TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING &

PRESENTATIONS
Final Course Project

Guidelines for the Project:

The companies that have already been made in the lab should now work on any new product or service
that they want to launch. Considering the market requirements, each company needs to answer the
following questions:
 Why is this product/service needed
 How will this product/service be launched
 What benefits does this product/service have to offer its clients

Once these basic questions have been answered, the companies need to present their Project Proposals
which should give detailed description and information about the above mentioned questions.

Next, Manuals need to be developed. Each company should have two to three manuals for their
product/service. Some examples include User Manuals, Product Manuals, Operational Manuals,
Troubleshoot Manuals, etc.

Informal Reports follow next in which each company will first of all present a feasibility report of
their product/service through market research. Then, at least three journals need to be read and
analyzed for this project and their analysis should be shared in this report. Finally, an interview has to
be conducted from a professional in the civil engineering field, related to the project, and the minutes
of the interview should be mentioned.

The final Formal Report needs to be submitted at the end and should follow the format that has been
provided by HEC. The approved format is discussed in this report, after this section. Also please note
that all the material i.e. Proposal, Manuals and Informal Reports, need to be attached in this final
Formal Report as well.

For these reports, five types of reference sources will be used. They are books, journal articles, reports,
websites and interviews. Students need to check Annex-A for the proper citation rules to be used for
each.

A tentative timeline of this has been developed and is given below for your consideration.

TYPE OF REPORT TENTATVIE DATE OF SUBMISSION &

PRESENTATION
Project Proposals 12th to 16th November
Manuals 19th to 23rd November
Informal Report 26th to 30th November
Formal Report 3rd to 7th December
Final Presentations 10th to 14th December

Formatting Guidelines:
All reports should comply with the following guidelines.

1. Preparation of Manuscript and Copies

 1.1 The report needs to be prepared using a standard text processing software and must be
printed in black text (color for images, if necessary) using a laser printer. The standard
font shall be Times New Roman 12 pts with 1 line spacing.

1.2 The report must be printed or photocopied on both sides of a white paper to meet our
Green Environment obligations. All copies of report pages must be clear, sharp and
even, with uniform size and uniformly spaced characters, lines and margins on every
page.

1.3 Report should be free from typographical errors.

1.4 Ten copies on good quality paper (minimum 70 gm) are submitted.

2. The front cover shall contain the following details

2.1 Name of the University in 18 pt font size properly centered located at the top of the page.

Name of the Department in 17 pt font size properly centered.

A replica of the University Monogram.

Full title of report in 24 pt font size properly centered.

Full name of the candidate (s) in 21 pt font size properly centered.

Name of degree in 21 pt font size properly centered.

Year of submission in 21 pt font size properly centered.

3. Plagiarism Undertaking
3.1 Undertaking by the student to indicate that this is his/her own work and he/she has not
plagiarized it.

4. Abstract
4.1 An abstract of 500 words (maximum) shall highlight the important features of the report.
It is to be a brief description of a scholar’s work and should be organized in the following
order (without the explicit use of these headings ):

i) Statement of the Problem

ii) Procedure and/or Methods

 iii) Results

iv) Conclusion

5. Acknowledgements [Optional]
5.1 The acknowledgments should not be more than one page.

6. Contents
6.1 The contents shall follow the Abstract or Dedication or Acknowledgment whichever
is the last one. It shall enlist the titles of the chapters, section and sub-section using
decimal notation, as in the text, with corresponding page number against them, placed to
the right.

6.2 After the Contents, List of Publications (if applicable) should start at a separate page.

6.3 After the Publications, List of Figures (if applicable) should start at a separate page.

6.4 After the list of Figures, List of Tables (if applicable) should start at a separate page.

6.5 After the list of Tables, List of Algorithms (if applicable) should start at a separate
page.

7. Abbreviation Notation and Nomenclature

7.1 A complete list of all abbreviations, notations and nomenclature including Greek
alphabets with subscripts and superscripts shall be provided after the list of algorithms.
(As far as possible, generally accepted symbols and notation should be used.)
8. Size of Paper and Margins
8.1 A4 size white paper of 70 gm or more (height 297 mm, width 210 mm) be used, no
restriction is placed on drawings and maps.

8.2 The top and bottom margins should be 25 mm, whereas the left margin should be 35
mm for odd page numbers and 25 mm for even page numbers; similarly, right margin
should be 35 mm for even page numbers and 25 mm for odd page numbers (Additional
margin of 10 mm is to cater for gutter margin that may be utilized for binding.) for both
textual and non-textual (e.g., figures, tables) pages.
Content should not extend beyond the bottom margin except for completing a footnote,
last line of chapter/subdivision, or figure/table caption.

8.3 A sub-head at the bottom of the page should have at least two full lines of content
below it. If the sub-head is too short to allow this, it should begin on the next page.
 8.4 All tables and figures should conform to the same requirements as text. Color may
be used for figures. If tables and figures are large, they may be reduced to the standard
size (provided the reduced area is not less than 50% of the original) and /or folded just
once to flush with report margin (if the page size does not exceed 250x360 mm).

9. Pagination
9.1 Beginning with the first page of the text in the report (Chapter 1), all pages should
be numbered consecutively and consistently in Arabic numerals through the appendices.
The subsequent chapters shall begin on a fresh page and page numbers, at the first page,
shall be printed at the bottom center.

