The following is a sample data set: 10, 8, 8, 6, 5

What is the variance of this data set?

3.0
3.8
7.3
7.4
B 1
An auditor should use a histogram in a quality audit to do which of the following?
Provide objective evidence that the auditee uses statistical process control (SPC)
Expose patterns that are normally difficult to detect
Interpret data for a trend chart
Create a stratified tally diagram
B 2
Comparing how a process is actually performed against the documented work instruction for that process is
an example of which of the following techniques?
Quantitative
Qualitative
Statistical
Random sampling
B 3
Attribute sampling should be used when
the data are measurements in metric units.
a yes-or-no decision is to be made.
the population has variability.
a multi-stage sampling plan is needed.
B 4
Scatter diagrams are best described as
histograms.
correlation analysis.
Pareto analysis.
Ishikawa diagrams.
B 5
In which of the following diagrams does the input variable X have the highest positive correlation with the
output variable Y?

A 6 A B
 C D

7
If data are plotted over time, the resulting chart will be a
run chart
histogram
Pareto chart
Poisson distribution
A 8
To determine who are or might be customers for a specific process, it would be most useful to create a
Pareto chart
flow diagram
cause and effect diagram
scatter diagram
B 9
A production line uses signs at specific points on the line to indicate when components or raw materialsneed
to be replenished. This practice is an example of
kanban
poka-yoke
checkpoints
hoshin
A 10
Which of the following is a good tool for planning cycletime reduction and concurrent operations?
A timeline
A Pareto diagram
An X and R chart
A PERT chart
D 11
Attribute and variable data are best described as which of the following?
Attribute | Variable
Counted values | Measured values
Counted values | Visual features
Measured values | Counted values
Visual features | Counted values
A 12
All of the following are common ways for people to react to conflict EXCEPT
competing
collaborating
avoiding
sabotaging
D 13
 A quality manager has chosen to survey customer satisfaction by taking samples based on the categories of
frequency of use, categories of use, and demographics.
This technique is known as
random sampling
data collection
stratification
customer classification
C 14
Which of the following actions is NOT used to reduce process cycle time?
Analyzing current processes
Reducing queue times
Setting priorities
Implementing activity-based costing
D 15
A company’ s accounts payable department is trying to reduce the time between receipt and payment of
invoices and has recently completed a flowchart. Which of the following tools would be the best for them to
use next?
Fishbone diagram
Scatter diagram
Box and whisker plot
Histogram
A 16
In a manufacturing company, the machine shop is what kind of customer in relation to the human resource
department?
Intermediate
Hidden
External
Internal
D 17
The primary purpose of a project charter is to
subdivide the project into smaller, more manageable components
provide management with a tool for selecting a project that addresses business needs
provide management with a tool to ensure that project deadlines are met
provide the project manager with authority to apply organizational resources to project activities
D 18
Sample selection of parts for inspection must be selected at random to ensure
a minimum sample size.
the probability of not rejecting the lot.
the probability of accepting the lot.
finding typical characteristics of the lot.
D 19
Which of the following are bases for establishing calibration intervals?
I. Stability
II. Purpose
III. Degree of usage
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II, and III
D 20
 In a normal curve, approximately what percentage of the area is included within 3 standard deviations ofthe
mean?
50.0%
66.6%
95.0%
99.7%
D 21
Specification limits are derived from which of the following?
Process capability studies
Process control charts
Customer requirements
Historical data
C 22
The primary purpose of a control chart is to
set specifications and tolerances.
compare operations.
determine the stability of a process.
accept or reject a lot of material.
C 23
When a control chart is used on a new process, capability can be assessed at which of the following times?
Before the chart is first started
After the first ten points are plotted
When the plotted points hug the centerline
After the process is shown to be in control
D 24
Precision is best described as
a comparison to a known standard
the achievement of expected outgoing quality
the repeated consistency of results
the difference between an average measurement and the actual value
C 25
The overall ability of two or more operators to obtain Consistent results repeatedly when measuringthe same
set of parts and using the same measuring equipment is the definition of
repeatability
precision
reproducibility
accuracy
C 26
Which of the following conditions must be met for a Process to be in a state of statistical control?
Most of the product output by the process is in specification.
All subgroup averages and ranges are within control limits.
All variation has been completely removed.
Previously optimal process settings are used.
B 27
Which of the following measures of dispersion is equal to the sum of deviations from the mean squared
divided by the sample size?
Range
Standard deviation
Variance
Mode
C 28
 An X and R chart is used to
indicate process variation
specify design limits
interpret costs
identify customer expectations
A 29
Which of the following is the most useful graphical tool for promoting an understanding of processcapability?
A flowchart
A histogram
An affinity diagram
An Ishikawa diagram
B 30
The type of chart that presents the value of items in descending order is a
histogram
Pareto chart
u chart
cusum chart
B 31
Measures of which of the following provide attributes data?
Temperature in degrees
Attendance at meetings
Weight in pounds
Length in metric units
B 32
A cause and effect diagram is a useful tool for doing which of the following?
Determining the flow of a process
Detecting shifts in a process
Developing theories based on symptoms
Arranging theories by defect count
C 33
The fraction of nonconforming products is plotted on which of the following types of control charts?
p chart
u chart
np chart
c chart
A 34
Which of the following statistics would best describe the central tendency of a sample of data?
Mode
Mean
Standard deviation
Range
B 35
Which of the following types of tools or techniques is considered qualitative?
Histograms
Frequency distributions
Pareto charts
Process observations
D 36
 The process information shown in the graph above is
indicative of a
cycle
run
trend
shift
C 37
Which of the following techniques is most useful in narrowing issues and limiting discussion?
Brainstorming
Quality function deployment
Cause and effect analysis
Multivoting
D 38
Quality function deployment (QFD) is a methodology for
removing bugs from code
identifying and defining key customer demands
measuring the reliability of a software product
training employees in quality issues
B 39

Which of the following is the critical path in the activity network above?
A, B, C, F, G, I, J
A, B, D, E, F, G, I, J
A, B, D, E, F, H, I, J
A, K, L, M, J
D 40
 On the basis of the control chart above, which of the following statements is true?
Components 1, 2, 3, and 5 should be reinspected because they are below the mean.
Only component 4 should be investigated because it is closest to the upper control limit.
Components 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9 should be investigated because they are above the mean.
No action is required; all data points are within acceptable statistical variance.
C 41
A customer satisfaction survey used the following rating scale:
1 = very satisfied
2 = satisfied
3 = neutral
4 = dissatisfied
5 = very dissatisfied
This is an example of which of the following measurement scales?
Nominal
Ordinal
Ratio
Interval
B 42
Which of the following techniques is used in identifying underlying problems?
Cause and effect analysis
Prioritization matrix
Force field analysis
Pareto analysis
A 43
For a normal distribution, two standard deviations on each side of the mean would include what percentage
of the total population?
47%
68%
95%
C 44 99%
 In measurement system analysis, which of the following pairs of data measures is used to determine total
variance?
Process variance and reproducibility
Noise system and repeatability
Measurement variance and process variance
System variance and bias
C 45
Process data being used in the initial set-up of a process are assumed to have a normal distribution. If the
nominal (target) is set at the center of the distribution, and the specification limits are set at ± 3 from the
center, the Cpk is equal to
-0.25
1.00
1.33
1.67
B 46
A green belt is going to monitor the number of defects on different size samples. Which of the following
control charts would be most appropriate?
u
np
c
p
A 47
Correction, over-production, inventory, and motion are all examples of
waste
5S target areas
noise
value-added activities
A 48
The primary factor in the successful implementation of six sigma is to have
the necessary resources
the support/leadership of top management
explicit customer requirements
a comprehensive training program
B 49
Which of the following types of variation is LEAST likely to occur in sequential repetitions of a process over a
short period of time?
Cyclical
Positional
Temporal
Seasonal
D 50
The primary reason that most companies implement six sigma is to
reduce defects
improve processes
improve profit
increase customer satisfaction
C 51
The term used to describe the risk of a Type I error in a test of hypotheses is
power
confidence level
level of significance
beta risk
C 52
 One characteristic of attributes data is that it is always
continuous
discrete
expensive to collect
read from a scale of measurement
B 53
Which of the following tests may be used to determine whether a sample comes from a population with an
exponential distribution?
t
F
Chi-square
ANOVA
C 54
Which of the following tools are appropriate for a quality engineer to use in qualifying a process that has
variable data?
I. An and R control chart
II. A histogram
III. A c chart
IV. A p chart
I and II only
II and III only
III and IV only
I, II, and IV only
A 55
The correlation coefficient for the length and weight of units made by a process is determined to be 0.27. If
the process were adjusted to reduce the weight of each unit by 0.5 ounce, the correlation coefficient of the
length and weight of the units made by the new process would be equal to
0.50
0.27
0.23
-0.23
B 56
A form, in either diagram or table format, that is prepared in advance for recording data is known as a
cause-and-effect diagram
Pareto chart
flowchart
check sheet
D 57
A major drawback of using histograms in process control is that they
do not readily account for the factor of time
are relatively difficult to construct and interpret
require too many data points
require
A 58
Which of the following tools would be of the greatest use for finding the most efficient path and realistic
schedule for the completion of a project?
Interrelationship digraph
Activity network diagram
Tree diagram
Affinity diagram
B 59
 A control plan is designed to do which of the following?
Supplement information contained in operator instructions
Support the production scheduling system
Provide a documented system for controlling processes
Provide a method for tracking the design review process
C 60
To determine the average number of nonconforming parts over time, which of the following attribute control
charts would be most appropriate?
c chart
np chart
p chart
u chart
B 61
Which of the following techniques is most appropriate for generating continuous improvement ideas?
Tree diagram
Brainstorming
Prioritization matrix
Interrelationship digraph
B 62
Which of the following tools is used extensively in quality function deployment (QFD)?
Affinity diagram
Matrix diagram
Cause and effect diagram
Activity network diagram
B 63
Which of the following tools is most likely to be used to organize a list of ideas generated during a
brainstorming session?
Activity network diagram
Affinity diagram
Histogram
Process control chart
B 64
Which of the following tools would be most appropriate for collecting data to study the symptoms of a
problem?
A check sheet
A flow diagram
A force field analysis
An activity network diagram
A 65
Kaizen is defined as
re-engineering
lean manufacturing
continuous improvement
error-proofing
C 66
 Legal requirements specify that a bottled product must contain no less than the volume printed on the label.
A bottling company wants to reduce the amount of overfilled bottles.

On the basis of the data above, what is the most effective strategy to accomplish this task?
Decrease the target fill volume only
Decrease the target fill variation only
First decrease the target fill volume, then decrease the target fill variation
First decrease the target fill variation, then decrease the target fill volume
D 67
68
The LEAST informative of the four measurement scales is the
ratio
nominal
ordinal
interval
B 69
Which of the following can be used to determine the goodness-of-fit of a distribution to a data set?
t test
ANOVA
F test
Chi square test
D 70
When σ = 10, what sample size is needed to specify a 95% confidence interval of ±3 units for the mean?
7
11
32
43
D 71
72
A process capability analysis is NOT used to
determine the ability of a process to meet specifications
maintain a process in a state of statistical control
establish new specifications
prioritize competing processes
B 73
A type of line graph used to assess the stability of a process is called a
control chart
Pareto chart
check sheet
cause and effect diagram
A 74
 A process produces nonconformities according to a Poisson distribution. If the mean of the nonconformities
is 25, what is the standard deviation?
2.5
5.0
12.5
25.0
B 75
Five six-sided dice are rolled together 100 times. Two histograms are constructed: one for the 500 indiv idual
results and one for the 100 averages of five results. In this situation, the individual results follow a uniform
distribution, while the averages follow which of the following distributions?
Normal
Student’ s t
Binomial
Uniform
A 76
A calibrated micrometer was used to take 10 replicated measures of a reference standard. If X m = 0.073, and
the true value of the reference standard is 0.075, what is the bias of the micrometer?
0.001
0.002
0.073
0.075
B 77
The power of a test for the difference between means is measured by
α
1– α
β
1 –β
D 78
A process is stable and its output is normally distributed. The process has a specification of 16.73 ± 0.01. What
is
0.0011
0.0022
0.0041
0.0133
B 79
80
Which of the following figures is labeled correctly?

A B C D
D 81
 A quality improvement team that was assigned to decrease the number of pinholes in milk jugspresentedthe
following Pareto diagrams during a management briefing.

