MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

LAB

LABORATORY MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

SRI PADMAVATI MAHILA VISVAVIDYALAYAM
(WOMEN’S UNIVERSITY)
TIRUPATI, ANDHRA PRADESH-517502.
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Vision

To be a centre of excellence in education and research in Electronics &

Communication Engineering, empowering women engineers in cutting
edge technologies to cater to societal needs.

Mission
 Provide high quality and effective education in Electronics and
Communication engineering.
 Impart knowledge in advanced technologies like VLSI design,
Radar and signal processing, and robotics.
 Foster innovation, incubation and entrepreneurship by
collaborating with industry and other R&D organizations.
 Inculcate leadership qualities, societal and ethical
responsibilities.

Prepared by

Mr. A. Sai Suneel, M.Tech. (Ph.D.),

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Assistant Professor (Senior)

Programme Outcomes (POs)

The graduates of Electronics and Communication Engineering will be able to:

PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution
of complex engineering problems.

PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and

analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions
using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering
sciences.

PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex

engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet
the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and
safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based

knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis
and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.

PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques,
resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and
modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.

PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

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PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the

professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts,
and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and

as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering

activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as,
being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design
documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.

PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and

understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply these
to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and
in multidisciplinary environments.

PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation
and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest
context of technological change.

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PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

PEO1: To acquire a strong background in basic sciences and mathematics

and ability to use these tools in electronics and communication engineering.

PEO2: To develop the ability to demonstrate technical competence in

electronics and communication engineering and develop solutions to the
problems in various areas of electronics and communication engineering.

PEO3: To attain professional excellence through life-long learning.

PEO4: To attain the qualities of professional leadership to deliver effectively

in a multi-disciplinary team and domain.

PEO5: To produce graduates who ensure ethical and moral behaviour

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

PSO1: To analyse, design and develop solutions by applying foundational

concept of electronics and communication engineering.

PSO2: To apply design principles and innovative practices for developing

quality products for science and business applications.

PSO3: To adapt emerging information and communication technologies (ICT)

to innovate ideas and solutions to existing problems.

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Course Objective

1. To know about the behaviour of microwave components.

2. To know about the behaviour of microwave Devices.

3. To understand the radiation pattern of different types of antennas.

4. To measure the impedance, attenuation and other parameters at

microwave frequencies.

5. To analyse loss estimation of different components.

Course Outcomes
After successful completion of the course the student should be able to

CO1: Design, construct and test the various microwave devices and
components.

CO2: Compare the characteristics of the microwave devices and compare with
theoretical values.

CO3: Analyze the variations of theoretical and practical values of different

components.

CO4: Practice microwave measurement procedures. CO5.Evaluate the

frequency, wave length, VSWR, impedance and scattering parameters of
various microwave devices practically.

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Course Outcomes-Program Outcomes -Program Specific

Outcomes (CO-PO-PSO) Mapping

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 L H M L L L M L H M

CO2 M H L L L L M H M

CO3 H M L L L L M H M

CO4 H M L L L L M H L

CO5 H M L L L L L M H L

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
PART-A

Reflex Klystron Bench and Gunn Diode Bench

Experiments

S.NO. NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NO.

Study of Microwave Components

1 12-30
and Equipment
2 Reflex Klystron Characteristics 31-36

3 Gunn Diode Characteristics 37-39

Measurement of Frequency and
4 Wavelength
40-44

5 Measurement of Waveguide Parameters 45-47

6 Low and High VSWR measurements 48-52

7 Attenuation Measurement 53-56

Impedance Measurements by using
8 smith chart
57-62

9 Directional Coupler Characteristics 63-68

10 Scattering Parameters of Circulator 69-73

11 S-matrix of Magic Tee 74-80

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PART-B

Antenna Measurement Experiments

S.NO. NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NO.