9.2 Page numbers prior to Chapter 1 should be in lower case Roman numerals. The page
numbers should be displayed from table of contents onwards. All the pages prior to
starting page of table of contents have to be counted in numbering; however, the page
number should not be displayed on them. The title page should not to be included in
counting of pages.

9.3 All page numbers should be placed without punctuation at the bottom center. Page
numbers should also use Times New Roman 12 pts.

9.4 All pages – except the first page of the chapter – may have the section headings on
the top right of the odd page and chapter title on the top left corner of the even page as a
header. The header should be underlined. The text in the heading should be in Times
New Roman 10 pts. These features are optional and may be omitted.

10. Tables, Figures, Equations and Quotations

10.1 A table generally refers to numerical data or textual information presented in a
column format.

10.2 All graphs, charts, line drawings, maps, photographs, or other graphical
representations are considered as figures.

10.3 All tables (tabulated data) and figures (charts, graphs, maps, images, diagrams, etc.)
should be prepared, wherever possible, on the same paper used to type the text and
conform to the specifications. They should be inserted as close to the textual reference as
possible, and should appear after the textual dereference.

10.4 Tables, figures and equations should be numbered sequentially either throughout
the report or chapter-wise using Arabic numerals. They are referred to in the body of the
text capitalizing the first letter of the word and number, as for instance, Table 17, Figure
 24, Equation (33), or Table 5.3, Figure 3.11, Equation (4.16), etc.

10.5 All titles of figures and tables should be on the same page as the figure or table and
should be labeled appropriately. The legend should be placed beneath the figure and
above the table.

10.6 Tables should be inserted in the appropriate place in the text; however, if a group of
tables relating to one topic is more than 4 consecutive pages then the table group should
appear as an appendix.

10.7 Diagrams, maps, tables etc. exceeding A4 size (8.5 inches x 11 inches or 21.5 cm x
28 cm) should be folded so as to read as a right hand page when opened.

10.8 Images, Photographs, etc. must be scanned in resolution exceeding 200dpi with 256
grayscales for the monochrome images and 24 bit per pixel for the color images.

10.9 Any quotations presenting primary data (e.g. based on interviews and focus group
discussions) should be typed in Times New Roman 12 pts italic. All such quotations
should start on a separate line and be indented 0.5 inch on each side, so that they appear
distinct from the text. No quotation marks should be used. However, a quotation which
is less than 10 words long may be included within a paragraph, in which case quotation
marks should be used; the font size to be used should remain Times New Roman 12 pts
italic.

10.10 A figure or table may be included with the text, or if it is larger than 4 inches long
it may appear on a separate page with no text. If a table or figure will not fit on the page
of first mention move it to the top of the next page and fill in the text page that will
normally come after the figure or table.

10.11 Leave 2 double line spaces between the text and the figure table. If a caption is
longer than a line it should be single spaced.

10.12 Special requirement for tables: Left align table title above the table. Table
captions or descriptions should be left aligned under the table.

10.13 The standard font of Times New Roman 12 pts should be used in tables, where
possible. However, in case a report has many large tables, the font size may be reduced to
Times New Roman 8 or 10 pts depending on the size of the table.

11. Font Size

Title of Chapter 25
 Level 1 / Level 2/Level 3 headings 17 / 14 /12

Text 12

Footnotes 10

12. Layout of the Report

a. Title Page
b. Plagiarism Undertaking
c. Abstract / Summary
d. Acknowledgements
e. Contents
f. List of Figures (where applicable)
g. List of Tables (where applicable)
h. List of Algorithms (where applicable)
i. Abbreviations, Symbols and Nomenclature
j. Introduction Chapter (Set the scene and problem statement). This chapter should
clearly define the problem statement and its motivation. Afterwards, it should
also outline a summary of the novel contributions of the report and their impact
on the field
k. Review of the literature/related work and critical assessment, relation to own work.
This must be a separate chapter irrespective of its length.
l. Methodology (Materials and methods), Results and discussion (analysis, design,
implementation and interpretation of results
m. Conclusions (short summary and detailed contribution)
n. Recommendations for future work
o. Bibliography (references)
p. Appendices (where applicable).

13. Bibliography and References

13.1 References should be placed at the end of the last chapter and written on a separate
sheet. The IEEE style, because of its wide use, has been approved for standard citation
and referencing purpose for reports as at Annex-A.

14. Appendices (if applicable)

14.1 Published work from the report might be included as appendix (Reprints/ proof/
preprint) or any other information specific to the respective discipline. All appendices
should have the appendix heading on top of the page as a header. This text should be
right justified and in Times New Roman 12 pts bold.
14.2 There should be a reference to each appendix in the main body of the report.
Cover Page Format:
The cover page format has been provided on the next page. Students are expected to follow the given
guidelines when making the cover page of the report.

PROJECT NAME
Final Year Project Report

GSN: Fall13-01

Group Members

Aaaa Bbbbb 06-0057

Cccc Ddddd 06-2345
Eeee Ffff 07-0003
 Advisor XYZ

Department of Electrical Engineering

FAST National University, Lahore
May 10, 2014

CERTIFICATIONS

This document has been prepared by all of us together and we take joint ownership of its contents. We
have provided references to the material consulted in preparing this document and, to the best of our
knowledge, have not plagiarized anything.