The best interpretation of these data is that the project was

not successful in reducing pinholes, since causes B, C, and D now occur more frequently than cause A
successful in removing the primary cause of pinholes, and no further improvements are necessary
successful, and tracking pinholes by cause A is no longer necessary
successful in decreasing pinholes, and the team should work on cause B to further improve the process
D 82
83
The main advantage of a matrix diagram is that it
displays all the possible causes related to a problem
displays the strength of relationships between each paired combination of variables
identifies, analyzes, and classifies the cause and effect relationships that exist among all critical issues
identifies a sequence of actions and materials entering a process
B 84
Poka-yoke is best defined as
improving machine efficiency
reducing field failures to virtually zero
capturing the voice of the customer
preventing controllable defects
D 85
Which of the following describes the 95% confidence interval of a 20% absentee rate in a department with30
people?
6% to 34%
8% to 32%
13% to 27%
17% to 23%
A 86
Which of the following are needed to calculate the process capability index, Cp?
The specification limits and the mean
The specification limits and σ^ (Sigma Cap)
The process mean and σ^ (Sigma Cap)
The upper and lower specification limits
B 87
 Repeatability and reproducibility are terms that operationally define
bias
accuracy
discrimination
precision
D 88
A method that classifies data without significantly reducing accuracy or precision is known as
bias adjustment
statistical efficiency
blocking
coding
D 89
If a process has a variance of 4 units and a specification of 96 ± 4, what is the process performance index (Pp)?
0.33
0.66
1.00
1.50
B 90
91
If a histogram has a distribution that is bimodal this indicates that the
process is in control
distribution is abnormal
data collected is accurate
data has two points
D 92
Which of the following best describes how an affinity diagram is used?
Grasping organizational performance relative to contrasting data
Prioritizing data from most significant to least significant
Grouping ideas that are created during brainstorming
Identifying when a process is in control
C 93
Warranty claims are classified in which of the following cost of quality groups?
Internal failure
External failure
Appraisal
Prevention
B 94
At what stage of the problem-solving process would a team most likely use a cause-effect diagram?
Description of the process associated with the problem
Definition of the problem and its scope
Organization of possible problem causes
Collection of data to identify actual causes
C 95
Steel bars are cut to cylindrical shafts by means of a lathe. The diameter and allowable tolerance of the shaft
is 2.000 ± .001 inch. A control chart is used to monitor the quality level of the process. Which of the following
plots on the control chart might indicate a problem of wear on the lathe?
The diameter of a single shaft above 2.001 inch
The diameter of a single shaft below 1.999 inch
An apparent increasing trend in the shaft diameters
Erratic in-tolerance or out-of-tolerance diameter measurements
C 96
 A sample consists of one or more units of product drawn from a lot or batch on the basis of
defect of the product
random selection
size of the product
when the inspection process was completed
B 97
What is the percent yield for a normally distributed process in which the item length specification is 5.750
±
15.73%
19.15%
47.72%
83.99%
D 98
In preparation for construction of a cause and effect diagram, it is important to
plot separate charts for each source
focus only on what makes things go wrong
record everything people suggest
validate possible root causes
C 99
A quality technician uses a c chart to monitor the number of defects in a square foot of material. After the
initial startup period, the mean number of defects is calculated at 13.5. What should the control limits be for
the c chart?
LCL | UCL
0.00 | 54.00
0.00 | 27.00
2.48 | 24.52
9.83 | 17.17
C 100

The shape of the distribution above is best described as

normal
multi-modal
positively skewed
negatively skewed
C 101
If a distribution is normal, with μ = 50 and σ = 15, what percentage of data will be less than 30?
59.18%
40.82%
9.18%
1.33%
C 102
A company is receiving an unusually high number of returns from various customers. The first step in
investigating the problem would be to
check the inspection records
establish the correlation of the returns to shipments
brainstorm the potential causes
D 103 classify the returns by type and degree of seriousness
 Which of the following activities would NOT contribute to the effective functioning of a team?
Eliminating unnecessary activities
Developing team performance measures
Defining processes in detail
Monitoring each member’s performance
D 104
Which of the following is the best definition of a flow chart?
A diagram used to structure ideas into useful categories
An illustration used to analyze variation in a process
A picture used to separate steps of a process in sequential order
An analytical tool used to clarify opposing aspects of a desired change
C 105
What is the standard deviation of the population below?
10, 4, 16, 12, 8
4.00
4.47
16.00
20.00
A 106
The extent to which an instrument replicates its result when measurements are taken repeatedlyonthe same
unit is called
real bias
precision
accuracy
true value
B 107
108

On the basis of the control chart sample above, what is the upper control limit (UCL) for the average?
1.23
3.21
3.43
7.25
B 109
Which of the following measures is a sufficient statistic
Median
Mid-range
Mean
Mode
C 110
 What is the recommended minimum number of subgroups necessary to calculate the limits for a control
chart?
10
15
25
35
C 111

The distribution above most likely implies that the elements measured represent
the extremes of a single process
a collection of two processes with normal distributions
random variations
the modes of a single process
A 112
Which of the following describes the Deming method for continuous improvement?
Cost of quality analysis
Process map
Tree diagram
Plan-do-check-act cycle
D 113
Which of the following is the formula for calculating the number of permutations of x units taken y at a time?