Introduction to Equipment, Antennas and
Software

I. Functional Block

A. Front Panel Description

B. Horizontal Assembly Description
C. Vertical Assembly Description
D. Vertical Mount Assembly

1 II. Technical Specifications 82-109

A. List of Antennas
B. Deliverables

III. Software Installation

A. Operation Modes
B. Software Control Mode
C. Panel Control Mode

Measure the variation of field strength

2 /Inverse square law 110-112

Prove the reciprocity theorem of antenna

3 113-115
Plot Radiation pattern of all Wired Antenna
4 116-124
Plot Radiation pattern of all Aperture
5 Antenna 125-127

Plot Radiation pattern of all Reflector

6 Antenna
128-130

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Plot Radiation pattern of all Array Antenna

7 131-134
Measurement in co-polarization & cross
8 polarization 135-137

Circularly Polarized Antennas Trainer

9 138-140

Plot Radiation pattern of all Planar

10 (Microstrip) Antenna
141-147

Design and Study of Basic Micro strip

11 Shapes and its configuration
148-151

Effect of different feeding techniques in

12 Micro strip Antenna
152-154

Resistive & impedance stub loading

13 characterization
155-156

Study of Multilayer Stacked Multi-

14 Resonator
157-158

User defined antenna pattern

15 measurement 159-162

Radiation Pattern of 3λ/2 Dipole

16 Antenna 162-164

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PART-A

Reflex Klystron Bench

and Gunn Diode Bench
Experiments

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Experiment No: 1

Study of Microwave Components and

Equipment
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves (E.M. waves) having wavelength
in the micron range. Though microwave frequencies refer to those from 1GHz

to 106GHz but generally used for those wavelengths measured in centimeters,

roughly from 10cm to 1cm(3 to 30 GHz) and the waves having wavelengths
less than 1cm corresponds to higher frequencies(>30 GHz) are called
millimeter waves (mm waves).

Microwave Frequencies:

Relationship between the frequency (f) and the wavelength (λ) of an E.M. wave
is
λ f=c
Where c is velocity of electromagnetic radiation, usually called the speed of
light.
IEEE Microwave Frequency Band:

Designation Frequency range in GHz

HF 0.003 to 0.03
VHF 0.03 to 0.3
UHF 0.3 to 1.0
L-Band 1.0 to 2.0
S-Band 2.0 to 4.0
C-Band 4.0 to 8.0
X-Band 8.0to 12.0
Ku-Band 12.0 to 27.0
K- Band 18.0 to 27.0
Ka-Band 27.0 to 40.0
Millimeter 40.0 to 300
Sub- 300 and above.
millimeter

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CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF MICROWAVE AND APPLICATIONS:

Most of the applications of microwave arise from the characteristic Features

and their advantages.
First important characteristic is that the microwave is highly directive
which makes it possible for microwave communication used for telephone
networks, radio broadcasting and television systems.
Like any other energy, microwave energy has a heating effect, it is used
in microwave oven for home cooking, drying machine, drying inks, and in food
processing industries.
Microwaves are capable of energetically interacting with matter and so
used in microwave spectroscopy for structural analysis. Apart from scientific
research the absorption of microwave by molecular resonance is well suited
for various industrial measurements like control of pollution by checking the
concentration of different gases from an exhaust chimney.

MICROWAVE SYSTEMS:

Usually a microwave system consists of a transmitter sub system, consisting

of a microwave oscillator, waveguide, transmission antenna and a receiver sub
system; that includes a receiving antenna, wave guide a microwave detector,
power and frequency meter.
The intermediate region between the transmitter and receiver, as well
as the inner hollow space of the waveguide may be filled up with air or
dielectric medium. The electromagnetic wave traverses with the speed of light
through air but a dielectric medium such as Teflon and even water will slow
down the waves. If the medium has the dielectric constant ‘є,’ then wavelength
(λd) in the dielectric is given by
λd= λ0/√є

Where λ0 is the free space wavelength.

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Figure 1: Microwave Bench Setup (X-Band)

Figure 2: Microwave Bench Setup (C-Band)

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Figure 3: Gunn Diode Bench Setup (X-Band)

Figure 4: Microwave Components

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1. Rectangular Wave Guide

Wave guides are manufactured to the highest mechanical and electrical

standards and mechanical tolerances.

L and S band wave guides are fabricated by precision brazing of brass-

plates and all other wave guides are in extrusion quality.

Wave guide sections of specified length can be supplied with flanges,

painted outside and silver or gold plated in side.

SPECIFICATIONS

Frequency : 8.2 - 12.4 GHZ (X Band)

Width : 2.286cm
Height : 1.1016cm
Width : 2.54 cm
Height : 1.27cm ± Tol.(μm) :7.6
Material : Brass/Copper.