Aaaa Bbbbb, 02-0057 Date:

Cccc Ddddd, 06-2345 Date:

Eeee Ffff, 07-0003 Date:

The final year project proposal in this document is being submitted to the department of Electrical
Engineering with my approval.

Advisor:

Dr. A. B. Date:
Head of Department:

Dr. X. Y. Z Date:

Annex – A:
IEEE Style of Referencing [CITATION Cit \l 1033 ]
IEEE referencing is a widely used system for attributing credit to authors whose findings, facts or
theories have contributed to a new research paper.

The IEEE reference format is the standard referencing format set by The Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers and is based on the widely used Chicago referencing style.

Where many styles have the author’s name shown within the text, IEEE uses a numbering system to
make sure the paper is still easily readable. The number within the text correlates to a numbered
reference at the end of the research paper to make it clear which source contributed to which section of
the paper.

Each IEEE reference has a corresponding IEEE citation within the text. The in-text citation is shown as
a number within square brackets and allows the reader to find the full reference in the numbered
bibliography at the end of the text.

The full IEEE reference should include all the necessary information for the reader to be able to find
the exact source of the information, theory or finding that contributed to the paper or essay.

When referencing in IEEE style, there are different formats for each source type – for example a book
should be formatted differently to a website or academic journal in the reference list.

The Murdoch University Library’s IEEE Format is the standard referencing style that is widely
accepted. Its details and examples are as discussed below.
A Guide to IEEE Referencing Style by Murdoch University [ CITATION
Mur18 \l 1033 ]

1. Citing in the Text

 Indicating the relevant reference in the text:

• A number enclosed in square brackets e.g. [1] or [26] placed in the text of the essay,
indicates the relevant reference.

• Each reference number should be enclosed in square brackets on the same line as the text,
before any punctuation, with a space before the bracket.

• Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text and each citation
corresponds to a numbered reference containing publication information about the source cited
in the reference list at the end of the publication, essay or assignment.

• Once a source has been cited, the same number is used in all subsequent references.

• No distinction is made between print and electronic references when citing within the text.

Here are some examples of this kind of referencing:

"...end of the line for my research [13]."

"The theory was first put forward in 1987 [1]." "Scholtz [2] has argued that......."
"Several recent studies [3, 4, 15, 16] have suggested that..."
"For example, see [7]."

• It is not necessary to mention either the author(s) or the date of the reference unless it is
relevant to your text.

• It is not necessary to say " in reference [26] ..." "In [26] ..." is sufficient.

 Citing more than one reference at a time:

 • When citing more than one source at a time, the preferred method is to list each reference
number separately with a comma or dash between each reference:

Preferred 
[1], [3], [5]
[1] - [5]

• Although the following method is also acceptable:

Acceptable
[1, 3, 5]
[1-5]

 Citing a reference multiple times

• When citing a source for a second or subsequent time, do not use ibid or op. cit.

• In the text, repeat the earlier reference number.

• If referring to a different page number, or other reference, within the source, use the following
forms:

[3, pp. 5-10], [3, Ch.  2, pp. 6-21], [3, Fig. 1], [3, Sec. 4.5]

2. Citing Personal Communications

Personal communications include conversations, letters, interviews, e-mails and telephone

conversations.

• IEEE style states that you cite only published works, forthcoming published works, and
unpublished materials available to scholars in a library, a depository, or an archive.

• For interviews or other "non-recoverable" information, no citation number is necessary.

This does not mean that an attempt to identify the author is unnecessary, but that it needs to be
done in the text itself:

"In a personal interview with Bill Gates, he suggested that he would soon rule the world."

"In a letter to the author, Professor Mueller detailed his experiences with using this data
collection software."
 3. Citing Secondary Sources

• IEEE style does not allow for the use of secondary source.

• Locate the original source of information which is cited in a work which you have read.

• If an original source cannot be located, it should not be cited.

4. Reference List Entries for Assignments

• You must provide appropriate references when referring to your own work. For students, this
applies if you quote or paraphrase any work you have submitted for an assessment in another
unit.

• This is necessary as all assignments include the following Student Declaration:

Except where indicated, the work I am submitting in this assignment is my own work and has
not been submitted for assessment in another unit.

• This includes text, figures, or tables copied from a completed assessment in a different Unit
without proper acknowledgement of the original source (even if you are the original author).

Standard format for citation

[#] A. A. Author, "Title of assignment:

Subtitle if appropriate," Unpublished
manuscript, Unit Code: Name of Unit.,
Abbrev. Univ. Name, Location of University,
Abbrev. State, Country, Year.

For Example:

 Assignment from another unit

[1] S. F. Reid, “The Importance of scientific method, “Unpublished manuscript, BSC100:

Building Blocks for Science Students, Murdoch Univ., Murdoch, WA, Australia, 2016.

5. Reference List Entries for A-V Materials

Standard format for citation

[#] A. A. Person, Responsibility (if

appropriate), Title: Subtitle, Date of
broadcast (if appropriate) [Format]. Special
credits (if appropriate). Place of publication:
Publisher, Year.

