Chemical Co., (U.S.A.) developed a process for its recovery.
Large quantities of bromine are now being produced both from the sea and from
the salt & lakes. The U.S.A. is now the world largest producer and used the
entere output for the manufacture of ethylene bromine.
The other prominent bromine producing countries are Germany, Pabstive, and
France.
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES
USES & APPLICATION
USES AND SOURCES OF BROMINE
SOURCES OF BROMINE
MARKET OVERVIEW OF BROMINE
BROMINE MARKET DEMAND & REVENUE
IMPORT DATA OF LIQUID BROMINE
EXPORT DATA OF LIQUID BROMINE
RAW MATERIAL SECTION
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION FOR CHLORINE HANDLING
B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
SCOPE
REQUIREMENTS
TABLE - 1: REQUIREMENTS FOR BROMINE, TECHNICAL
PACKING & MARKETING
PACKING
MARKING
SAMPLING
ANALYSIS OF BROMINE, TECHNICAL
DETERMINATION OF BROMINE
DETERMINATION OF CHLORINE
DETERMINATION OF NON-VOLATILE MATTER
TEST FOR IODINE
ZINC DUST
TEST FOR SULPHATES
SAMPLING OF BROMINE, TECHNICAL
NUMBER OF CONTAINERS TO BE DRAWN FOR SAMPLING
LOCATION OF THE PLANT
HEALTH & SAFETY FACTORS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF LIQUID BROMINE
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF BROMINE
BROMINE-GENERATING STEP
BROMINE SEPARATION STEPS
1. CONDENSATION
2. SEPARATION
3. PURIFICATION AND DRYING
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PROCESS IMPROVEMENTS
PROCESS IN DETAILS OF BROMINE PRODUCTION
THE BROMINE-GENERATING STEP
RESIDUAL ORGANIC MATTER FOUND IN DEAD SEA WATER
SIDE-REACTIONS OCCURRING IN THE REACTION TOWER
1. CONDENSATION
2. SEPARATION
3. PURIFICATION
MANUFACTURE OF LIQUID BROMINE
PROCESS DETAILS
THE FOUR PRINCIPAL STEPS IN BROMINE PRODUCTION ARE
STEAMING OUT PROCESS
DOW PROCESS
SAFETY IN BROMINE PLANT
SAFE HANDLING OF BROMINE LEAKAGE
SAFE STORAGE OF BROMINE
SAFE TRANSPORTATION OF BROMINE
THE BROMINE STORAGE TANK SIGN IS AS FOLLOWS:
RAW MATERIALS
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT & MACHINERY
SUPPLIERS OF HEAT EXCHANGER
SUPPLIERS OF CONDENSER
SUPPLIERS OF DISTILLATION COLUMN
SUPPLIERS OF STORAGE VESSEL (STORAGE TANKS)
SUPPLIERS OF LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
SUPPLIERS OF D.G. SETS
SUPPLIERS OF BOILERS
SUPPLIERS OF EFFULENT TREATMENT PLANT (ETP PLANT)
SUPPLIERS OF INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
GOVT. LICENSE DETAILS FOR LIQUID BROMINE PLANT
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APPENDIX – A:
01. PLANT ECONOMICS
02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)
COST ESTIMATION
Plant Capacity 10 MT/Day
Land & Building (4000 sq.mt.) Rs. 1.87 Cr
Plant & Machinery Rs. 2.10 Cr
Working Capital for 1 Month Rs. 3.07 Cr
Total Capital Investment Rs. 7.35 Cr
Rate of Return 48%
Break Even Point 43%
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