A B C D
A 114
In an analysis of variance, which of the following distributions is the basis for determining whether the
variance estimates are all from the same population?
Chi square
Student's t
Normal
F
D 115
 Which of the following statements best describes the set of all values of a random variable?
It is finite.
It is an interval.
It can be discrete or continuous.
C 116 It can be tracked by using control charts or scatter plots.
Which of the following is the best description of randomization?
A technique used to increase the precision of an experiment
A means of assuring representative sampling
The repetition of an observation or measurement
The relationship between two or more variables
B 117
When the order of items is not important, which of the following is the method to use to determine the
number of sets and subsets of items?
Combination
Permutation
Factorization
Simulation
A 118
A fair coin is tossed 10 times. What are the expected mean and variance of the number of heads?
Mean | Variance
0.5 | 0.025
5.0 | 2.500
5.0 | 5.000
10.0 | 5.000
B 119
In statistics, an estimation error that is persistent or systematic is called
bias
sensitivity
random
shift
A 120
Which of the following is the most effective technique for prioritizing critical factors for problem -solving?
Venn diagram
Scatter diagram
Pareto diagram
Cause and effect diagram
C 121
Which of the following tools should be used when a team is generating and prioritizing a list of options that
include highly controversial issues?
Brainstorming
Affinity diagrams
Nominal group technique
5 whys
C 122
123
Which of the following tools would be most appropriate for collecting data to study the symptoms of a
problem?
Check sheet
Flow diagram
Force-field analysis
Activity network diagram
A 124
 Positional, cyclical, and temporal variations are most commonly analyzed in
SPC charts
multi-vari charts
cause and effect diagrams
run charts
B 125
126
Which of the following is most important in evaluating and understanding design intent?
Identifying the functional requirement
Brainstorming failure modes
Conducting computer simulations
Developing FMEA
A 127
Which of the following activities is value-added?
Setup
Process
Storage
Inspection
B 128
A Green belt plans to test the performance of workers before and after training. Which of the following
hypothesis tests should be used to determine whether the training actually improved the workers’
performance?
2-sample z test
2-sample t test
Paired t test
F test
C 129
The purpose of using control charts is to determine
if the process is performing within specifications
the process capability
how to re-create the process
the cause of nonconformities
B 130
131
Which of the following is defined as continuous, incremental improvement?
Kanban
Kaizen
JIT
Kaikaku
B 132
Which of the following is the best way to enhance the long-term availability of a machine?
Machine repair
Total productive maintenance
Computerized SPC systems
Increased operator training
B 133
Typically, which of the following activities is done earliest in the formation of a project team?
Select the team
Identify the objective
Identify the sponsor
Allocate the resources
B 134
 A Green belt is developing a failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) for the hamburger preparation station
in a fast-food restaurant. The following ratings were developed for the low-heat temperature failure mode.
Severity = 9
Occurrence = 2
Detection = 1
What is the risk priority number (RPN) for this FMEA?
4
6
12
18
D 135
Which of the following statements is true about the theory of constraints?
It views a system in terms of discrete processes
Most constraints are physical
Most constraints are the result of policies
It focuses on continuous improvement
C 136
137
138
A measurement system analysis is designed to assess the statistical properties of
gage variation
process performance
process stability
engineering tolerances
A 139
For a process, X double bar = 35.0 and σ = 5.00. If the subgroup size is n = 5, what is the value for the upper
control limit for the process?
37.24
37.89
41.71
52.50
C 140
141
A six sigma project to reduce billing statement expenses has shown the need to hire two additional mailroom
clerks. Based on this information, which of the following metrics should be used to measure the financial
benefits of the project?
Cost of poor quality
Return on investment
Net present value
Internal rate of return
B 142
143
Which of the following is a component of a visual factory?
Product specifications
Zero defect policies
Just-in-time policies
Equipment service manuals
A 144
145
 Which of the following is the best technique for improving the precision of a designed experiment whenthe
experimental material is not homogeneous?
Blocking
Confounding
Randomization
Fractionalizing
A 146
A six sigma team has been formed to improve an existing process. Which of the following tools should the
team use first to gain a clear understanding of the current process?
Flowchart
Pareto chart
Process FMEA
Latin square DOE
A 147
148
149
150
A company’s accounts payable department is trying to reduce the time between receipt and payment of
invoices. If the team has just completed a flowchart of the process and identified the critical steps, which of
the following tools should be used next?
Fishbone diagram
Scatter diagram
Box and whisker plot
Histogram
A 151
When a team consists of five black belts and eight quality engineers, how many unique meetings could be
held consisting of one black belt and two quality engineers?
40
80
140
280
C 152
153
154
A six sigma team has been chartered to improve the way in which a company takes orders for its products.
Which of the following tools should the team use to determine all of the potential pitfalls and the actual
defects that occur?
Process failure mode and effects analysis
Process map
Design for six sigma
Supplier input process output control
A 155
According to Juran, anyone is a customer of a product or service if that person
purchases it
uses it
is affected by it
produces it
C 156
For an F-test to be inferentially valid, all of the following assumptions must be true EXCEPT the
populations must be discrete distributions
populations must be normally distributed
samples must be independent
A 157 samples must be randomly selected from the population
 “Forming, Storming, Norming, and Performing” are terms that describe
process variation reduction and improvement phases
root cause identification and corrective action
stages of team growth
steps of the brainstorming process
C 158
The process of having a six sigma team develop a problem statement helps the team
agree on key dates associated with completing major project phases
achieve consensus and ownership of the process
determine solutions
determine how often it should meet
B 159
Which of the following is an element of standard work?
Takt time
Product cost
Product value
Maximum inventory
A 160
An important aspect of data collection is that the data collector should
determine the dispersion of the data
know how the data are to be used
use a control chart to analyze the data
use a stratified sampling plan
B 161
162
Which of the following charts plots the mean of a set of values and recalculates the mean with each new
value?
Moving range
Moving average
X and s
c
B 163
In order for a problem to be solved correctly, which of the following must occur first?
The problem must be defined.
Relevant data must be gathered.
The measurement system must be validated.
The process must be mapped.
A 164
In comparison to a full-factorial design of experiment (DOE), a traditional, one-at-a-time approach will
miss interactions
gain efficiencies
save time
cost less
A 165
166
Which of the following techniques is NOT effective when a team leader is giving feedback to the team?
Describing the behavior in context
Describing the reasons for giving feedback
Giving feedback when it is convenient
Providing actionable guidance
C 167
 Which of the following methods is used to develop an exhaustive list of ideas about a subject?
Benchmarking
Brainstorming
Goal-setting
Problem-solving
B 168
Which of the following techniques would help increase process stability when the cause of variation is a
cluttered work station?
5S
SMED
Preventive maintenance
Visual factory
A 169
Which of the following tools is commonly used in the define phase of a project?
Affinity diagram
Control chart
Failure mode and effects analysis
Data collection checklist
A 170
171
Which of the following best describes internal failure costs?
The economic costs associated with a catastrophic failure of an internal subsystem.
The unavoidable quality system costs associated with the production of any product or service.
The opposite of external failure costs.
The costs resulting from a nonconformance detected before a product or service is provided.
D 172
According to Juran, when a major quality improvement project is launched, which of the following describes
the desired change in performance level?
Six sigma
Continuous
Breakthrough
Sporadic
C 173
According to Deming, which of the following is NOT a key element of quality leadership?
Established organizational goals to meet or exceed customer needs
The use of displays and awards to promote employee motivation
Continual education and training that elevate the level of technical and professional expertise
Elimination of barriers and distrust to create an organizational culture that fosters teamwork
B 174
 An organized and disciplined approach to problem solving in most six sigma organizations is called:
SIPOC
DMAIC
PDCA
DPMO
b 1
Using six sigma methodology, a company at 4.5 sigma would have a failure rate of:
3.4 ppm
233 ppm
1350 ppm
6210 ppm
c 2
From an upper management perspective, what has been the principal motivating factor in embracing six
sigma?
Bottom line results
Market share growth
Defect reductions
Customer focus
a 3
The advantages of training managers in six sigma concepts before line workers include all of the following
EXCEPT:
Managers have more time available for training
Managers must lead the deployment of six sigma
Managers must understand the concepts if their full support is expected
Managers will validate the overall impact of the training
a 4
In highly effective six sigma companies, most employees receive some training. What group is most likely
to receive sponsorship training?
Senior management
Master black belt candidates
Black belt candidates
Green belt candidates
a 5
A company struggling with low performance in terms of quality, profitability and productivity isconsidering
a six sigma initiative. A decision to proceed would be considered:
Smart, they have a lot of low lying fruit
Unwise, they probably can’t afford the effort
Unwise, they need to attend to basic activities first
Smart, they obviously need the six sigma structure
c 6
One of Dr. Deming’s 14 points for management states, “Cease dependence upon Inspection as a way to
achieve quality.” The underlying tenet of this statement is which of the following?
Many American companies employ too many inspectors; perhaps 5% - 10% of the work force
Quality should be built into the product, not inspected in
In most cases, the worker should perform his/her own inspection and not rely on someone else
Most manual inspection will miss 10% - 20% of defects under typical working conditions
b 7
Which of the following quality luminaries would be most clearly identified as a proponent of Improvement
and breakthrough projects?
Ishikawa
Deming
Juran
c 8 Crosby
 Identify the quality guru who believed that the best approach to understanding the purpose of a qual ity
system would be the four absolutes of quality management.
Dr. Faigenbaum
Phillip Crosby
Dr. Deming
Dr. Juran
b 9
If one chose to look at any business enterprise on a main level basis, which of the following categories
would NOT have either KPIV (key process input variables) or KPOV (key process output variables)?
Process
Operations
Business
Technological
d 10
Why has six sigma been so successful for many organizations?
I Bottom line results are enhanced
II A ± 1.5 sigma shift is included
III A disciplined approach is used
IV A sound statistical approach is used
I, II and III only
I, III and IV only
I, II and IV only
II, II and IV only
b 11
Why is six sigma called TQM on steroids?
Because of the extensive training element required
Because of the inclusion of statistical and lean tools
Because of the heavy impact of top management support
Because of the impact of cost savings on the bottom line
b 12
In what areas would upper management be most helpful in the initiation of a six sigma effort?
Providing direct training to black belts
Standardizing business operations
Providing key resources to the organization
Directing the improvement projects
c 13
According to Pande, which of the following is a legitimate reason for embracing a six sigma ef fort?
The company currently has an effective improvement effort
Current changes are overwhelming the company resources
The potential gains aren’t sufficient to fund six sigma
There are difficulties in meeting customer requirements
d 14
The concept behind PDCA is:
The Deming/Showhart cycle
Process flow
Continuous improvement
Satisfying suppliers
c 15
Why is the PDCA cycle so readily accepted by most American teams and individuals?
It is the natural way that most people already approach problems
It was promoted by Dr. Deming who has a wide American following
It has been widely used in Japan with success
a 16 It requires much less work than comparable improvement techniques
 The term “metrics” most frequently refers to:
A unit of measurement
The metric system
The science of weights and measurements
An evaluation method
d 17
Short-term tactical plans are:
Usually defined by customer
Set before objectives can be determined
Supportive of strategic objectives
Normally opposite to long range objectives
c 18
If a metrics format were being developed to track marketplace response, which of the following items
would be included?
Cost of quality
Customer retention
Cycle time reduction
Profit margin on sales
b 19
Which of the following metrics would be the most inappropriate to measure the effective use ofresources?
Customer courtesy ratings
Cost of quality
Percentage of defects generated
Reduction in product or service variation
a 20
The risk priority number (RPN) is the measure of risk related to a particular failure mode. The ratings for
each category (severity, occurrence, and detection) are on a 1 to 10 scale. If a FMEA has 10 failure modes
with RPN numbers ranging from 50 to 300, an improvement team’s recommended actions should focus on
which of the following?
Work on those failure modes with RPNs greater than 50
Use the Pareto principle to prioritize the highest RPNs
Identify failure modes with high severity rankings, followed by high RPN numbers
Use the Pareto principle and start with the top 20% of the failure modes
c 21
Upon completion of a FMEA, what critical event should be established next?
Ensure that a process owner is in charge of the FMEA
Designate an engineer to follow-up on the recommended actions
Review the documents at regularly scheduled intervals
Have cross functional teams assigned to each FMEA for review activities
a 22
A process FMEA is generally performed:
Just after the design FMEA is completed
Just before the production tooling is authorized
Just after the design drawings are finalized
As soon as a manufacturing defect is uncovered
b 23
Why is DFSS called the future of six sigma?
There are few remaining DMAIC projects available in most companies
DFSS roadmaps are more attractive than DMAIC tools
DFSS better serves the current innovation initiatives of many companies
DMAIC projects do not achieve six sigma levels without DFSS
c 24
 Which of the following is NOT a DFSS technique?
IDOV
DMADV
SPC
QFD
c 25
Which IDOV phase defines overall product requirements, quantifies marketing information and customer
feedback, and creates the first set of CTQ (critical to quality) features.
Identify
Design
Optimize
Validate
a 26
Which of the following is NOT a goal of TOC?
Increase throughput
Reduce inventory
Reduce operating expenses
Balance capacity with demand
d 27
What is the best definition of takt time?
It is a calculated time element that equals customer demand
It is the speed at which parts must be manufactured in order to satisfy demand
It is the heartbeat of any lean system
It is the application of Kaizen to continuous flow manufacturing
a 28
The production of product in large lots has all of the following disadvantages EXCEPT for
Maximization of machine efficiencies
Longer customer delivery lead times
Additional product transportation expenses
Potential product damage or deterioration costs
a 29
Which of the following forms of muda is LEAST likely to result in poor product quality?
Overproduction
Inventory
Waiting
Transport
c 30
Identify a non-value added activity that would be considered a form of processing muda:
Any and all forms of transportation
An ergonomically unsound workplace
Reshaping a product due to poor dies
Producing more than needed by the customer
c 31
One would say that the Kanban method would be most closely associated with:
The elimination of non-value added activities in the process
The development of a future state process stream map
Making problems visible in a process, thus clarifying targets for improvement
The control of material flow
d 32
 The essence of Kanban concepts includes all of the following, EXCEPT:
Delivery of components and products only when needed
Minimal storage in production areas
Distress throughout the production system when a machine failure occurs
Wide applicability to repetitive and non-repetitive production plants
d 33
Poka-yoke uses a number of devices to mistake proof a process. Which of the following would NOT be
included?
Fixture templates
Electric relays
Buzzer or light signals
Self-check inspections
d 34
Consider the following definition: “The best combination of machines and people working together to
produce a product or service at a particular profit in time.” What lean concept is being described?
Standard work
A future state map
The value stream
Ultimate cycle time
a 35
Which of the following techniques is most effective for incorporating desired attributes into the earliest
stages of product design?
FTA
FRACAS
QFD
FMEA
c 36
The analysis of risk involves two measures of failure. These measures are:
Failure analysis and failure effects
Failure mode and failure method
Failure severity and failure probability
Failure mechanism and failure mode
c 37
The term severity in a FMEA describes the:
Difficulty of completing the FMEA form
Possible impact to a system user of a low level failure
Likelihood of a failure
Time for which the system is expected to be down
b 38
Which of the following Japanese techniques is most clearly identified with small incremental change?
Kaizen
Kanban
Poka-yoke
5S strategy
a 39
As with the seven quality management tools, the Japanese concept of workplace organization,5S,hasbeen
Americanized. Of the five original tools, which is the hardest to find in the American system?
Seiri
Seiton
Shitsuke
Seiso
c 40
 Overproduction, scrap, waiting, and excess motion are all forms of:
TPM
Muda
Kanban
CFM
b 41
The tool/technique most widely used by a number of automotive manufacturers that supply products is
called:
Kanban
Muda
Poka-yoke
An Andon board
a 42
American visitors to an aluminum plant in Japan were given white gloves to wear. What category of the 5S
program was being displayed?
Sort
Scrub
Straighten
Standardize
b 43
An attempt to minimize the impact of human error in a process is called:
Poka-yoke
Jidohka
Kaizen
Muda
a 44
Which of the following techniques does NOT necessarily compliment the visual factory concept?
Kanban
Tool boards
5S
Poka-yoke
d 45
Review the following 5S elements and identify the step that is being referenced.
-Determine who has missing items
-Create a name and location for everything
-Use aisle and material placement markings
-Use labels, tool boards and color codes
Sort
Straighten
Scrub
Systematize
b 46
The theory of constraints concentrates mainly on:
Understanding customer needs
Developing a value stream map
Achieving on-time goals
Removing process bottlenecks
d 47
In a production factory, which utilizes the pull system, which of the following may NOT be achieved?
Reduced raw material inventory
Reduced in-process inventory
Increased prices
c 48 Reduced finished goods inventory
 Identify the business element that might NOT reduce cycle time?
Utilizing problem solving tools
Implementing 5S
Practicing SMED
Supervising people
d 49
Identify the most difficult limitation in achieving continuous flow.
Untrained employees
Existing equipment
Employee culture
Middle management involvement
b 50
A value stream map does NOT normally provide data on:
Changeover time
Cycle time
Work in process inventory
Supplier’s finished goods inventory
d 51
Which of the following is a non-value added activity?
Design reviews
Vendor assessments
Inventory reductions
Receiving inspection to ensure incoming quality
d 52
Identify the best way to error proof activities?
By corrective actions
By preventive actions
By containment actions
By temporary actions
b 53
Lean enterprise may be summarized as:
An entire organization involved with improvement
Implementation of SMED cycle time techniques
Poka-yoke techniques in action
Ergonomic principles in the workplace
a 54
The most effective and efficient method of solving quality problems for a product is to concentrate efforts
in the areas of:
Design
Production
Quality improvement
Lean techniques
a 55
Six sigma design uses the following sequence in the creation of new products:
I Define
II Verify
III Design
IV Analyze
V Measure
II, I, V, IV, and III
I, V, II, IV, and III
I, V, IV, III, and II
c 56 I, V, IV, and III only
 The house of quality is used to translate customer wants into engineering design variables. The linking or
prioritizing of customer wants into engineered values occurs in what element?
Competitive analysis
Conflict analysis
Technical review
Relationship matrix
d 57
Quality function deployment, also known as the house of quality, is used in the design process.Ithasvarious
benefits, the most critical being:
People are aligned and think together
Designers have access to the right technical specs
Customers put their wants down on paper
Competitive analysis is developed objectively
a 58
Reduced cycle times for a product can result in reduced work in progress, reduced waste, and:
Increased product costs
Improved operations
Excess inventories
Longer takt times
b 59
PM in relationship to the lean enterprise system means:
Total productive maintenance to maximize equipment usage
Total preventive maintenance to reduce total costs
Total process management to manage process costs
Total preventive maintenance to minimize downtime
a 60
The right hand side of a completed “house of quality” (HOQ) displays rankings and values for:
Customer needs or desires
Competitive assessments or comparisons
Design feature measurements and importance
Design feature interactions
b 61
Which of the following techniques has proven useful in translating customer needs into product design
features?
Changing perceptions
Customer service principles
Confrontation and problem solving
Quality function deployment
d 62
The SIPOC business model helps everyone in the company see the business from an overall process
perspective. However, it does NOT:
Provide a framework applicable to processes of all sizes
Restrict access to customer data
Have supervisors available to answer more questions
Utilize employee involvement
b 63
The organization’s customer service program can be enhanced in many ways. One of the ways would be:
Provide better procedures for customer service personnel
Restrict access to customer data
Have supervisors available to answer more questions
Utilize employee involvement
d 64
 Having extensive industry knowledge makes upper management “experts” in customer needs anddesires.
To win in the marketplace they should:
Authorize many new products as soon as possible
Start with a new marketing plan fitting customer needs
Develop a strategic plan for new products
Ask for help, because they often don’t really know the customer
d 65
A customer satisfaction program was started on the right foot and has gone very well for the last year or
so. The company should:
Look to improve the program, with new customer input
Do nothing with the program, it’s not broken
Form a manager’s group to add new wrinkles to the program
Concentrate on long term customers
a 66
A six sigma improvement team may be required to analyze customer data in order to define a project of
the results of an improvement. Which of the following tools would be of LEAST value?
Conflict resolution
Statistical analysis
Matrix diagrams
Pareto analysis
a 67
Customer expectations follow which hierarchy of needs, from low to high?
I Expected
II Basic
III Unanticipated
IV Desired
II, I, IV, III
III, I, II, IV
IV, II, I, III
I, II, III, IV
a 68
During the team building phase, which of the following best describes the actions of the team?
The group is uncertain of their duties
Members prioritize and perform tasks
Member cooperation is evident
The team leader usually delegates duties
a 69
In most cases, an improvement team receives the least control and direction during which of the following
stages:
Building
Storming
Performing
Alarming
c 70
Excessive conflict within an improvement team:
Has a negative effect on team members and should be avoided
Has a positive effect on creating solutions
Most often results in win-win situations
Promotes equal participation among members
a 71
 Good improvement team members will:
Provide valid excuses when they miss a meeting
Agree with the team even when it is wrong
Encourage participation by other team members
Withhold unpopular information from the team
c 72
Which of the following describes poorly functioning teams?
Members act independently without inter-dependency
Objectives are realistically set and met
Team members listen to what is being said
Facts and opinions are distinguished
a 73
Effective team mechanics would typically NOT include which of the following?
The development of an agenda
The support of upper management
The distribution of minutes
The meeting time, frequency and location
b 74
When giving instructions to those who will perform a task, the communication process is completed:
When the worker goes to his work station to do the task
When the person giving the instruction has finished talking
When the worker acknowledges these instructions by describing how he/she will perform the task
When the worker says that he/she understands the instructions
c 75
Understanding, controlling and improving an organization’s processes to create value for all stakeholders
would be called:
The SIPOC diagram
Process performance metric
Business process management
The establishment of KPIVs and KPOVs
c 76
As an alternative to QFD, the plotting of items of customer importance versus the customer’scorresponding
satisfaction level, using a form of Likert scale would most appropriately be called:
A matrix diagram
A perceptual map
A cause-and-effect matrix
A correlation chart
b 77
One would say that, from an overall perspective, the activities of a company are tied together by:
Customers
Stockholders
Suppliers
Process management
d 78
If a company fails to meet their quarterly projected sales and profit forecasts, which of the following
stakeholder groups would be LEAST affected?
Suppliers
Stockholders
Employees
Society
d 79
 The key difference between internal and external customers is:
Their interest in the product or service
Internal customers can influence the design of the product
External customers usually influence the design of the product
External customers best determine the true quality of the product
d 80
On surveys from customers, what do high customer satisfaction numbers NOT indicate?
Customer satisfaction
Customer service
Customer loyalty
Product quality satisfaction
c 81
The fundamental purpose of establishing teams is to:
Provide team members a form of job enrichment and broadening
Improve the internal efficiencies of the organization
Teach team members new problem solving skills
Avoid spending money on outside consultants
b 82
Which six sigma role is most likely to define objectives for an improvement team?
Leader
Sponsor
Facilitator
Member
b 83
The key attribute for individual team members is:
That they are able to work schedules to accommodate team activities
That they believe in the value of the team process
That they have extensive experience within the organization
That they understand the full scope of the problem at hand
b 84
A team sponsor or champion typically:
Is a liaison between the team and upper management
Attends all team meetings
Directs the team on implementing solutions
Fulfills the facilitator role
a 85
A project team has been functioning very well for about two months. One member has suggested a
different approach to solving the problem they have been working on. The other members strongly reject
the ideas. This is an example of:
Wanderlust
Groupthink
Floundering
Active-passive behavior
b 86
Techniques useful for team facilitators when narrowing a list of potential problem areas to investigate
include all of the following, EXCEPT:
Brainstorming
Nominal Group Technique
Voting
Multivoting
a 87
 One way communications within an organization would include:
Upward and downward
Horizontal and informal
Emails and letters
Rumors and gossip
c 88
Effective communications ensure all of the following EXCEPT?
That business objectives are understood
That the strategic plan is disseminated
That business success is assured
That customer requirements are known
c 89
What primary activities take place during most team meetings?
Conflict between the facilitator and the team members
Taking detailed minutes and publishing the information promptly
Learning the teamwork process and improving the work processes
Consensus building and conflict resolution
c 90
When two team members express strong opposite views, the remaining team members should:
Ask both members to leave
Vote that the leader stop the discussion
Have the two clearly state their positions
Use the sponsor to clarify the situation
c 91
Identification of the external customer is important because:
It eliminates wasted advertising
It produces more profit per customer
It helps identify the customer’s needs
It permits easier product recalls
c 92
A study on best customer satisfaction practices suggests this principle:
Use proper sampling methods to collect data
Use consultant designed survey forms
Use multiple instruments to collect data
Use good equipment for sampling
c 93
Project improvement team members normally have:
Narrow skills and experiences
Diverse skills and narrow experiences
Diverse experience and narrow skills
Diverse skills and experiences
d 94
The most difficult stage for any team to work through is:
Norming
Storming
Performing
Forming
b 95
The team champion has this position because:
He or she is at a high level in the organization
He or she finished the project first
His or her team saved the most money
a 96 The team members elected him or her
 When one works through a conflict situation with a customer:
There is no conflict, the customer is always right
The process should not embarrass either party
The company should maintain its position
All steps and procedures are strictly followed
b 97
Studies have shown that the most effective method to communicate information is:
Oral
Written
Non-verbal
A combination of methods
d 98
The downward flow of communications is used form information transfer. By the time it gets to the lowest
level, it has been affected by the process of:
Spanning
Projecting
Filtering
Leveling
c 99
If a team leader wishes to take an assertive stance in dealing with a conflict, he/she will want to select
which of the following positions?
Avoiding
Accommodating
Collaborating
Compromising
c 100
What is the main difference between risk analysis and risk management?
There is minimal difference, they refer to the same concept
Risk analysis refers to tools and risk management deals with consent
Risk analysis evaluates risks, while risk management is a more inclusive process
Risk analysis includes risk handling while risk management refers to risk monitoring
c 101
A project has been completed and the final report written. The next activity relevant to the project is:
Benefit-cost analysis
Postmortem analysis
Reward and recognition of project team members
Document archiving
b 102
Which of the new quality management tools is used to organize facts and data about an unfamiliar subject
or problem?
The affinity diagram
The header technique
The activity network diagram
Matrix diagram
a 103
Pareto diagrams are used to:
Determine a cause-effect relationship between one or more variables
Focus attention on problems in priority order
Generate a large number of ideas
Display causes in nongraphical manner
b 104
 When constructing a Pareto diagram where should the “others” category be placed?
At the beginning as the first category
Directly in the center of the chart
At the end as the last category
Where it falls according to indicated frequency
c 105
The matrix diagram is used to show the relationship between 2 variables. Matrices can be developed in
several ways. Which of the following matrix types illustrates relationships in three planes?
L-type
T-type
C-type
Y-type
d 106
Which of the following improvement tools utilize the accumulation of ideas or data into categories?
Control charts
PDCA
Pareto diagrams
Flow charts
c 107
For organizing information, facts or data into a systematic, logical manner, which of the following new
quality tools would be used?
An interrelationship diagraph
A tree diagram
An activity network diagram
Prioritization matrix
b 108
New quality management tools are being used to help the problem solving process. Which of the following
tools provided a numeric ranking of options?
Interrelationship diagraph
Affinity diagram
Activity network diagram
Prioritization matrices
d 109
Which of these quality tools would NOT be expected to be used during the results confirmation stage of a
problem solution?
Flow chart
Pareto diagram
Histogram
Control chart
a 110
Which of the following is NOT a potential risk area?
Environmental risks
Schedule risks
Cost risks
Mitigation risks
d 111
One would say that the final stage in project management would be:
The project proposal
The project review
Lessons learned
Document archiving
d 112
 In developing a chart to plot a course of action, with many of the events or milestones unknown, which
new quality management tool would be used?
Process decision program chart
Activity network diagram
Matrix diagram
Affinity diagram
a 113
Which of the seven modern quality management tools use techniques that incorporate a form of flow
charting?
Tree diagrams, activity network diagrams and matrix diagrams
PDPC charts, tree diagrams, activity network diagrams
Affinity diagrams, tree diagrams, interrelationship digraphs
Matrix diagrams, PDPC charts, tree diagrams
b 114
Which of the following management tools requires the least preliminary knowledge about a subject or
activity?
Prioritization matrices
Matrix diagrams
Affinity diagrams
Activity network diagrams
c 115
What is the danger in bunching ideas immediately into closely related categories when using either the
affinity diagram or the interrelationship digraph?
The wrong category might be selected
Thought patterns could be blessed
Arrows might be aimed in the wrong direction
The problem resolution can be overlooked
b 116
Any action taken to reduce the probability and/or consequences of an adverse outcome from a
development project is called:
Mitigation
Transference
Avoidance
Acceptance
a 117
Which statement best describes an optimized risk management process?
Cost of resolution equals risk exposure
Overall cost and risk are minimized
Risk mitigation plans that are rarely exercised
A scalable and flexible plan
b 118
Variances from budget for a project:
Are the differences between planned and actual costs
Indicate the project manager did a poor job of controlling costs
Are usually expressed in standard deviation units from the norm
Are expected in most complex design activities
a 119
One thousand units of products were examined for the possibility of 5 different undesirable characteristics.
A total of 80 defects were found. How many defects would be expected in a million opportunities?
16,000
26,666
61,456
a 120 80,000
 Of the four classifications of quality costs, which will prove the greatest dollar savings versus dollars spent?
Appraisal costs
Internal failure costs
Prevention costs
External failure costs
c 121
A critical to quality (CTQ) tree can be of value to the six sigma project team. It can translate customer
requirements to quantified requirements. This will allow the organization to focus on a problem. An
example of a quantified requirement for a mall order publishing house is:
Cycle time to print a book
Inexpensive pricing
The weight of a book not to exceed 3 pounds
Exceptional copy quality
c 122
The DPMO for a process is 860. What is the approximate six sigma level of the process?
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
c 123
The team’s charter describes the team’s:
Leader, facilitator, recorder, and timekeeper
Meeting dates, milestones, and targets
Mission, scope, and objectives
Members, sponsors, and facilitators
c 124
The use of the program evaluation and review technique (PERT) requires:
The critical path to be known in advance
Slack times to be added to the critical path
Time estimates for each activity in the network
Less data than a Gantt chart
c 125
The critical path in a project means that:
The project is important to the profits of the organization
Slack times can be used to delay the ending date of the project
Delays of events on this path delay the ending date of the project
Activities cannot be crashed
c 126
Gantt chart advantages include all of the following, EXCEPT:
The charts are easy to understand
Changes can be made easily
Each bar represents a single activity
Estimates of optimistic and pessimistic times can be included
d 127
Manual project management planning and controlling methods:
Have an advantage over computer methods in terms of cost
Have become nearly extinct because of the availability of computer methods
Are best for large complex projects
Are harder to learn than computer methods
a 128
 Advantages of computer software driven project management methods do NOT include:
The ability to analyze “what-if” options
An automatic calculation of the critical path
A determination of the effects of actual results on the project
Minimal training requirements
d 129
Six sigma project methodology normally begins with what initial step?
Problem definition
Define
Project charter
Champion approval
b 130
The advantages of an effective quality cost measurement system include which of the following?
It provides an effective vehicle for Kano analysis
It provides the solution to many quality problems
It eliminates the need for separate management corrective action efforts
It aligns many company and quality goals
d 131
Identify the secondary or consequential customer metrics from the choices below:
Conformance quality
Color range
Average age of receivables
Technical support
c 132
The project charter will be useful in many ways, including:
Providing a consistent target for the team
Permitting the team leader to develop milestones from it
Assuring the champion will assign responsible team members
Ensuring team members will support the charter
a 133
The project charter will contain a business case, which can be defined as:
A reasoning for the redesign of a process or product
The full arguments for the project
A short summary of the strategic reason for the project
A case study of the project situation
c 134
A commonly reported problem associated with six sigma project deals with:
A failure to complete any project charter documentation
A desire to complete projects on time
A requirement that projects must be at least $100,000 in value
A lack of business impact for the company
d 135
The target length of an initial six sigma project should be approximately
60 days
90 days
120 days
180 days
c 136
The composition of a team for a typical six sigma project should:
Be composed of interested floor operators and area staff
Consists of qualified people with the expertise needed
Consists of a cross-functional blend of people from various departments
b 137 Consist of green belts, at the very least
 In the preparation of a project, efforts should be made to identify and involve various parties affected by
the planned changes. These other parties are known as:
Process owners
Champions
Team leaders
Stakeholders
d 138
Resistance to change resulting from an improvement project can cause failures. The project team might
consider development of a plan to handle stakeholders. This plan is most likely to be termed:
A communications plan
A resistance plan
A PERT chart
A Gantt chart
a 139
In the construction of a Pareto chart for the number of defects in a book binding operation, four categories
of defects were recorded, as identified in the following table.