Standard format for YouTube/Vimeo video citation

[#] A. A. Person OR Screen name. "Title of

video," YouTube OR Vimeo, Date video
uploaded, Year. [Video file]. Available:
internet address of specific video. [Accessed:
Month Day, Year].

For Example:
 Radio program

[1] R. Aedy, Interviewer, D. Hector, Interviewee, and S. Clark, Producer, "The future of
engineering," The Buzz, 25 Sept., 2004 [Radio broadcast]. Sydney: ABC Radio.

 Sound recordings

[2] D. Fisher, Writer, and T. Baker, Presenter, Doctor Who and the Creature from the
Pit [Sound recording]. Bath, UK: BBC Audiobooks, 2009.

 DVD

[3] I. Holm, Narrator, and J. Fullerton-Smith, Producer, How to Build a Human [DVD].

London: BBC; 2002.

 Microform

[4] W. D. Scott & Co, Information Technology in Australia: Capacities and opportunities: A

report to the Department of Science and Technology [Microform]. W. D. Scott & Company Pty.
Ltd. in association with Arthur D. Little Inc. Canberra: Department of Science and Technology,
1984.

 Video recording

[5] C. Rogers, Writer and Director, Girls in IT [Video recording]. Bendigo, Vic.: Video
Education Australasia, 1999.

 TV program

[6] T. Jones and P. Williams, Reporters, BP releases report into Gulf of Mexico oil
spill. Lateline, 8 Sept., 2010 [Television broadcast]. Sydney: ABC1 Television.
  YouTube/Vimeo video
[7] NRK. "Medieval helpdesk with English subtitles," YouTube, Feb. 26, 2007 [Video file].
Available:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQHX-SjgQvQ. [Accessed: Jan. 28, 2014].

6. Citing from Book Chapters

• These examples are for chapters or parts of edited works in which the chapters or parts have
an individual title and author/s, but are included in collections or textbooks edited by others.

• If the editors of a work are also the authors of all of the included chapters, then it should be
cited as a whole book using the examples given for Books.

• Only the first letter of the first word of the title of the chapter or part is capitalized.

• Enclose the title of the chapter or part in quotation marks and italicize the title of the whole
work. Punctuation goes inside the quotation marks.

Standard format for citation

[#] A. A. Author of Part, "Title of chapter or part," in Title: Subtitle of book, Edition, Vol.,
A. Editor, Ed. Place of publication: Publisher, Year, pp. inclusive page numbers.

For Example:

 Chapter in an edited book 

[1] A. Rezi and M. Allam, "Techniques in array processing by means of transformations, "
in Control and Dynamic Systems, Vol. 69, Multidemsional Systems, C. T. Leondes, Ed. San
Diego: Academic Press, 1995, pp. 133-180.

[2] G. O. Young, "Synthetic structure of industrial plastics," in Plastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J.
Peters, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15-64.

 Article in an encyclopedia 

[3] O. B. R. Strimpel, "Computer graphics," in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and

Technology, 8th ed., Vol. 4. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997, pp. 279-283.

7. Citing from Books

 • Only the author's initials are included regardless of the presentation of the author's name in the
source document.

• The names of all authors should be given in the references unless the number of authors is
greater than six.

• If there are more than six authors, you may use et al. after the name of the first author.

• Capitalization practice should be consistent.

• Every (important) word in the title of a work must be capitalized.

• Only the first word of a subtitle should be capitalized.

• Capitalize the "v" in Volume for a book title.

• Information about places of publication should follow the guidelines for place names.

For Place Names, keep the following information in mind.

• Well known cities may be cited without any additional information.

• The names of US states and territories are abbreviated in the reference list; use the official
two-letter U.S. Postal Service abbreviations.

• Include country names for less well known towns and cities located outside of the USA.

• The names of Australian states may be abbreviated using standard Australia Post
abbreviations.

Some examples:

New York: IEEE Computer Society

Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons

Newbury Park, CA: Sage

London: Taylor & Francis

Clevedon, UK: Channel View Publications

Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Education Australia

Pretoria, South Africa: Unisa

Standard format for citation

Authored work:

[#] A. A. Author, Title: Subtitle (in italics),

Edition (if not the first), Vol. (if a
multivolume work). Place of publication:
Publisher, Year, page number (if appropriate).

Edited work:

[#] A. A. Editor, Title: Subtitle (in italics),

Edition (if not the first), Vol. (if a
multivolume work). Place of publication:
Publisher, Year, page number(s) (if
appropriate).

For Example:

 Single author or editor

[1] W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123-135.

[2] S. M. Hemmington, Soft Science. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan Press, 1997.

[3] D. Sarunyagate, Ed., Lasers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.

 Two or three authors or editors

[4] T. Jordan and P. A. Taylor, Hacktivism and Cyberwars: Rebels with a cause? London:
Routledge, 2004.

[5] U. J. Gelinas, Jr., S. G. Sutton, and J. Fedorowicz, Business Processes and Information

Technology. Cincinnati: South-Western/Thomson Learning, 2004.

 More than three authors

[6] R. Hayes, G. Pisano, D. Upton, and S. Wheelwright, Operations, Strategy, and Technology:

Pursuing the competitive edge. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2005.

 Later edition

[7] K. Schwalbe, Information Technology Project Management, 3rd ed. Boston: Course

Technology, 2004.
 [8] M. N. DeMers, Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems, 3rd Ed. New York: John
Wiley, 2005.