2. Klystron Power Supply

The model Klystron Power Supply is general purpose laboratory power

supply which is specially designed to use for reflex klystron tubes of S to X
band frequency range. It is reliable power source with very high regulation
and low ripple contents.

The klystron power supply has built in modulation facilities of

amplitude and frequency modulation. Amplitude modulation can be applied
with 0-110V (p.p.) Square wave and with frequency of 500 Hz to 2.5 KHz. This
amplitude modulation is generally used along with VSWR measurements in
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slotted line technique. Frequency modulation is used for direct study of

klystron modes on the Oscilloscope. Pure carrier wave operation and in
external modulation facilities is also provided with the instrument for
generalized use.

The klystron power supply also provides all the other D.C. Voltages
required for operation of reflex klystron tube such as beam, heater and
reflector voltage. The ranges of all these voltages are given in the specification
data sheet.

3. Klystron Tube

The klystron tube is a single cavity variable frequency microwave

generator of low power and low efficiency. It consists of an electron gun, a
filament surrounded by cathode and a focusing electrode at cathode potential.
The electrons emitted by the cathode travel towards the reflector through an
anode kept at higher potential compared to the cathode.

When they approach the anode, the electrons form bunches and the
bunches ultimately return towards the anode cavity after travelling a small
distance towards the reflector. The power is taken from the anode re-entrant
cavity.

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4. Isolator

It is a two port device which provides very small amount of attenuation

for transmission from port 1 to port 2 and provides maximum attenuation for
transmission from port 2 to port 1. It is very much desirable when we want to
match a source with variable load. It allows power flow only from the generator
towards the load and suppresses any reflected power.

5. Frequency meter

It is also called wave meter. Usual construction of it consist a cylindrical

cavity mounted on a shaft. By rotating the shaft the volume in the cavity is
changed and it becomes resonant and gives minimum impedance at the
resonant frequency. The scale calibrated and the resonant frequency can be
directly read from the scale after observing a dip in the output meter.

6. Variable attenuator

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This is a wave guide piece having a groove on the lateral side. By

rotating the screw the depth of penetration of resistive pad changes, there by
introducing some attenuation. Attenuators are commonly used for measuring
power game or loss in dBs for providing isolation between instruments for
reducing the power input to a particular stage to prevent over loading and
also for providing the signal generators with means of calibrating there
outputs accurately. Variable attenuator provide continuous or step wise
variable attenuation.

7. Fixed Attenuators

Fixed Attenuators are meant for inserting a known attenuation in a

wave guide system. These consist of a lossy vane inserted in a section of wave
guide, flanged on both ends. These are useful for isolation of wave guide
circuits, padding and extending the range of measuring equipments.

Fixed Attenuators are available for 3,6 or 10 dB attenuation values, but

any attenuation valve between 0 and 30dB can be provided.

SPECIFICATIONS

Frequency : 8.12 - 12.4 GHZ

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Attenuation (dB) : 3,6,10

Calibration Accuracy : ± 0.2dB
Avg Power : 2W
Max VSWR : 1.10
Max Insertion Loss (dB) : 0.2/W.G.
Type : WG – 90
Flange Type (UG/U) : 39

A precision built probe carriage has a centimetre scale with a vernier

reading of 0.1mm least count and a dial gauge can be mounted easily if
precise readings are required.

8. Tuneable Probe

Model 6055 Tuneable probe is designed for use with model 6051 slotted
sections. These are meant for exploring the energy of the EF in a suitably
fabricated section of wave guide.
The depth of penetration into a wave guide - section is adjustable by
the knob of the probe. The tip pick up the RF power from the line and this
power is rectified by crystal detector, which is then fed to the VSWR meter or
indicating instrument.

Frequency (GHz) : 8.2 - 12.4

Output Connector : BNC (F)
Detector : IN23

9. Wave Guide Detector Mount

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Tuneable Detector Mount is simple and easy to use instrument for

detecting microwave power through suitable detector. It consists of a detector
crystal mounted in a section of a Wave guide and shorting plunger for
matching purpose. The output from the crystal may be fed to an indicating
instrument. In K and R bands detector mounts the plunger is driven by a
micrometre.