The correct conventional listing for the Pareto chart categories from left to right would be.
Emulsion, other, sewing, and grease
Grease, sewing, other, and emulsion
Grease, sewing, emulsion, and other
Emulsion, sewing, grease, and other
d 140
Review of purchase orders for quality requirements fall into which one of the following quality cost
segments?
Prevention
Appraisal
Internal failure
External failure
a 141
Using Kano analysis, what would be considered a latent requirement?
A basic requirement
A variable requirement
A delighter
A satisfier
c 142
The purpose of “rolled throughput yield” in the six sigma define step would NOT be to:
Spot significant differences in yield
Provide a baseline metric
Use the calculation for customer analysis
Analyze a process flow for improvement ideas
c 143
 Understanding customer needs is a constant requirement for organizations. Customer data and
information is often collected in various amounts. The organization should re solve to:
I Use more proactive approaches
II Focus on improvement plans
III Identify customer satisfaction drivers
IV Sort out the unneeded customer data
I only
II and III only
I, II, and III only
I, II, III and IV
c 144
What is the definition of the mitigate step in the risk management process?
To reduce the impact of any unforeseen event
To hide any relevant risk studies from the stakeholders
To make adjustments based on deviations from planned actions
To delegate disaster relieve to the proper authorities
a 145
Risk planning requires inputs such as:
Avoidance
Resources
Transference
Mitigation
b 146
The new problem solving tool which incorporates PERT and CPM techniques into a project flow chart is
called:
Activity network diagram
Prioritization matrix
Tree diagram
Process decision program chart
a 147
An improvement team will make inferences about the relative importance and sequence of events when
using the interrelationship digraph by the use of:
Sticky notes on a wall
Arrows leading to or away from topic
The start and stopping of a process
Numeric scores or indices
b 148
The decision to establish controls for product testing ONLY during the acceptance testing step ofthe project
is a form of risk management known as:
Risk avoidance
Risk handling
Risk acceptance
Risk reduction
c 149
A chart is constructed that has defect types on the X-axis, customers on the Y-axis, and numbers of defects
at the corresponding column and row intersections is called:
A matrix diagram
A correlation chart
A Pareto diagram
A cause-and-effect diagram
a 150
 Lessons learned for a project would typically include all of the following, EXCEPT:
How to secure increased funding for similar projects
The effectiveness of the entire project
How to avoid mistakes that were made
The adequacy of project resources
a 151
Consider the following network, with events marked within the circles and durations in weeks:

The critical path is:

1-3-6-8-10
1-3-6-9-10
1-4-6-8-10
1-4-6-9-10
c 152
During a project work breakdown structure, a number of planning activities occur. Which of the following
items is NOT included?
The project objective is defined
The work is divided into smaller activities
The interrelationship between activities are defined
The project schedule is established
a 153
What is a major distinction between the CPM and PERT methods in the evaluation of project performance?
Only the PERT method can be displayed on a Gantt chart
The PERT technique allows for easier crashing of project time
The PERT technique permits network relationships but CPM does not
The PERT technique is event oriented, while CPM is activity centered
d 154
Which of the following items is the LEAST likely candidate to assist the problem definitionstage ofsix sigma?
CTQ trees
Pareto analysis
Product yield data
Control charts
d 155
There are five fabricating operations that can be performed in any sequence. Four of the operations yield
98% recovery and one yields 80% recovery. What is the preferred production sequence, assuming that the
80% operation cannot be immediately improved?
Place the 80% operation first
Place the 80% operation in the middle
Place the 80% operation last
It doesn’t matter, the RTY is the same
a 156
 The Kano model is used to:
Measure supplier performance
Analyze customer requirements
Describe takt time
Calculate rolled throughput time
b 157
If an improvement team were to investigate their customer base by moving from general to more specific
customer needs, what technique would be employed?
Pareto analysis
Kano model
CTQ tree
Affinity diagram
c 158
A process consists of three sequential steps with the following yields:
Y1 = 99.8, Y2 = 97.4, Y3 = 96.4
Determine the total defects per unit
0.063
0.065
0.067
0.069
b 159
In the planning of a new major manufacturing program, the greatest quality effort should be put logically
in:
Inspection of product
Nondestructive testing equipment
Noncomformance to specifications
Prevention of occurrence of substantial quality
d 160
A process map is used to accomplish which of the following?
Display a dynamic picture of process performance behavior
Focus attention on process problems in priority order
Diagram possible problem causes in a process
Track products, operator actions, or administrative procedures
d 161
Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the new quality management tools?
Scatter diagrams
PDPC charts
Tree diagrams
Matrix diagrams
a 162
A process map is ideal for:
Detecting the causes for delays
Determining defective parts
Prioritizing problems
Determining if two variables are related
a 163
If you are reading this question you are a customer of QCI. Identify a QCI process output element from the
list below:
Binder manufacturers
Solution texts
Authors
Paper companies
b 164
 Process mapping of activities and systems is most helpful in detecting:
Ways to eliminate written procedures
Deficiencies in the organizational structure
Holes or gaps in the control system
Improper uses of statistical methods
c 165
Which of the following process mapping symbols would NOT be associated with a decision point?

a b c d
b 166
The input categories for a classical cause-and-effect diagram would NOT include:
Maintenance
Manpower
Machine
Material
a 167
Process input and output variables can be effectively evaluated, using all of the following techniques,
EXCEPT:
Relationship matrices
Cause-and-effect diagrams
SIPOC models
Box-and-whisker plots
d 168
An Ishikawa diagram is also known as a:
Box plot
Process map
Scatter diagram
Fishbone diagram
d 169
The term “variables” can be described in the following way:
A quality which can be absent or present in a product
A definable attribute or characteristic of a product
A quality which can assume several (more than two) values
A quality which is absent in a product in one or more specifications
c 170
Which of the following data types would provide the most useful information in eliminating the causes of
paint blemishes on automobiles being produced on an assembly line?
Attribute
Ordinal
Locational
Variables
c 171
If the interaction roof of a House of Quality uses a numeric scale (instead of alphabetic), what data type
would be displayed?
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
b 172
 The measure of the central location for the nominal scale is considered to be the:
Mode
Median
Arithmetic
Average
a 173
When performing calculations on sample data:
A continuous relative frequency graph is created
Rounding the data has no effect on the mean and standard deviation
Coding the data has no effect on the mean and standard deviation
Coding and rounding affect both the mean and standard deviation
d 174
Random selection of a sample:
Theoretically means that each item in the lot had an equal chance to be selected
Ensures that the sample average will equal the population average
Means that a table of random numbers was used to dictate the selection
Is a meaningless theoretical requirement
a 175
If an engineer or technician were to select samples from a mixture in a vat that is suspected of separation,
what sampling technique would be advisable?
Random sampling
Sequential sampling
Stratified sampling
Discovery sampling
c 176
In order to ensure data accuracy and integrity, which of the following should NOT be considered?
Avoid unnecessary rounding of data
Record production data in time sequence
Filter data for entry errors
Remove data based on a firm hunch that it is false
d 177
Which of the following measures of variability is NOT dependent on the exact value of everymeasurement?
Mean deviation
Variance
Range
Standard deviation
c 178
The sum of the squared deviations of a group of measurements from their mean divided by the number of
measurements equals:
σ
σ2
Zero
The mean deviation
b 179
Determine the coefficient of variation for the last 500 pilot plant test runs of high temperature film having
a mean of 900o Kelvin with a standard deviation of 64o.
6%
16.7%
0.6%
31%
a 180
 A graphical display of the total percentage of results below a certain measurement value is called a:
Histogram
Probability density function
Cumulative distribution function
Expected value
c 181
What tool is customarily used to complement the cause-and-effect diagram?
Scatter diagrams
Pareto diagrams
Brainstorming
Force field analysis
c 182
Correlation coefficients are generated from which of the following graphs?
Measles charts
Scatter diagrams
Pareto diagrams
Control charts
b 183
Which three of the following four techniques could easily be used to display the same data?
I Stem and leaf plots
II Box plots
III Scatter diagrams
IV Histograms
I, II, and III only
I, II, and IV only
I, III, and IV only
II, III, and IV only
b 184
The histogram below displays what type of distribution?

Bimodal
Polymodal
Negative skewed
Truncated
a 185
For the normal probability distribution, the relationships among the median, mean, and mode are:
They are all equal to the same value
The mean and mode have the same value but the median is different
Each has a value different from the other two
The mean and median are the same but the mode is different
a 186
All of the factors that might be contributing to a production problem must be discovered. Which of the
following problem-solving tools would be the best selection?
Pareto diagrams
Fishbone diagrams
Histograms
Control charts
b 187
 Which of the following statements describes discrete data?
It takes 3 hours and 48 minutes to fly from LA to New York
Of 225 people on the airplanes, 85 had connecting flights
The flight arrived at 9:08pm
There were 5,923 gallons of fuel consumed on the flight
b 188
Locational data might be found on all of the following, EXCEPT:
A defect location check sheet
A measles chart
A concentration chart
A recording check sheet
d 189
Identify the data conversion that would be MOST difficult to accomplish:
Attribute data converted to variables data
Variables data converted to attribute data
Accumulated go/no-go data converted to variables data
Variables data converted to go/no-go data
c 190
Which of the following is NOT a statistical level of measurement?
Ordinal
Nominal
Numerical
Ratio
c 191
Pallets of products are staged in a warehouse prior to shipment. There are indications that container
damage is occurring disproportionately at aisle and row end locations. The best method of data collection
to confirm this theory would be:
Random sampling
Sequential sampling
Skip-lot sampling
Stratified sampling
d 192
The scatter of individual observations from a normally distributed process can NOT be quantifi ed with
which of the following?
The range
The standard deviation
The variance
The median
d 193
What graphical data method can show the value of all individual readings?
A stem and leaf plot
A grouped probability density function
A normal histogram
A complex box plot
a 194
Which of the following statements is most applicable to trend analysis?
Experience is required for proper interpretation
Bar charts are more informative than run charts
Most applications should be reflected as an improvement percentage
An improving trend is an indication of corporate survival
a 195
 A histogram is also known as:
A cumulative frequency graph
A relative frequency graph
A population distribution function
A box-and-whisker plot
b 196
A relational matrix is a problem-solving tool which helps to:
Shows cause-effect relationships between input and output variables
Focus attention on problems in priority order
Generate a large number of improvement ideas
Determine where noncomforming parts exist
a 197
A scatter diagram is used to plot gas mileage versus the weight of a car. One would expect the shape of the
resulting plot to be:
A low positive
An increasing slope
A decreasing slope
No correlation display
c 198
If 87 data observations from a process were to be plotted on a histogram, the rule of thumb would suggest
using which number of intervals across the range of the data?
19
4
12
9
d 199
Consider the following data set:
3,4,7,7,8,11,12,13
Which of the following are factual statements regarding this data?
The mean is greater than the mode
The median is less than the mode
The mean is less than the median
The mode and the median are the same
a 200
Consider that a sample of ten units is taken from a population. Which of the following statementsiscorrect?
The standard deviation is usually greater than the variance
The range is greater than the standard deviation
A sigma estimate cannot be determined
No estimate of the population average is possible
b 201
Which of the following quality tools displays large amounts of numeric data to show a static picture of
process behavior?
Check sheets
Flow charts
Histogram
Pareto diagrams
c 202
What is the mode of the following data set?
4, 2, 6, 8, 7, 4, 3, 4, 7
4
5
6
a 203 7
 What is the mean height of five men who have the following heights?
5’6”, 5’9”, 5’4”, 5’11”, 5’8”
6’0”
5’5”
5’6 ½”
5’7 3/5”
d 204
Calculate the standard deviation of the population for the following set of five sample observations:
1.5, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0, 1.6
1.280
0.259
0.231
0.518
b 205
What is the standard deviation of the following complete set of data: 3.2, 3.1, 3.3, 3.3, 3.1?
3.2
0.0894
0.1
0.0498
b 206
The grades of a student on six examinations were 84, 91, 72, 68, 87, and 78. Find the median of the grades:
84
78
80
81
d 207
The SIPOC process map stands for suppliers, inputs, process, outputs, and customers. It provides a view of
the process that contains approximately how many steps?
21-40 steps
16-20 steps
8-15 steps
4-7 steps
d 208
You conduct a thorough statistical analysis of the capabilities of three machines and conclude thatmachine
number 3 is giving a consistently sub-standard performance. Your recommendation is, due tothe machine’s
age and the costs to repair, it should be replaced with new equipment. The line superv isor statedthatthere
was no value in conducting an analysis to conclude what was already known to be a fact. What can be
stated about these two contrasting approaches?
The statistical analysis validates the supervisors intuition
The supervisor is right, there was no need to make a detailed analysis
Neither conclusion is necessarily right, there is always room for error
More data may be needed to convince the supervisor
a 209
After attending SPC classes, a second shift production supervisor implements a mean chart foranimportant
quality characteristic. The supervisor stated, “I’m happy to announce that out of 24 sample means (sample
size 5 units, taken every 20 minutes) none were found outside of the specification limits. The process is
running flawlessly.” What can be stated about the supervisor’s conclusion?
The supervisor is wrong, there is no measure of the confidence level
The supervisor is wrong, two different populations are being compared
The supervisor is right, for the wrong reasons
The supervisor is right, all values are within specifications
b 210
 ASQ sectional history indicates that 43% of all candidates successfully pass certification exams. A total of
12 company employees (including you) will take the upcoming CSSGB exam. The area manager has
promised a big bonus if all 12 of you pass the exam. What is the probability of getting the promised bonus?
1.000000
0.083000
0.000040
0.001176
c 211
The Poisson distribution can be used to approximate the binomial distribution under which ofthe following
conditions?
When p is equal to or larger than 0.1 and the sample size is large
When p is equal to or larger than 0.1 and the sample size is small
When p is equal to or smaller than 0.1 and the sample size is small
When p is equal to or smaller than 0.1 and the sample size is large
d 212
Which of the following two distributions have theoretical ties to the chi -square distribution?
F and t distributions
F and normal distributions
Normal and t distributions
Binomial and normal distributions
a 213
As a new green belt in the company you receive the following information:

= 4.241 mm, S = x0.565 mm, n = 5

You decide to estimate the process parameters but discover that the original data was lost and all youhave
are these 3 numbers. What is the best estimate that can be made of the process parameters under the
current circumstances:
= 4.241 and = 0.565
= 4.241 and = 1.263
= 4.241 and = 0.253
= 1.896 and = 1.263
b 214
Which of the following statistical term statement is correct?
Parameters come from samples
Samples come from statistics
Statistics come from samples
Populations come from statistics
c 215
What is the practical use of the F distribution?
To study the equality of two means
To study the equality of goodness of fit data
To study the quality of one mean and one variance
To study the equality of variances
d 216
Which of the following distributions have their x-axis starting at 0?
Normal and t
Normal and chi-square
Chi-square and F
F and t
c 217
 A number resulting from the manipulation of some raw data according to certain specified procedures is
called:
A population
A constant
A statistics
A parameter
c 218
The distribution of a characteristic is negatively skewed. The sampling distribution of the mean for large
samples, taken from this same distribution, is:
Negatively skewed
Approximately normal
Positively skewed
Lognormal
b 219
If the probability of a car starting on a cold morning is 0.6, and we have two such cars, what is the probability
of at least one of the cars starting on a cold morning?
0.84
0.81
0.60
0.36
a 220
For two events, A and B, which one of the following is a true probability statement?
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) if A and B are independent
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) if A and B are mutually exclusive
P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B) if A and B are mutually exclusive
P(A or B) = P(A) x P(B) if A and B are independent
b 221
Which of the following distributions does NOT require the use of the natural logarithmic base forprobability
density calculations?
Normal
Poisson
Chi-square
Binomial
d 222
Determining the lower limit of success at a desired confidence level for n tests with f failures is an
application of the:
Normal distribution
Binomial distribution
Chi-square distribution
Hypergeometric distribution
b 223
The distribution which has a mean equal to the variance is the:
Poisson
Exponential
Weibull
Rayleigh
a 224
 Given the following information:
Probability of 1 or more defects = 0.69
Probability of 2 or more defects = 0.34
Probability of 3 or more defects = 0.12
Probability of 4 or more defects = 0.03
What is the probability of 2 or fewer defects?
0.34
0.69
0.46
0.88
d 225
In reference to the figure below, which of the following is NOT true?

A is a subset of B
B and C are mutually exclusive
C is a subset of A
A and C are additive probability events
a 226
The probability of a train arriving on time and leaving on time is 0.8. The probability of the same train
arriving on time is 0.84. The probability of this train leaving on time is 0.86. Given the train arrived on time,
what is the probability it will leave on time?
0.93
0.84
0.88
0.95
d 227
The expression below is which of the following?