 No author

[9] The Oxford Dictionary of Computing, 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

 Multivolume work

[10] J. Voogt and G. Knezek, Eds., International Handbook of Information Technology in

Primary and Secondary Education, 9th ed., 2 Vols. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1993.

 Series

[11] M. Bell, et al., Universities Online: A survey of online education and services in Australia,
Occasional Paper Series 02-A. Canberra: Department of Education, Science and Training, 2002.

 Organization

[12] World Bank, Information and Communication Technologies: A World Bank group

strategy. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2002.

 Government publications

[13] Australian Government Information Management Office, Meeting the Demand for ICT
Skills in the Australian Public Service: Report of the ICT Professional and Skills Development
Taskforce. Canberra: AGIMO, 2007.

[14] Australia. Attorney-General’s Department. Digital Agenda Review, 4 Vols. Canberra:

Attorney- General's Department, 2003.

Please Note: Documents authored by government departments are cited following the
jurisdiction they report to. Precede the department name with Australia, Western Australia.,
etc.  

 Scientific / Technical report 

[15] K. E. Elliott and C.M. Greene, "A local adaptive protocol," Argonne National Laboratory,
Argonne, France, Tech. Rep. 916-1010-BB, 1997.

 Patent / Standard

[16] K. Kimura and A. Lipeles, "Fuzzy controller component," U. S. Patent 14,860,040,

December 14, 1996.

 Catalogue 

[17] "Catalog No. MWM-1, Microwave components," M. W. Microwave Corp., Brooklyn, NY.
  Application notes 

[18] Hewlett-Packard, "Appl. note 935," pp. 25-29.

8. Citing Conference Papers

Standard format for citation

Conference Paper in Print Proceedings:

[#] A. Author of Paper and B. Author of

Paper, "Title of paper," in Title of Published
Proceedings: Proceedings of the Title of
Conf.: Subtitle of conference, Month Date,
Year, Location, A. Editor and B. Editor, Eds.
Place of publication: Publisher, Year. pp.
inclusive page numbers.

Conference Paper from the Internet:

[#] A. Author of Paper and B. Author of

Paper, "Title of paper," in Proceedings of
the Title of Conf.: Subtitle of conference,
Month Date, Year, Location [Format]. Place
of publication: Publisher, Year. Available:
Database Name (if appropriate), internet
address. [Accessed: date of access].

Conference Proceedings:

[#] A. Editor and B. Editor, Eds., Title of

Conf.: Subtitle of conference, Month Date,
Year, Location (optional). Place of
publication: Name of Publisher, Year.

For Example:

 Conference Paper in Print Proceedings

[1] L. Liu and H. Miao, "A specification based approach to testing polymorphic

attributes," in Formal Methods and Software Engineering: Proc.of the 6th Int. Conf. on Formal
Engineering Methods, ICFEM 2004, Seattle, WA, USA, November 8-12, 2004, J. Davies, W.
Schulte, M. Barnett, Eds. Berlin: Springer, 2004. pp. 306-19.

[2] S. Christensen and F. Oppacher, "An analysis of Koza's computational effort statistic for
genetic programming," in Genetic programming: EuroGP 2002: Proc. of the 5th Euro.Conf. on
Genetic Programming, April 3-5, 2002, Kinsdale, Ireland, J. A. Foster, E. Lutton, J. Miller, C.
Ryan, A. G. Tettamanzi, Eds. Berlin: Springer, 2002. pp. 182-91.

 Conference Paper from the Internet

[3] J. Lach, "SBFS: Steganography based file system," in Proc. of the 2008 1st Int. Conf. on
Information Technology, IT 2008, 19-21 May 2008, Gdansk, Poland [Online]. Available: IEEE
Xplore, http://www.ieee.org. [Accessed: 10 Sept. 2010].

 Unpublished Conference Paper

[4] H. A. Nimr, "Defuzzification of the outputs of fuzzy controllers," presented at 5th Int. Conf.
on Fuzzy Systems, 1996, Cairo, Egypt. 1996.

 Conference Proceedings 

[5] T. J. van Weert and R. K. Munro, Eds., Informatics and the Digital Society: Social, ethical
and cognitive issues: IFIP TC3/WG3.1&3.2 Open Conf. on Social, Ethical and Cognitive Issues
of Informatics and ICT, July 22-26, 2002, Dortmund, Germany. Boston: Kluwer Academic,
2003.

9. Citing from E-Books

Standard format for citation

[#] A. Author, Title of E-book. Place:

Publisher, Date of original publication.
[Format] Available: Source.

For Example:

 Electronic books

[1] L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman, Software Architecture in Practice, 2nd ed. Reading,
MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. [Online] Available: Safari e-book.

[2] T. Eckes, The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence

Erlbaum, 2000. [Online] Available: netLibrary e-book.

 Chapter from an electronic book

[3] D. Kawecki, "Fuel preparation," in Combustion Engineering Issues for Solid Fuel
Systems, B.G. Miller and D.A. Tillman, Eds. Boston, MA: Academic Press, 2008, 199-
240. [Online] Available: ScienceDirect.

 Article from an electronic reference book

[4] D. Ince, "Acoustic coupler," in A Dictionary of the Internet. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2001. [Online]. Available: Oxford Reference Online.