Frequency (GHz) : 8.2 - 12.4

O/P Connector : BNC (F)
Wave guide type (WR) : 90
Flange Type (UG/U) : 39
Detector : IN23

10. VSWR meter

A VSWR meter basically consists of a high gain; high ‘Q’ low noise
voltage amplifier normally tuned at a fixed frequency at which the microwaves
signal is modulated. The VSWR meter uses the detector signal out of the
microwave detector as its input, amplifies the same and provides the output
on the calibrated volt meter. The meter itself can be calibrated in terms of
VSWR.

11. Gunn Power Supply

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Gunn Power supply comprises of an electronically regulated power

supply and a square wave generator designed to operate a Gunn Oscillator
type XG-11 and PIN Modulator XM-55. The DC Voltage is variable from 0 to
12 volts. However, the output voltage will not exceed +11 Volts because of over
voltage Zener protection (Max. Operating voltage for Gunn Oscillator is +12
Volts). The frequency of the square wave modulation can be continuously
varied from 800 to 1100 Hz. The front panel meter indicates the Gunn voltage
and the current drawn by the Gunn diode. The power supply has been
designed to protect the Gunn diode in following conditions.
1. Reverse Voltage application
2. Over voltage transients
3. Low frequency oscillations generated by the negative resistance of the
Gunn Diode.
Voltage Range : 0 to 12 Volts (Positive)
Current : 750 mA (max.)
Stability : 0.2% for ±10% variations in the mains
voltage.
Ripple : 1 mV rms.
Modulation Voltage : 0 - ±10 Volts (P-P)
Frequency : 800 – 1100 Hz.
Output connector : BNC Female for Gunn Oscillator
TNC Female for Pin Modulator

12. Gunn Oscillator

The Gunn Oscillator is stable and low noise microwave source. The
Gunn diode is mounted in waveguide cavity, and source frequency can be
tunable over the range 8.5 – 12.0 GHz by a micrometre controlled tuning
plunger. Maximum power output is 25 mW, but it varies with frequency,
minimum about 5 mW.

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13. Pin Modulator

The Pin Modulator has been designed to amplitude modulate the CW

output of the Gunn Oscillator. Modulating Voltage of 1 KHz, obtained from
the Gunn Power Supply GS-610 to drives the modulator. It has built in 6 dB
attenuation to avoid any loading on the Pin Diode.

14. Multi Hole Directional Coupler

It is a wave guide used for the measurement of low standing wave ratios,
to sample a small amount of powers. It consists of two transmission lines the
main arm and auxiliary arm, electro-magnetically coupled to each other. Here,
for a two hole directional coupler the two holes are at a distance of λg/4.

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Multi hole directional couplers are useful for sampling a part of

Microwave energy for monitoring purposes and for measuring reflections and
impedance. These consists of a section of Wave guide with addition of a second
parallel section of wave guide thus making it a four port network. However
the fourth port is terminated with a matched load. These two parallel sections
are coupled to each other through many holes, almost to give uniform
coupling; minimum frequency sensitivity and high directivity. These are
available in 3, 6, 10, 20 and 40 dB coupling.

Frequency Range (GHz) : 8.2 - 12.4

Coupling (dB) : 3,10,20,40
Directivity (dB) : 35
Wave guide type (WR) : 90
Flange type (UG/U) : 39

15. Magic Tee

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It is a four port device port one and port two are collinear arms port 3
is H-arm and port 4 is E-arm in this magic tee if any two ports are perfectly
match to the junction then the remaining two ports are automatically match
to the junction.

Frequency Range (GHz) : 8.2 - 12.4

WG Type (WR) : 90
Flange Type (UR/U) : 39

16. Circulators

There are T and Y types of three port circulators. These are precisely
machined and assembled to get the desired specifications. Circulators are
matched three port devices and these are meant for allowing Microwave
energy to flow in clockwise direction with negligible loss but almost no
transmission in the anti-clockwise direction.

Frequency Range (GHz) : 8.6 - 10.6 or 10.2 - 12.2

Min. Isolation (dB) : 20
Max. Insertion Loss (dB) : 0.4
Max. VSWR : 1.20

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17. E- Plane Tee

E - Plane tee are series type T - junction and consists of three section
of wave guide joined together in order to divide or compare power levels. The
signal entering the first port of this T - junction will be equally dividing at
second and third ports of the same magnitude but in opposite Phase.