General term for the Poisson distribution

General term for the normal distribution
General term for the binomial distribution
General term for the chi-square distribution
c 228
Which of the following statistical distributions can be used to compare sample means?
Chi-square distribution
Normal distribution
t distribution
Exponential distribution
c 229
Suppose that 5 bad electron tubes were mixed with 8 good tube. If 2 tubes are drawn simultaneously,what
is the probability that both are good?
8/13
14/39
7/12
b 230 36/91
 In a probability study, an outcome or event that cannot be broken down any further is referred to as:
A mutually exclusive event
A dependent event
A simple event
An event complement
c 231
If events cannot occur simultaneously they are called:
Randomly selected
Mutually exclusive
Independent
Statistically stable
b 232
The average number of flaws in large plate glass is 0.25 per pane. The standard deviation of this Poisson
distribution is:
0.25
0.05
0.75
0.50
d 233
A process is producing material which is 20% defective. Five pieces are selected at random for inspection.
What is the probability of exactly three good pieces being found in the sample?
0.184
0.061
0.205
0.051
c 234
On average, a company hires 4 people per month. In a given month, what is the probability that exactly 7
people will be hired?
0.0003
0.0595
0.4487
0.0087
b 235
A box contains two red balls and two black balls. Given that a black ball has been drawn, what is the
probability of drawing two consecutive red balls in the next three draws?
1/6
2/3
1/3
¼
b 236
A lot of 50 pieces contains 5 defectives. A sample of two is drawn without replacement. The probability
that both will be defective is approximately:
.0100
.0010
.0082
.0093
c 237
 The car you drive to work has a 90% chance of starting in the morning. It is blocked by your spouse’s car
which has an 80% chance of starting. Both cars are blocked by your son’s car which has a 70% chance of
starting. What is the probability of getting to work in your own car?
0.504
0.560
0.630
0.720
a 238
15 process improvement ideas have been submitted for a project selection. Unknown to the team, two of
these ideas have the potential for breakthrough improvement. If your team selects two projectsatrandom,
what are the chances of picking both winners?
0.0095
0.0714
0.1333
0.1538
a 239
Defining the sample space S as {rock, book, cigar, guitar, dog}, what is the compliment of {cigar, dog}?
{rock, book, cigar, guitar, dog}
{cigar, guitar, dog}
{dog}
{rock, book, guitar}
d 240
In the figure below, what is the intersection of events A and C?

1, 3, and 4
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8
3 and 4
2, 3, 4, and 7
c 241
If events A and B are independent, then:
P(B/A)=P(A)
P(A/B)=P(B)
P(B/A)=P(B)
P(B/A)=P(A)+P(B)
c 242
In determining a process average fraction defective using inductive or inferential statistics, one would be
using:
Statistics, computed from samples, to make inferences about populations
Populations, computed from samples, to make inferences about populations
Samples, computed from statistics, to make inferences about populations
Samples, computed from populations, to make inferences about samples
a 243
 Assume a large lot contains exactly 4% defective items. Using the Poisson distribution, what is the
probability that a random sample of 50 items will NOT reflect the true lot quality?
27%
73%
82%
67%
b 244
For a certain make of car, the brake linings have a mean lifetime of 40,000 miles with a 5,000 mile standard
deviation. A sample of 100 cars has been selected for testing. Assuming that the population correctionmay
be ignored, the standard deviation of X-bar is:
50 miles
500 miles
400 miles
4000 miles
b 245
When performing an analytical study, which of the following statistical values would seldom be known?
The true critical value
The sample statistic
The true population parameter
The degree of uncertainty
c 246
When P(A|B) ≠ P(A) then:
Events A and B are independent
Events A and B are dependent
Events A and B are mutually exclusive
Events A and B are complements
b 247
Refer to the Venn diagram below:

If the probability of event A is 20%, the probability of event B is 30%, and the probability of event A
intersecting event B is 8%, what is the probability of neither event?
58%
56%
48%
44%
a 248
The upper and lower specifications for a certain product are 7 lbs. and 7.3 lbs. Actual data indicates that
the product is currently running at an average of 7.465 lbs., with a standard deviation of 0.03039 lbs. The
calculations indicate Cp=1.645 and Cpk=-1.81. What conclusions can be made about the process?
There is something wrong with the calculations; a negative C pk is not possible
The specifications must be unrealistically set
The process is close to 6 sigma; the negative C pk is irrelevant
The Cp and Cpk values indicate that the process problem is not centered
d 249
 Two micrometers are used to measure the same quality characteristic (thickness in this case). The
micrometer at headquarters has more decimal places than the one being used at the plant. The micrometer
at headquarters is more:
Accurate
Precise
Advanced
Sensitive
d 250
What is the practical difference between the precision/tolerance ratio (P/T ratio) and the precision/total
variation ratio (P/TV ratio).
P/T ratio and P/TV ratio are practically the same
P/T ratio gives a better picture of the measurement precision for internal improvement studies while P/TV
ratio is better for evaluations relative to specifications
P/T ratio gives a better picture of the measurement precision relative to specifications while P/TV ratio is
better for internal improvement studies
The combined P/T and P/TV ratios should equal one in order to achieve a better understanding of the
measurement system analysis results
c 251
Which of the following is a necessary assumption to validate the meaning of the standard deviation of
measurement variability?
Measurement errors are independent
The measurement scale is normally distributed
Measurement errors are independent of the operators involved in the study
Measurement errors are skewed in the direction of normality
a 252
Two constant values are often used to calculate P/T and P/TV ratios. What is the origin of the value 6 and
5.15 in the ratio calculations?
They represent the most common values found in MSA statistical tables
They were randomly selected and have never been changed
They represent 99.73% and 99% of the total population of measurements, assuming normality
They represent 95% and 100% of the range of normal values
c 253
Which MSA method allows the intersection between operators and parts to be determined?
ANOVA method
Average and range method
Interaction method
Range method
a 254
The calculation for reproducibility using the average and range method comes from:
Examining the variation between the appraisers and within their readings
Examining the variation between the average of the appraisers for all parts measured
Checking the variation within each appraiser group
Examining the variation between at least two separate instruments
b 255
A combined calculation of repeatability and reproducibility using the average and range method produces
a ratio of 7.42% of process tolerance. What can be stated about the 7.42% value?
The measurement system is acceptable
The measurement system is marginal
The measurement system is not acceptable
It must be separated into individual R&R values
a 256
 What is the null hypothesis (H0) for process capability?
That the ratio between the specs and the process spread should be one
That the ratio between the specs and the process spread should be larger than one
That the ratio between the specs and the process spread should be 1.67
None of the above
d 257
Why is the normality assumption essential to the interpretation of the capability index?
Because a spread of 6 standard deviations represents 99.73% of cases
Because only normal distributions are capable of statistical control
Because the specifications are always explained by the bell curve
Because the normal distribution always has a mean of 0
a 258
When considering a quality characteristic for process capability calculations, a green belt should consider
which of the following?
Choose those characteristics with the highest process capability index ratios
Choose a small number of customer defined CTQ characteristics
Choose only normal characteristics to comply with the normality assumption
Choose all characteristics defined in the procedures and work instructions
b 259
A process shows lack of stability but yesterday’s capability index was so great (1.77) that y our supervisor
decides to use it as a benchmark for all future process capabilities. What should you advise yoursupervisor?
Use the 1.77 value, it is so good that the process instability is insignificant
Do not use the 1.77 value, first get the process to statistical stability
Use the 1.77 value but improve the process until it shows statistical stability
Do not use the 1.77 value, the unstable process may provide a better index later
b 260
What is the effect of management tampering with process capabili ty?
Process capability will improve if management uses a motivational approach
Process capability will improve if management punishes the poor quality offenders
Process capability will deteriorate if management does not act promptly
Process capability will deteriorate if management mandates frequent adjustments
d 261
6 sigma means 3.4 ppm considering a shift in the mean of 1.5 standard deviations. What is the value of 6
sigma without the 1.5 standard deviation shift in the mean?
0.002 ppm
0.135 ppm
2.4 ppm
4.9 ppm
a 262
When a process is not centred relative to specifications, which of the following statements is true?
Cpk is equal to Cp when the population is normal
Cpk is the smallest value of either C p upper or Cp lower
Cpk is the largest value of either Cp upper or Cp lower
Cpk is the value closest to 1 in the partial capability index calculation
b 263
It is often desirable to do an R&R study of a gage system and compare it to the total process variation. What
must be assured about the gage being used before an R&R study can be performed?
Accuracy and precision
Reliability and sensitivity
Accuracy and sensitivity
Reliability and precision
c 264
 The data from an R&R study may be used to determine all of the following, EXCEPT:
Reproducibility
Process variation
Repeatability
Sensitivity
d 265
When making measurements with test instruments, precision and accuracy mean:
The same
The opposite
Consistency and correctness, respectively
Exactness and traceability, respectively
c 266
Assume in an R&R study, using the ANOVA method, that the technician-to-technician error was noted to
be very low. This value could also be stated as low:
Reproducibility error
Repeatability error
Interaction error
Process error
a 267
The advantage of the R&R range method compared to the average and range or ANOVA methods is that it
is a quick way to:
Quantify the total R&R portion of measurement
Quantify the repeatability portion of measurement
Quantify the reproducibility portion of measurement
Quantify any part and technician measurement interactions
a 268
Precision is:
Getting consistent results repeatedly
Reading to one decimal greater than the reported dimension
Distinguishing small deviations from a standard value
Extreme care in the analysis of data
a 269
When the natural process limits are compared with the specification range, which of the following courses
of action is LEAST desirable?
Change the specifications
Center the process
Reduce the variability
Accept the losses
d 270
Process capability analysis is often defined as:
The ability to make the process reliable and maintainable
The inherent variability of items produced by the process
The variability allowed by the specification limits
The determination that the process can meet the product specifications as intended
d 271
 A comparison between the C p and Cpk for a process would find which of the following to be true?
I. The Cpk value is often larger than Cp
II. The denominator of the C p calculation is twice that of the C pk
III. The Cp value does not account for centering
IV. Neither calculation requires a stable process
I and IV only
I and III only
II and III only
II and IV only
c 272
In order to calculate a performance index, what two facts must be known about the process?
The specification limits and the standard deviation
The process average and process control spread
The process standard deviation and Z value
The process confidence interval and process average
a 273
If Cpk (upper) was determined to be 2.0 and C pk (lower) was determined to be 1.0, what factual statements
can be made about the process?
The process is shifted to the left
A calculation error has been made
The process is not stable
Cpk must be reported as 2.0
a 274
A process has been performing satisfactorily for some time. An improvement is required. Your response is
to:
Direct the workforce to be more careful in their work
Issue a slogan “do it right the first time”
Identify the special clauses to correct the process
Identify the common cause condition to correct the process
d 275
The reported Cpk, for a process with an average of 28, a spread of 10 units, and upper and lower specification
limits of 15 and 35 respectively, would be:
1.6
1.4
1.8
0.714
b 276
Determine the reported P pk for a process with a spread of 10 units, an average of 23, and upper and lower
specification limits of 15 and 35 respectively.
1.6
1.8
2.0
0.625
a 277
When comparing short term machine capability indexes to long term process capability indexes,one would
expect to find:
A plus and minus shift of 1.5 standard deviations
The machine capability to a lower number
The process capability to be a lower number
The machine and process capabilities to be virtually identical
c 278
 It is suspected that a process requiring a capability determination is not normal, but appears to be stable.
The LEAST desirable action to take, at this point, would be to:
Advise the customer and request specification changes
Reduce variation to the point that it doesn’t matter
Transform the data to that of a normal distribution
Test the normality assumption using a chi-square test
a 279
The p bar for a p chart for a critical customer component is 0.00265. If the customer wanted a six sigma
report for the component in DPMC, what should be reported?
Nothing, process capability isn’t possible for attributes
Report p bar as 0.00265
Call the customer and ask for more detail
Report DPMO as 2,650
d 280
An engineer has conducted a year-end analysis (365 data points) of incoming materials by checking for
dimensional variation. For one of the items (a ruler), the print dimension of length is to be 12.50 inches +/-
0.02 inches. The computer software indicated that the grand average was 12.52 inches and was statistically
different from 12.50 inches. The engineer should do the following:
Since the result is statistically significant, request the supplier to modify his equipment by 0.02 inches
Follow the decision of the computer analysis, start rejecting the rulers
The result is not of practical significance; the difference is too small to justify a change
The supplier is to be notified via a corrective action request to correct his process
c 281
A p-value is used in many statistical calculations. It can be described as:
Being similar to the critical statistical value as found in the statistical tables
Containing an extreme test statistic probability value as obtained from the sample data
Having the typical set values of 5% to 1%
Being reported only when significant
b 282
Of the various statistical analysis tools available, which one would be the most likely to show a plot of all
readings taken?
X-bar – R charts
Multi-vari charts
ANOVA
Chi-square
b 283
Identify the major area of variation classification NOT specifically addresse d in multi-vari studies:
Cyclical
Piece-to-piece
Temporal
Positional
b 284
All multi-vari charts would initially plot a measurement for which of the following categories?
Within batch
Top to bottom
Positional
Cylindrical
c 285
 Consider the following multi-vari chart of a single product measured in the same four locations, across
width, over time.