[5] W. D. Nance, "Management information system," in The Blackwell Encyclopedic

Dictionary of Management Information Systems, G.B. Davis, Ed. Malden MA: Blackwell,
1999, pp. 138-144. [Online]. Available: NetLibrary e-book.

 Article from an electronic encyclopedia

[6] G. S. Thompson and M. P. Harmer, "Nanoscale ceramic composites," in Encyclopedia of

Materials: Science and Technology, K. H. J. Buschow, R. W. Cahn, M. C. Flemings, B.
Ilschner, E.J. Kramer, S. Mahajan, and P. Veyssière, Eds. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2001, pp.
5927-5930. [Online]. Available: ScienceDirect.

 Article from an electronic dictionary:  No author

[7] "Zenith telescope," in A Dictionary of Astronomy, 2nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University
Press; 2007. [Online]. Available from: Oxford Reference Online.

10. Citing from E-Journals

 From a full text database

• Full text databases include Academic OneFile, ProQuest, and IEEE Xplore, to name a few.

• Include the Database name and the internet address.

 When including the internet address of articles retrieved from searches in full-text databases,
please use the Recommended URLs for Full-text Databases, which are the URLs for the main
entrance to the service and are easier to reproduce.

 From the internet

• Unlike journal articles from full text databases these are often freely available on the internet.

• Some publishers offer recent issues for free and earlier issues for a subscription fee.

• Include the complete internet address.

Standard format for citation

[#] A. Author, "Title of Article," Title of

Journal, vol., no., p. page numbers, month
year. [Format]. Available: Database Name (if
appropriate), internet address. [Accessed: date
of access].

For Example:

 Journal article from a full text database 

[1] H. K. Edwards and V. Sridhar, "Analysis of software requirements engineering exercises in

a global virtual team setup," Journal of Global Information Management, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 21+,
April-June 2005. [Online]. Available: Academic OneFile, http://find.galegroup.com. [Accessed
May 31, 2005].

[2] A. Holub, "Is software engineering an oxymoron?" Software Development Times, p. 28+,

March 2005. [Online]. Available: ProQuest, http://il.proquest.com. [Accessed May 23, 2005].

[3] H. Ayasso and A. Mohammad-Djafari, "Joint NDT Image Restoration and Segmentation

Using Gauss–Markov–Potts Prior Models and Variational Bayesian Computation," IEEE
Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 2265-77, 2010. [Online]. Available: IEEE
Xplore, http://www.ieee.org. [Accessed Sept. 10, 2010].

 Journal article from the internet 

 [4] A. Altun, "Understanding hypertext in the context of reading on the web: Language learners'
experience," Current Issues in Education, vol. 6, no. 12, July 2003. [Online]. Available:
http://cie.ed.asu.edu/volume6/number12/. [Accessed Dec. 2, 2004].

[5] P. H. C. Eilers and J. J. Goeman, "Enhancing scatterplots with smoothed

densities," Bioinformatics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 623-628, March 2004. [Online]. Available:
www.oxfordjournals.org. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2004].

11. Citing from Electronic Documents

• References for electronic documents begin with the same information that would be provided
for a printed source.

• Additional information must be provided (depending on the type of electronic publication) to

correctly identify that you accessed the document in an electronic format.

• An electronic publication could be an internet site, an email, a journal article published on the
internet, or a journal article retrieved from a full text database.

• Some documents are published in both paper and electronic formats. Please cite according to
the format you accessed.

• Be aware that pagination may not be specified for many online publications. The number of
the starting page can be included in your citation if it is given, and/or the number of pages in the
document. For example: p. 7+ or (5 pp.).

Below is a guide to what information you may need to record when citing an electronic document:

• Name of author(s) if given

• Year or date of publication (or date site was created or updated)

• Title of document

• Title of web site or database

• Pages, sections or paragraphs (if given)

• Date you accessed the site

• Database name (if appropriate)

 • Internet address (if appropriate)

Criteria for evaluating internet sites and other electronic resources include:

• Who is the author? It is important to check the author's credentials to determine whether
he/she has the knowledge and authority to supply credible information. Check to see if any
contact details are provided.

• How current is the information? See when the document was created and when it was last
updated.

• What is the author's interest in the material? Can you detect any bias in the content and are
you able to determine the purpose of the site? Check the web address to identify the type of
organization producing the document. Be aware that commercial interests and some politically
motivated sites may not present a balanced view.

• What sort of content is there? Can the content be considered comprehensive and of good
quality? Does it provide links to other documents? Check which audience the information is
aimed at.

For examples, please refer to E-Books, E-Journals or Internet Documents.

12. Citing from Internet Documents

• Cite documents published on the internet according to the specific guidelines for the type of
document. More specific information is available for E-books and E-journals.

• Government reports and company annual reports are examples of documents that may be
published on the internet.

Please note: If no author or editor is given and the document is not a part, article or chapter,
then citation is by title.

Standard format for citation

[#] A. Author, "Document title," Webpage name, Source/production information, Date of

internet publication. [Format]. Available: internet address. [Accessed: Date of access].