Frequency Range (GHz) : 8.2 - 12.4

WG Type (WR) : 90
Flange Type (UG/U) : 39

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18. H-Plane
Tee
H - Plane Tee are shunt type T - junction for use in conjunction with
VSWR meters, frequency - meters and other detector devices. Like in E-plane
tee, the signal fed through first port of H - plane Tee will be equally divided in
magnitude at second and third ports but in same phase.

Frequency Range (GHz) : 8.2 - 12.4

WG Type (WR) : 90
Flange Type (UG/U) : 39

19. Movable Short

Movable shorts consists of a section of waveguide, flanged on one end

and terminated with a movable shorting plunger on the other end. By means
of this non contacting type plunger, a reflection co-efficient of almost unity
may be obtained.

Frequency Range (GHz) : 8.2 - 12.4

WG Type (WR) : 90
Flange Type (UG/U) : 39

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20. Matched Termination

It consists of a small and highly dissipative taper flap mounted inside

the centre of a section of wave guide. Matched Terminations are useful for
VSWR measurement of various waveguide components. These are also
employed as dummy and as a precise reference loads with Tee junctions,
directional couplers and other similar dividing devices.

Freq. Range (GHz) : 8.2 - 12.4

Max VSWR : 1.04
AV Power : 2W
WG Type (WR) : 90
Flange Type (UG/U) : 39

21. Pyramidal Waveguide Horn Antenna

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Pyramidal Wave guide Horn antenna consists of waveguide joined to

pyramidal section fabricated from brass sheet. The pyramidal section shapes
the energy to concentrate in a specified beam. Wave guide horns are used as
feed horns as radiators for reflectors and lenses and as a pickup antenna for
receiving microwave power.

Frequency Range (GHz) : 8.2 - 12.4

Max VSWR : 1.20
WG Type (WR) : 90
Flange Type (UG/U) : 39

22. Waveguide Stand

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23. Slotted Line

Slotted lines are used for microwave measurements and consist of a
movable probe inserted into a slot in a transmission line. They are used in
conjunction with a microwave power source and usually, in keeping with their
low-cost application, a low cost Schottky diode detector and VSWR
meter rather than an expensive microwave power meter.
Slotted lines can measure standing waves, wavelength and with some
calculation or plotting on Smith charts, a number of other parameters
including reflection coefficient and electrical impedance. A precision
variable attenuator is often incorporated in the test setup to improve
accuracy. This is used to make level measurements, while the detector and
VSWR meter are retained only to mark a reference point for the attenuator to
be set to, thus eliminating entirely the detector and meter measurement
errors. The parameter most commonly measured by a slotted line is SWR.
This serves as a measure of the accuracy of the impedance match to the item
under test. This is especially important for transmitting antennas and their
feed lines; high standing wave ratio on a radio or TV antenna can distort the
signal, increase transmission line loss and potentially damage components in
the transmission path, possibly even the transmitter.
Slotted lines are no longer widely used, but can still be found in budget
applications. Their main drawback is that they are labour-intensive to use
and require calculation, tables, or plotting to make use of the results. They
need to be made with mechanical precision and the probe and its detector
need to be adjusted with care, but they can give very accurate results.

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Experiment No: 2

Reflex Klystron Characteristics

Objective:
To study the repeller mode characteristics of the Reflex Klystron.

Components & Equipment Required:

S. NO. Name of the Item Specifications Quantity

Beam Voltage 240-400
Klystron Power Supply V,
1 1
Repeller Supply 10-270
V
2 Klystron Tube - 1
Min Isolation:20 dB;
Isolator
3 Min Insertion Loss:0.4 1
dB
4 Frequency Meter 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
Average Power:2 W;
Variable Attenuator
5 Max. Insertion Loss:0.2 1
dB
6 Detector Mount IN23 1
7 Wave Guide Stands - 5
Frequency :1 KHz;
VSWR Meter Range :70
8 VSWR Meter 1
dB Minima in 10 dB
Steps
9 Oscilloscope 30 MHz 1
10 BNC Cable - 2
Fan for cooling Reflex -
11 1
Klystron Tube

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Theory:

The Reflex Klystron makes use of velocity modulation and current

modulation to transform a continuous electron beam into microwave power.
Electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated and passed through the
cavity resonator. The electron velocity is either accelerated or retarded
depending on the instantaneous ac voltage across the resonator (velocity
modulation). The electrons that leave the resonator and travel towards
reflector need different times to return due to change in their velocities. As a
result, returning electrons group together in bunches (current modulation).
As the electron bunches pass through resonator, they interact with voltage at
resonator grids. The bunches pass the grid during negative ac cycle and the
electrons transfer their energy to the grid. This process is repeated once per
ac cycle and sustained oscillations are obtained.