Evaluating the chart by eye, arrange the categories of variation from largest to smallest.
Temporal, cyclical, positional
Temporal, positional, cyclical
Positional, cyclical, temporal
Positional, temporal, cyclical
b 286

In a simple two variable linear regression study, what does the term represent?
The slope of the line
The x axis intercept
The measurement of interaction
The y axis intercept
a 287
A study was conducted on the relationship between the speed of different cars and their gasoline mileage.
The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.35. Later, it was discovered that there was a defect in the
speedometers and they had all been set 5 miles per hour too fast. The correlation coefficientwascomputed
using the corrected scores. Its new value will be:
0.30
0.35
0.40
-0.35
b 288
As the scatter of points around a regression line becomes greater, r 2 will:
Be unaffected
Become smaller
Become larger
Approach a value of 1
b 289
The coefficients in the equation below can be determined using:
Yi = a + bx i + e i
Inference testing
Least squares regression
Sum of squares estimation
Hypothesis testing
b 290
 The equation below is:

The covariance of X and Y

The correlation coefficient of X and Y
The coefficient of determination of X and Y
The variance of the product of X and Y
b 291
Given a coefficient of determination of 0.9, what is the correlation coefficient?
0.9 or -0.9
0.81 or -0.81
0.9487 or -0.9487
0.9487
c 292
If no correlation exists between two variables, then:
The correlation coefficient should equal a negative value
As one variable changes, one cannot predict a value for the other variable
Both variables will decrease simultaneously
Analysis of variance must be used to determine if an interaction is present
b 293
A random sample size n is to be taken from a large population having a standard deviation of 1 inch. The
sample size is to be determined so that there will be a 0.05 risk probability of exceeding a 0.1 inch tolerance
error in using the sample mean to estimate μ. Which of the following values is nearest the requiredsample
size?
384
44
202
109
a 294
If the 95% confidence limits for mean μ turn out to be 6.5, 8.5:
The probability is 0.95 that X-bar falls between 6.5 and 8.5
The probability is 0.95 that X falls between 6.5 and 8.5
The probability is 0.95 that the interval (6.5, 8.5) contains μ
4σ = 8.5 – 6.5
c 295
A test of significance using a given value of α is performed on the yield data from a process, usingastandard
material and a proposed substitute. Which of the following conclusions is NOT possible from this test?
The standard material is better than the substitute material
There is an interaction between the two materials
The probability of type I error is alpha
The sample size is too small to detect any material differences
b 296
Which of the following is a valid null hypothesis?
p > 1/8
mu <98
The mean of population A is not equal to the mean of population B
mu = 110
d 297
 A null hypothesis states that a process has not improved as a result of some modifications. The type II error
is to conclude that:
One has failed to reject the null hypothesis when it was true
One has failed to reject the null hypothesis when it was false
One has rejected the null hypothesis
One has made a correct decision with an alpha probability
b 298
The difference between setting alpha equal to 0.05 and alpha equal to 0.01 in hypothesis testing is:
With alpha equal to 0.05, one is more willing to risk a type I error
With alpha equal to 0.05, one is more willing to risk a type II error
Alpha equal to 0.05 is a more “conservative” test of the null hypothesis
With alpha equal to 0.05, one is less willing to risk either type I or type II error
a 299
When finding a confidence interval for mean μ, based on a sample size of n:
Increasing n increases the interval
Having to use Sx instead of n decreases the interval
The larger the interval, the better the estimate of μ
Increasing n decreases the interval
d 300
In the regression equation y = mx + b, y increases with x in all cases:
If b is positive
If b is negative
If m is positive
If m is negative
c 301
If a sample size of 16 yields an average of 12 with a standard deviation of 3, estimate the 95% confidence
interval for the population (assume a normal distribution).
10.40 ≤ μ ≤ 13.60
10.45 ≤ μ ≤ 13.55
10.53 ≤ μ ≤ 13.47
10.77 ≤ μ ≤ 13.23
a 302
Determine the 95% confidence interval for a population proportion if 6 defectives were foundinthe sample
size of 100 units.
0.021 ≤ p ≤ 0.099
0.0135 ≤ p ≤ 0.1065
0.011 ≤ p ≤ 0.109
0.0245 ≤ p ≤ 0.0955
b 303
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
Confidence intervals decrease in width as the sample size increases
Confidence intervals are always symmetrical
Confidence intervals for the mean are independent of the population distribution
Confidence intervals decrease with larger sample sizes
b 304
Given the data below, what is the 90% confidence interval for the variance?
22, 23, 19, 17, 29, 25
4.21-99.07
15.32-28.66
8.27-79.88
16.87-56.52
c 305
 Determine whether the following two types of rockets have significantly different variancesatthe 5%level.
Assume that the larger variance goes in the numerator.

Significant difference because Fcalc < F table

No significance difference because Fcalc < F table
Significance difference because Fcalc > F table
No significance difference because Fcalc > F table
b 306
The test used for testing significance in an analysis of variance table is the:
Z test
t test
F test
Chi-square test
c 307
The critical value for t, when making a two-tailed paired t test, with a sample size of 13, and alpha = 0.05,
is:
1.782
2.179
2.064
1.711
b 308
In order to test whether the average output of one machine is the same or greater value than another
machine, a sample of ten pieces was taken from each. The calculated t value turned out to be 1.767. Using
a level of significance of 0.05, one-tailed test, one concludes that:
The obtained t ratio does not fall within the critical region
There was no significant difference between the means
The null hypothesis was rejected
The null hypothesis was not rejected
c 309
In a t test, alpha is 0.05, therefore:
5% of the time we will say that there is no real difference, but in reality there is a difference
5% of the time we will say that there is a real difference when there really is not a difference
95% of the time we will make an incorrect inference
95% of the time the null hypothesis will be correct
b 310
A student’s t test can be used to determine whether or not differences exist in:
Variability
Confidence intervals
Correlation coefficients
Averages
d 311
The results of a designed experiment are to be analyzed using a chi -square test. There are five treatments
under consideration and each treatment falls under two categories (success or failure). The calculatedvalue
of chi-square is compared to the tabulated chi-square with how many degrees of freedom?
10
9
5
4
d 312
 Which table should be used to determine a confidence interval on the mean when σ is not known and the
sample size is 10?
Z
t
F
X2
b 313
Three trainees were given the same lot of 50 pieces and asked to classify them as defective or non -
defective, with the following results:

In determining whether or not there is a difference in the ability of the three trainees to properly classify
the parts, which of the following statements is (are) true?
I The chi-square calculated value is 6.9
II Using a level of significance of 0.050, the critical value of the chi-square is 5.99
II Since the obtained chi-square is greater than 5.99, the null hypothesis is rejected
I only
I and II only
II only
I, II, and III
d 314
When making inferences about a population variance based on a single sample from that population,what
distribution is used?
Chi-square
Normal
t distribution
F distribution
a 315
In performing an analysis of variance for a single factor experiment, a fundamental assumption which is
made is that the factor:
Means are equal
Means are unequal
Variances are equal
Variances are unequal
c 316
Consider the SS and MS columns of an analysis of variance table for a single factor design. The appropriate
ratio for testing the null hypothesis of no treatment effect is:
SS treatments divided by SS residual
MS treatments divided by MS residual
SS treatments divided by MS residual
MS treatments divided by SS residual
b 317
 A designed experiment hass been conducted at three levels (A, B, and C) yielding the following “coded”
data:

As a major step in the analysis, one would calculate the degrees of freedom for the “error” sum of squares
to be:
7
9
6
3
a 318
One-way analysis of variance is most similar in its objectives to:
A test of a population mean
A test for equality of two sample proportions
A test for equality of two population means
A chi-square test for independence
c 319
In the manufacture of airplane fuselage frame sections, thousands of rivets are used to join aluminum
sheets and frames. A study of the number of oversized rivet holes and the number of minor repairs to a
unit yielded a correlation coefficient of ± 1.08. This means that:
The number of oversized rivet holes on a unit is a good predictor of minor repairs
A new statistician should be hired
The number of oversized rivet holes is a poor predictor of minor repairs
A small number of minor repairs will have to be made
b 320
Ratios of two variances drawn from the same normal population are described by which one of the
following distributions?
F
Student’s t
Chi-square
Normal
a 321
When plotting a multi-vari chart on graph paper, what metric is used for the vertical scale?
Time
Count data
Variable data
Percentages
c 322
Why should an experimenter plot data points and graph the least squares line if a probabilistic regression
model exists?
To visually present the relationship to others
To check for fit; there may be a calculation error
There’s no rational reason for doing so
To permit a projection outside of the test area
b 323
 A regression analysis yielded a total sum of squared errors of 1000 and a total sum of squares equal to
1600. What is the correlation coefficient?
Cannot be determined from the given information
+0.375 or -0.375
+0.612 or -0.612
+0.790 or -0.790
c 324
If the means of two populations are close in value then:
The null hypothesis will not be rejected
A large sample is necessary to reject the null hypothesis
A null hypothesis decision will often be delayed
The appropriate critical value is very important
b 325
The alpha critical region, to determine if a new pen writes more strokes before refill, would be placed:
in the upper tail
in both upper and lower tails
in the lower tail
in neither tail
a 326
A six sigma green belt is performing a hypothesis test of two sample means. Sixteen samples of method A
and sixteen samples of method B are produced. The standard deviations are unknown, but thought to be
the same. How many degrees of freedom are to be used for the t test?
16
30
31
32
b 327
Identify the confidence interval calculation that is most likely to be non-symmetrical.
Means for larger samples
Means for small samples
Variation confidence interval
Proportion confidence interval
c 328
The current process produces fifty units per shift, a new process yielded fifty -two units per shift forsixteen
straight shifts, with a standard deviation of four units per shifts. What is our level of confidence that the
process has changed?
<90%
90-95%
95-99%
>99%
b 329
It is desirable to reduce the variation in a process. The current variance is known to be six. A new process
yielded a standard deviation of two for twenty-five trials. What is the chi-square calculated statistic?
13.85
15.66
16.00
18.24
c 330
 It is desirable to reduce the variation in a process. The current variance is known to be seven. A newprocess
yielded a standard deviation of two for twenty-five test trials. What is the calculated statistic and decision
for 95% confidence?
13.71, reject the null
13.71, fail to reject the null
13.85, reject the null
13.85, fail to reject the null
a 331
If a one-tail F test (95% confidence) with ten samples yielded a variance of nine, and nine samples yielded
a variance of four, what F critical value would be used?
3.23
3.44
3.39
3.14
c 332
What would be the calculated F statistic if a one-tail F test (95% confidence) with ten samples, yielding a
variance of nine, and nine samples yielding a variance of four?
2.25
3.39
3.44
5.06
a 333
What inference test does not require some knowledge of a test or population variation?
t test
Paired t test
z test
Chi-square test
d 334
When constructing a power of test curve one would not be surprised to discover that as alpha (α) increases:
The value of mu becomes greater
Beta decreases
The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis decreases
The sample size becomes larger
b 335
A small positive change truly exists between a test trial and the current process. However, the sample from
the test trial happens to demonstrate a radical improvement. What type of decision would probably b e
made?
A type II error
A 1-alpha decision
A type I error
A 1-beta decision
d 336
A statistical software program returned a p-value of 0.023. If the desired level of significance is 0.025, then
the conclusion is:
Reject the null hypothesis, there is no statistical difference
Reject the null hypothesis, there is a statistical difference
Fail to reject the null hypothesis, there is no statistical difference
Fail to reject the null hypothesis, there is a statistical difference
b 337
 The hybrid option on a $25,000 car costs $3,000. A gas mileage test found the hybrid averaged 39.1 mpg
and the standard model averaged 34.7 mpg and a p-value of 0.024. At a level of significance of 5%, the
difference is:
Not statistically significant, but the standard car
Not practically significant, buy the hybrid car
Statistically significant, but not practically significant
Statistically significant, one should buy the hybrid
c 338
A test of hypothesis was performed, although the desired level of confidence was not establis hed priorto
performing the calculations. A p-value of 0.0416 was found. One would most likely conclude:
The statistically significant difference has not been proven
To fail to reject the null hypothesis
The null hypothesis can neither be rejected or fail to be rejected
That there is a statistically significant difference
d 339
For a one-tail F test (95% confidence) with ten samples yielding a variance of nine and nine samplesyielding
a variance of four, what would be the test result?
Fail to reject the null hypothesis
Reject the null hypothesis
Accept the alternate hypothesis
Fail to reject the alternate hypothesis
a 340
A six sigma green belt has run a 25-2 fractional factorial design. Only 2 of the 5 factors remained important
after the factorial analysis. Escalation of this DOE to an optimization model will be best accomplished by:
Performing a new full factorial of the 2 factors
Performing a response surface experiment
Decreasing the degrees of freedom of the original DOE
Adding an additional factor level
b 341
Which of the following is a single factor experiment containing 2 specific nuisance factors?
Graeco-Latin square
Fractional factorial experiment
Latin square
Mixture design
c 342
When calculating the sample size for a DOE, one is actually calculating the:
Number of runs
Number of factors
Number of replicates
Number of blocks
c 343
What is the relation between resolution III experiments and confounded responses?
In resolution III experiments, there are no confounded interactions
In resolution III experiments, only interactions are confounded
In resolution III experiments, all factors are confounded
In resolution III experiments, main effects and two factor interactions are confounded
d 344
The normality of residuals for factor A indicate a uniform behavior around zero, what can be concluded
from this fact?
There is something wrong with the model. Go back to the planning stage
Normality of residuals has been demonstrated by this uniform behavior
Factor A is a nuisance factor as demonstrated by the uniformity of residuals
b 345 Factor A is statistically significant because of the uniformity of residuals
 Because of the larger number of variables under study, an engineer is considering a fractional factorial
instead of a full factorial to analyze a process. Apart from the possibility of studying a large number of
factors with relatively few experiments, what other characteristic will support a decision to use a fractional
factorial instead?
It is suspected that there are many interactions
The process is well known and only the main factors are of concern
A fractional factorial will determine the main effects curvature
Blocking is necessary to account for nuisance factors in this study
b 346
After a screening experiment, all significant factors happen to be qualitative. A decision to run some
intermediate values will result in:
Nothing, it is not possible to optimize qualitative variables
The discovery of the optimum combination of qualitative variables
Indications of curvature around the zero setting
The discovery of potential interactions between the qualitative variables
a 347
Which of the following DOE strategies most resembles the Kaizen philosophy?
Response surface
Mixture designs
EVOP
One factor at a time analysis
c 348
Measuring system re-analysis seems an odd improvement after the real process improvements have been
implemented. What is the logic behind this step?
Process variation reduction requires a re-evaluation of the measuring system
Improvements should not be completed without a newer measurement system
It is mandatory to change the measuring system after each improvement
The linearity of the old measuring system may no longer be appropriate
a 349
Why is it necessary to validate the results of a DOE?
It is unnecessary because future process results will confirm the improvement
To validate the results when the DOE is based on a factorial evaluation
To validate the results only when no interaction terms are present
To validate the results by revisiting the best combinations of effects and interactions
d 350
To state that a model in an experimental design is fixed indicates that:
The levels used for each factor are the only ones of interest
The levels were chosen from a fixed population
The equipment from which the data are collected must not be moved
The factors under consideration are qualitative
a 351
Which of the following is NOT true in regards to blocking?
A block is a dummy factor which doesn’t interact with real factors
A blocking factor has 2 levels
A block is a subdivision of the experiment
Blocks are used to compensate when production processes restrict randomization of runs
b 352
Which of the following DOE statements is correct?
Variables are confounded if they are difficult to study
Two or more variables are confounded if their effects cannot be separated
Variables are confounded if they form a linear combination
Two or more variables are confounded if they produce the same effects
b 353
 The advantage of using the modern designed method of experimentation, rather than the classical, isthat:
Everything is held constant except the factor under investigation
Experimental error is recognized but need not be stated in quantitative terms
Fewer terms and measurements are needed for valid and useful information
The sequence of measurement is often assumed to have no effect
c 354
In a full factorial experiment with 4 factors at 3 levels each, how many trials are required?
24
12
64
81
d 355
The basic statistical principle in EVOP is:
The ability to recognize small differences through large sample sizes
Operating with low levels of confidence
Making large changes in independent variables
Determining dome contours
a 356
When selecting and scaling the process input variables for an experiment, which of the following is NOT a
desirable approach?
Include as many important factors as possible
Set factor levels at practical or possible levels
Combine process measurement responses when possible
Be bold, but not foolish in selecting high and low factor levels
c 357
Identify the assumption that is NOT made when conducting an experiment:
That the measurement system is capable for all included responses
That the selected factors are the only ones of importance
That the process remains relatively stable during the duration of the testing
That residuals are well behaved
b 358
About 9 months after embarking on a six sigma effort, a company moved from measurement wi th
traditional mikes and verniers to digital mikes and two piece linear scales. Why was this action necessary?
They probably wanted to show prospective customers their level of measurement precision
If changes were made they did not want to be caught “asleep at the switch”
Processes have improved and they needed finer product measurements
This would be required in the control phase of the DMAIC process
c 359
Which of the following statements is true about a Latin square design?
It minimizes the chance for factor confounding
It does not allow for the effects of interaction in the design
It eliminates the need to ensure that the effects of interaction are additive
It is useful because the underlying distribution does not need to be normal
b 360
The iterative approach to DOE refers to:
The use of sequential experimentation
Assuring the stability of the process during experimentation
Assuring the capability of the measurement system
Appropriate estimates of experimental error
a 361
 A designed experiment of three factors (A, B, & C) at two levels was conducted. The eight runs were
analyzed, suggesting that one level of factor A showed significant improvement. The plant managerstated
that no additional runs are needed. The best response is:
The experiment did its job and should be closed
The results of the test should be implemented immediately
Additional replications are needed to verify the experiment
An EVOP should be conducted to improve the process further
c 362
As a good experimenter, you have built a predictive model of the experimental data. The differences
between the actual response data and the model data are termed:
Confounded data
Nested experiments
Residuals
Efficiency of estimators
c 363
Plackett and Burman experimental designs are called screening designs. A screening design can be defined
as:
An experiment with interactions among the main effects
The use of non-geometric experimental designs
An identification of the key input factors
A fractional factorial experiment
c 364
Which of the following tools would be of LEAST value when assessing the results of an improvementteam’s
activities?
A post redesign FMEA
A follow-up capability analysis
Multi-vari studies
A brainstorming session
d 365
Identify the post-improvement tool which would be most beneficial when generating fresh ideas afterthe
results of an improvement process have been disappointing.
A post-improvement capability analysis
A post=improvement brainstorming session
A follow-up FMEA study
A multi-vari re-analysis
b 366
The results of most green belt DOE activities would be analyzed using:
Specific computer software programs
Response surface plots
EVOP analysis
Multi-vari analysis
a 367
Assuming no interactions, the main effects analysis of a one-half fractional factorial experiment compared
to a comparable full factorial experiment, yields which of the following outcomes?
Both results are approximately the same
Only the full factorial is accurate
Both can be calculated but computer software is required
The one-half factorial gives one-half of the final outcome
a 368
 A six sigma project has progressed to the point that a control plan is required. Control plan activities canbe
considered closed after which of the following?
A process owner is named for the control plan
A responsible engineer is designated
The cross functional team signs off on the control plan
The control plan is a “living document” and is rarely closed
d 369
At the early stages of the DMAIC project, the voice of the customer shouted “safety” in every customer
focus group, customer interview, and customer survey. The control plan is now missing the team member
list. The control plan also addresses product performance in detail, but not product safety. Can this control
plan be implemented?
Yes, the team is better informed than the customer
No, the main CTQ requirement was not addressed in the control plan
No, the paper work is not complete
Yes, safety is not a CTQ
b 370
Process A consists of several machines that combine their output into a common stream. Once combined,
it is impossible to trace single pieces to specific machines. Process B receives the mixed pieces.Acorrective
action requires finding the root cause of a defect found in some of these pieces. A team as signed to this
problem is thinking of using SQC to detect the source of the problem. Where should SQC be implemented?
At the beginning of Process B
At each machines in Process A
At the end of Process B
At the beginning of process A
b 371
A six sigma team is investigating the sources of variation in fabric rolls. All rolls are different in length. The
variable of interest is the number of holes per unit of length. Which control chart will work best for this
situation?
X-bar and R chart
p chart
c chart
u chart
d 372
A control chart is used to:
Determine if defective parts are being produced
Measure process capability
Determine causes of process variation
Detect non-random variation in processes
d 373
A process has been experiencing problems lately. The operators charting the process have identified the
cause to be due to a change in incoming materials. This problem is:
Attributed to purchasing
A special cause
A common cause
A normal event
b 374
The most common subgrouping scheme for X̅ – R control charts is to separate the variation:
Within stream versus stream-to-stream
Within time versus time-to-time
Within piece versus piece-to-piece
Inherent process versus error of measurement
b 375
 Since many variables are important in control charting, what is the risk of having an operator plot a large
number of characteristics?
None, if the operator is trained and knowledgeable
Danger in overlooking a CTQ characteristic
Distraction from the actual process itself
It is non-value added work in the lean philosophy
c 376
The design of a control plan for a particular part incorporates information from a variety of sources such as
flow charts, QFD, FMEAs, designed experiments, and statistical studies. It is a tool to monitor and control
the part of process. If used properly, the control plan avoids which of the following problems?
Becoming a substitute for written operator instructions
Having a listing of the critical Xs and Ys of the process
Error proofing the process through various control plans
Being used as evidence of installed controls
a 377
What is the importance of the reaction plan in a control plan?
It describes what will happen if a key variable goes out of control
It indicates that a new tea must be formed to react to a problem
It lists how often the process should be monitored
It defines the special characteristics to be monitored
a 378
An X-bar and R chart was prepared for an operation using twenty samples with five pieces in each sample ;

was found to be 33.6 and was 6.20. During production, a sample of five as taken and the pieces
measured 36, 43, 37, 25, and 38. At the time this sample was taken:
Both the average and range were within control limits
Neither the average nor the range were within control limits
Only the average was outside control limits
Only the range was outside control limits
d 379
A process is in control with p bar = 0.10 and n = 100. The three sigma limits of the np control chart are:
1 and 19
9.1 and 10.9
0.01 and 0.19
0.07 and 0.13
a 380
An X-bar – R chart has been in control for sometime. If the range suddenly and significantly increases, the
mean will:
Usually increase
Stay the same
Always decrease
Occasionally show out of control of either limit
d 381
An X-bar control chart is based on a sample size of 4. An operator mistakenly plots the value of a single
observation on the control chart. This point:
Will not cause any mis-judgments if the process is in control
Will always be plotted near the center line of the control chart
Will cause the associated R chart to show an out of control condition
Increases the probability of the process being labeled out of control
d 382
 While plotting a control chart, it is noted that two of the last three points are greater than 2 sigma, four out
of the last five points are beyond 1 sigma, and eight successive points are on one side of the center line.
This information suggests that one should:
Stop the process immediately
Take more readings and continue to plot
Write a discrepancy notice to the supervisor
Investigate to determine what has changed
d 383
An X-bar chart has shown control for a long time. However, the points for the last 50 samples are all very
near the center line on the chart. In fact, they are all within one sigma of the center line. This probably
indicates that:
A desirable situation has developed
An undesirable situation may occur
The process standard deviation has decreased during the last 50 samples
The control limits are incorrectly computed
c 384
A six sigma project team is led by a green belt. The current activity is to develop a control plan. The ultimate
responsibility for developing the initial plan would belong to:
The project team
The green belt
The process owner
The production function
b 385
Compute the upper control limit for an S chart, based on a sample size of 10, if the process is in control with
a mean of 40 and a sample standard deviation of 7.
12.0
13.3
15.7
21.0
a 386
If a process is out of control, the theoretical probability that a single point on the X-bar chart will fall
between plus one sigma and the upper control limit is:
0.2240
0.1587
Unknown
0.3413
c 387
A process is checked at random by inspection of samples of four shafts after a polishing operation, and X -
bar and R charts are maintained. A person making a spot check measures two shafts accurately, and plots
their range on the R chart. The point falls just outside the control limit. He/she advises the department
foreman to stop the process. This decision indicates that:
The process level is out of control
The process level is out of control but not the dispersion
The person is misusing the chart
The process dispersion is out of control
d 388
Effective control chart subgrouping includes all of the following actions EXCEPT:
Group product so that the subgroups are as heterogeneous as possible
Group product produced as nearly as possible at one time
Group product to achieve maximum opportunity for variation between subgroups
Group product to be representative of production over a time period
a 389
 Each value below is the number of defects found in groups of five subassemblies inspected over a period
of time:

What are the c chart control limits for the 25 readings?

82.5, 28.9
15.6, 6.6
65.7, 45.7
78.1, 33.3
d 390
A stamping press makes four parts at a time. To set up control charting for this process, the best rational
subgrouping should be to:
Use separate control charts for each cavity, using 4 sequential parts
Use one control chart for the press, using 4 parts from one stamping
Use one control chart for the press, using 4 sequential parts from one cavity
Use one control chart for the presses with a sample size of 6
a 391
A quality professional wants to chart the weight of packages on a highly automated food processing line.
The recommended control chart is an X-bar – S chart and not the typical X-bar – R chart, in wide use
throughout the facility. The most logical reason for this switch is which of the following?
The X-bar control limits will be tighter
The supervisor obviously wants some variety in control chart usage
Only one control chart will be required
The X-bar and S value will come automatically from a weight checker
d 392
The implementation of a control plan in the painting department was so successful that a master black belt
wants you to implement the same control plan in the final assembly line. What changes should be made
before implementing the necessary control plan?
Each control plan is unique, a new plan must be developed for the final assembly line
A lot of changes will be necessary
No changes are needed, since the two areas are in the same company
Minor changes may be necessary to reflect the assembly line differences
a 393
A p chart has been plotted for some time. Recently, steps have been made to substantially improve the
process. One would not be surprised to find that:
The chart demonstrates more out of control conditions
The chart must be converted into a variable chart
A larger sample size must be taken
The chart requires the samples to be taken more frequently than in the past
c 394
How many individual data values are considered sufficient to accurately calculate the upper and lower
control limits for X-bar – R control charts?
20
100
200
500
b 395
 When should an X – MR chart be used?
When the number of defective data is being monitored
When an exceptionally large run size is expected
When range data is unreliable
For destructive testing applications
d 396
Which of the following problems would most likely appear in the X-bar control chart pattern shown?

A varying environmental temperature

A tired operator
An incorrect calculation of control limits
An output process alternately fed by different input processes
d 397
Five samples (#1 through #5) of four measurements were taken with the following results. What are the
upper and lower control limits for an X-bar chart calculated from this data?

UCL = 23.0 / LCL = 17.0

UCL = 22.9 / LCL = 27.1
UCL = 23.8 / LCL = 16.2
UCL = 23.65 / LCL = 16.35
c 398
Which control chart pattern best represents an in control process?
A consecutive run of seven or more points on one side of the centerline
A random distribution of points with one point outside the control limits
A random distribution of points on both sides of the centerline
A steady trend of points toward either control limit
c 399
If a control chart has UCL = 45.1 and USL = 45.6, and the last sample has values of 44.6, 45.7 and 44.8, one
can conclude:
The process is within specification and in control
The process is within specification but out of control
 The process is out of specification but in control
The process is out of specification and out of control
c 400