 Electronic document 

[1] European Telecommunications Standards Institute, “Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB):

Implementation guidelines for DVB terrestrial services; transmission aspects,” European
 Telecommunications Standards Institute, ETSI TR-101-190, 1997. [Online]. Available:
http://www.etsi.org. [Accessed: Aug. 17, 1998].

 Electronic document: no author

[2] “A ‘layman’s’ explanation of Ultra Narrow Band technology,” Oct. 3, 2003. [Online].
Available: http://www.vmsk.org/Layman.pdf. [Accessed: Dec. 3, 2003].

 Government publication: Australian Bureau of Statistics document

[3] Australian Bureau of Statistics, Engineering Construction Activity (cat. no.

8762.0). Canberra: ABS, 2010. [Online]. Available from AusStats,
http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats. [Accessed: Sept. 7, 2010].

 Government publication: Government department

[4] Australia. Department of of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, Survey on

Changes in Awareness and Understanding of Science, Engineering and Technology: Report on
findings. Canberra: The Department; 2008.
[Online]. Available: http://www.dest.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/241263CF-8585-4EEC-B104-
C947C6C18029/23713/ SurveyonChangesinawarenessunderstandingofSET
.pdf. [Accessed: Sept. 7, 2010].

 Personal Internet site 

[5] G. Sussman, "Home page - Dr. Gerald Sussman," July 2002. [Online]. Available:
http://www.comm.pdx.edu/faculty/Sussman/sussmanpage.htm. [Accessed: Sept. 12, 2004].

 General Internet site

[6] J. Geralds, "Sega Ends Production of Dreamcast," vnunet.com, para. 2, Jan. 31, 2001.
[Online]. Available: http://nl1.vnunet.com/news/1116995. [Accessed: Sept. 12, 2004].

 Blog entry 

[7] J. A. Specavek, "Fracking and the Stresses it Adds to Railroads," It's the Rheo Thing, May
18, 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.rheothing.com/2015/05/fracking-and-stress-adds-to-
railroads.html. [Accessed: Jun. 9, 2015].

13. Citing in Journal Articles

• This information relates to journal articles from print sources.

• For journal articles from electronic sources, please see E-journals.

• Only the author's initials are given, regardless of the presentation of the author's name on the
journal article.
 • Capitalization practice should also be consistent.

• Capitalize only the first word of an article title, except for proper nouns or acronyms. Every
(important) word in the title of a journal must be capitalized.

• You must either spell out the entire name of each journal that you reference or use accepted
abbreviations. You must consistently do one or the other. Staff at the Ask a Librarian Desk can
suggest sources of accepted journal abbreviations.

• Do not capitalize the "v" in volume for a journal article.

• You may spell out words such as volume or December, but you must either spell out all such
occurrences or abbreviate all. You do not need to abbreviate March, April, May, June or July.

• To indicate a page range use 123-9, 126-34 or 111-222. If you refer to only one page, use only
111.

Standard format for citation

[#] A. A. Author of article. "Title of

article," Title of Journal, vol. #, no. #, pp.
page number/s, Month year.

For Example:

 Journal articles

[1] E. P. Wigner, "Theory of traveling wave optical laser," Phys. Rev., vol. 134, pp. A635-
A646, Dec. 1965.

[2] J. U. Duncombe, "Infrared navigation - Part I: An assessment of feasibility," IEEE Trans.

Electron. Devices, vol. ED-11, pp. 34-39, Jan. 1959.

[3] G. Liu, K. Y. Lee, and H. F. Jordan, "TDM and TWDM de Bruijn networks and shuffle nets
for optical communications," IEEE Trans. Comp., vol. 46, pp. 695-701, June 1997.

OR

[4] J. R. Beveridge and E. M. Riseman, "How easy is matching 2D line models using
local search?" IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 19,
pp. 564-579, June 1997.

[5] I. S. Qamber, "Flow graph development method," Microelectronics Reliability, vol.

33, no. 9, pp. 1387-1395, Dec. 1993.
 [6] E. H. Miller, "A note on reflector arrays," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, to be published.

14. Citing from Newspaper Articles

• Include section name if given.

• Include the specific date as well as year.

• Include the specific page or section numbers if appropriate.

Standard format for citation

[#] Article Author AA. "Title of article," Title

of Newspaper: Section, p. inclusive page
numbers, Month Date, Year.

For Example:

 Newspaper articles in print

[1] P. Williams, L. Forrestal, and J. Barret, "The rise of the robot miner," The Australian
Financial Review, p. 6, Sept. 7, 2010.

[2] N. Perpitch, "Green groups battle to overturn gas plan," The Australian, p. 2, Sept. 7, 2010.

 Newspaper article in print: No author

[3] "Labor defends its $43b broadband network," The West Australian, p. 5, Aug.14, 2010.

 Newspaper article from a full text database

[4] J. Riley, "Call for new look at skilled migrants," The Australian, p. 35, May 31, 2005.
[Online]. Available: Factiva, http://global.factiva.com. [Accessed May 31, 2005].

 Newspaper article from the internet

[5] C. Wilson-Clark, "Computers ranked as key literacy," The West Australian, para. 3, March
29, 2004. [Online]. Available: http://www.thewest.com.au. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2004].
 15. Citing from Podcasts

Standard format for citation

[#] A. A. Artist, Credit, and B. B. Artist,

Credit, "Title of episode," Title of
Programme: Subtitle, Date of recording,
Year.  Place of recording: Publisher.
[Format]. Available: Internet address.
[Accessed: Month Day, Year].

For Example:

 Podcast 

[1] R. Robertson, Speaker, Leadership at the Bottom of the Earth…Where No One Hears You
Scream, 2010 Sir Walter Murdoch Lecture. Murdoch (WA): Murdoch University; 2010.
[Podcast]. Available: https://lectures.murdoch.edu.au/lectopia/lectopia.lasso?
ut=1369&id=71101. [Accessed Aug. 5, 2010].

 Podcast lecture from Lectopia

[2] D. Hill, Speaker, Australian Media Representation of Asia. In Australia in

Asia (FDN110). Murdoch (WA): Murdoch University; Apr. 4, 2012. [Podcast lecture].
Available: https://lectures.murdoch.edu.au/lectopia/casterframe.lasso?
fid=375705&cnt=true&usr=S940025F&name=not-indicated. [Accessed Jun. 5, 2012].

 Podcast radio program

[3] S. Gary, Presenter, “Black Hole Death Ray,” StarStuff, Dec. 23, 2007. Sydney: ABC News
Radio. [Podcast radio program]. Available:
http://abc.net.au/newsradio/podcast/STARSTUFF.xml. [Accessed Feb. 4, 2008].

 Podcast television program

[4] W. Brown and K. Brodie, Presenters, and P. George, Producer, “From Lake Baikal to the
Halfway Mark, Yekaterinburg,” Peking to Paris: Episode 3, Jun. 4, 2007.  Sydney: ABC
Television. [Podcast television program]. Available:
http://www.abc.net.au/tv/pekingtoparis/podcast/pekingtoparis.xml. [Accessed Feb. 4, 2008].

16. Citing from Readers/Study Guides

 • If an article is reproduced in a Unit reader with full original pagination and bibliographic
details, you may cite it as you would the original material and cite the original page numbers.

• You should not, however, cite from Unit readers, study guides, or lecture notes if the original
material is not reproduced in full with full bibliographic details; you should go to the original
source of the information.

• If you do need to cite articles from a Unit reader without the full original pagination and
bibliographic details, treat the reader articles as if they were book or journal articles. In your
citations refer to the page numbers from the reader, not the original page numbers.

Standard format for citation

Give all available details in the appropriate

format for the original material, then add:
Reprinted in Title of Study Guide or Reader:
Subtitle. Place of publication: Publisher,
Year, pp. Page Numbers.

For Example:

 Readers 

[1] L. Vertelney, M. Arent, and H. Lieberman, "Two disciplines in search of an interface:

Reflections on a design problem," in The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design, B. Laurel,
Ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990. Reprinted in Human-Computer Interaction (ICT
235) Readings and Lecture Notes, Vol. 1. Murdoch, WA: Murdoch Univ., 2005, pp. 32-37.

[2] C. J. Campbell and J. H. Laherrere, "The End of Cheap Oil", Scientific American, vol. 278,
no. 3, pp. 78-83, March 1998. Reprinted in Introduction to Energy Studies (PEC190): Selected
readings. Murdoch, WA: Murdoch Univ., 2006, pp. 129-134.

17. Citing from Theses

Standard format for citation

Unpublished:

[#] A. A. Author, "Title of thesis: Subtitle,"

Unpublished thesis type, Abbrev, Dept.,
Abbrev. Univ., Location of University,
Abbrev. State, Country, Year.

Published:

[#] A. A. Author, Title of Thesis: Subtitle.

Place of publication: Publisher, Year of
publication.

From a full text database:

[#] A. A. Author, Title of Thesis:

Subtitle. Thesis type [Format]. Location of
University: Abbrev. Univ., Year. Available:
Database Name.

For Example:

 Thesis in print: Unpublished

[1] H. Zhang, "Delay-insensitive networks," M.S. thesis, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Canada, 1997.

[2] M. W. Dixon, "Application of neural networks to solve the routing problem in

communication networks," Ph.D. dissertation, Murdoch Univ., Murdoch, WA, Australia, 1999.

 Thesis in print: Published 

[3] M. Lehmann, Data Access in Workflow Management Systems. Berlin: Aka, 2006.

 Thesis from a full text database 

[4] F. Sudweeks, Development and Leadership in Computer-Mediated Collaborative

Groups. PhD [Dissertation]. Murdoch, WA: Murdoch Univ., 2007. [Online]. Available:
Australasian Digital Theses Program.

18. IEEE Abbreviations

Standard abbreviations may be used in your citations.

A list of appropriate abbreviations can be found below:

Ed./Eds. editor/editors

ed. edition

et al. and others

no. number

p./pp. page/pages

para. paragraph

pt. part

rev. revised

suppl. supplement

Vol. Volume (book)

vol. volume (journal)

Bibliography

[1] C. T. F. Me, "IEEE Citation Generator," Chegg, [Online]. Available: http://www.citethisforme.com/citation-

generator/ieee. [Accessed 28 October 2018].

[2] M. University, "University Library," Murdoch University, 18 May 2018. [Online]. Available:
https://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/IEEE/more. [Accessed 28 October 2018].

{For further information regarding the IEEE Murdoch University referencing style, please visit:
https://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/IEEE/home.}