The frequency of oscillations is primarily determined by the dimensions

of resonant cavity. Hence, by changing the dimensions of resonator
(mechanical tuning of Klystron), frequency of oscillations can be varied.
Frequency variation can also be obtained by adjusting the reflector and beam
voltages (Electronic Tuning).

Basic Precautions:

i. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the
power supply of VSWR / Klystron power supplies.

Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’
the main supply.

ii. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller

voltage knob should be completely clockwise direction.

iii. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current /
accurate reading.

iv. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains
keep all the knobs in minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
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v. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st
condition (i.e.) keep all the knobs in minimum positions and switch off main
switches.

vi. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V(i.e.) it should be
between -70Vto - 270V.

Figure 1: Setup for Reflex Klystron Characteristics

Procedure:
I Carrier Wave Operation
1. Connect the components and equipment as shown in the Fig 1.
2. Set the Variable Attenuator at the maximum attenuation position.
3. Set the Mod-Switch of Klystron Power Supply at CW position, beam
voltage control knob to fully anti clock wise and reflector voltage control
knob to fully clock wise and the Meter Switch to ‘OFF’ position.
4. Rotate the Knob of frequency meter to one side fully.
5. First connect the D.C micro-ammeter with Detector.
6. Switch on the Klystron Power Supply, VSWR Meter and Cooling fan.
7. Switch on beam voltage and rotate the knob slowly clockwise up to 300

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V. Observe beam current value. “The Beam Current should be less

than 30 mA”
8. Vary the reflector voltage slowly and watch ammeter. Set the voltage for
maximum deflection in the meter.
9. Tune the plunger of Klystron Mount for the maximum output.
10. Rotate the Knob of frequency meter slowly. At some particular
position there will be a dip in micro-ammeter. Note down the frequency
meter reading where output current is lowest. Read frequency directly
between two horizontal lines and vertical marker in case of direct
reading type wave meter and use the frequency chart to find frequency
from micrometre reading.
11. Change the reflector voltage and read the current and frequency for
each reflector voltage.

II Square Wave Operation

1. Connect the equipment and components as shown in the Fig 1.
2. Set Micrometre of variable attenuator at some position.
3. Set the range switch of VSWR meter at 40 dB position, input selector
switch to crystal impedance position, meter switch to narrow position.
4. Set Mod-selector switch to AM-MOD position, beam voltage control knob
to fully anticlockwise position.
5. Switch ‘ON’ the Klystron Power Supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan.
Wait for few minutes.
6. Switch ‘ON’ the Beam voltage switch and rotate the beam voltage knob
clockwise up to 300 V deflections in meter.
7. Keep the AM-MOD amplitude knob and AM-FRE,
knob at the mid- position.
8. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflection in VSWR meter.
9. Rotate the AM-MOD amplitude knob to get the
maximum output in VSWR meter.
10. Maximize the deflection with frequency knob to get the maximum
output in VSWR meter.
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11. If necessary, change the range switch of VSWR meter 30 dB or 50 dB

if the deflection in VSWR meter is out of scale or less than normal scale
respectively. Further the output can also be reduced by variable
attenuator to set the output for any particular value.
III Mode study on Oscilloscope
1. Set up the components and equipment as shown in Fig 1.
2. Keep position of variable attenuator at minimum attenuation position.
3. Set mode selector switch to FM-MOD position, FM amplitude and FM
frequency knob at mid position, keep beam voltage knob fully
anticlockwise and reflector voltage knob to fully clockwise and Beam
switch to ‘OFF’ position.
4. Keep the Time/division scale of oscilloscope around 100Hz frequency
(t=0.01sec) measurement and Volt/division to lower scale.
5. Switch ‘ON’ the Klystron Power Supply and Oscilloscope.
6. Switch ‘ON’ Beam voltage and set beam voltage to 300 V by beam voltage
control knob.
7. Keep amplitude knob of FM Modulator to maximum position and rotate
the reflector voltage anticlockwise to get modes on the oscilloscope. The
horizontal axis represents reflector voltage and vertical axis represents
output power.
8. By changing the reflector voltage and amplitude of FM modulation, any
mode of Klystron tube can be seen on Oscilloscope. Model Waveforms
are shown in Fig 2.
Model Graph:

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Figure 2: Model Waveform

Observations:

Beam Voltage =

Beam Current =

S. Repeller Voltage(v) Output Voltage(v) Frequency(GHz)

No.
1

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Result:

The performance characteristics of reflex klystron tube are observed.

Experiment No: 3

Gunn Diode Characteristics

Objective:

To study the I-V characteristics of Gunn Diode and to determine the

threshold voltage.

Components & Equipment Required:

S. NO. Name of the Item Specifications Quantity

Gunn Power Supply Min. Output Power: 10
1 1
mW
2 Gunn Oscillator 8.6 to 11.6 GHz 1
Min Isolation:20 dB;
Isolator
3 Min Insertion Loss:0.4 1
dB
4 Frequency Meter 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
5 Pin Modulator Max. RF Power: 1 W 1
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6 Detector Mount IN23 1

7 Wave Guide Stands - 5
8 BNC Cable - 2

Theory:

Transferred Electron Devices (TED’s) are bulk devices that do not have
any junctions or gates. They are fabricated with the compounds like GaAs,
InP, CdTe. These operate on hot electrons. The Gunn diode is one such
example. This also exhibits property of –ve resistance. Gunn observed that
periodic fluctuations of current passing through n-type GaAs specimen, when
the applied voltage exceeded a certain critical value (2.4 kV/ cm). Basic
mechanism involved in the operation of bulk n-type GaAs devices is the
transfer electrons from low conduction valley to upper subsidiary valley the
u-valley. The current increases till a certain value and falls off after crossing
a certain voltage level and increases further linearly.

Block Diagram:

Figure 1: Setup for Gunn Diode Characteristics

Precautions:

i. Do not keep Gunn bias knob position at the threshold position for more
than 10-15 seconds.

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ii. Reading should be obtained as fast as possible otherwise due to excessive

heat Gunn diode may burn.

iii. Care should be taken such that the bias voltage should not exceed above
10V.

Procedure:

1. Set the components as shown in figure.

2. Keep the control knobs of Gunn power supply as below

 Meter switch should be off
 Gunn bias knob-fully anticlockwise
 Pin bias knob (mod amp) – fully anticlockwise
 Pin mode frequency – any position

3. Set the micrometre of Gunn oscillator for required frequency of operation.

4. Switch on the Gunn power supply.

5. Measure the Gunn diode current corresponding to various Gunn bias

voltages through the digital panel meter and meter switch. Do not exceed
the bias voltage above 10V.

6. Plot the voltage and current reading on the graph and compare with
expected graph.

7. Measure the threshold voltage which corresponds to maximum current.

Model Graph:

Figure 2: Characteistics of Gunn Diode

Observations:

S.No. Voltage(v)
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Current (mA)

Threshold Voltage (VT) =

Current( IMAX) =

Result:
The V-I characteristics of Gunn diode has been observed. The threshold
voltage is _______.
Experiment No: 4

Measurement of Frequency and

Wavelength
Objective:

To determine the frequency and wavelength of a microwave in a

rectangular waveguide operated in TE10 mode.

Components & Equipment Required:

S. NO. Name of the Item Specifications Quantity

Beam Voltage 240-400
Klystron Power Supply V,
1 1
Repeller Supply 10-270
V
2 Klystron Tube - 1
3 Isolator Min Isolation:20 dB; 1

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Min Insertion Loss:0.4

dB
4 Frequency Meter 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
Average Power:2 W;
Variable Attenuator
5 Max. Insertion Loss:0.2 1
dB
6 Detector Mount IN23 1
7 Wave Guide Stands - 5
Frequency :1 KHz;
VSWR Meter Range :70
8 VSWR Meter 1
dB Minima in 10 dB
Steps
9 Oscilloscope 30 MHz 1
Max Residual VSWR
10 Slotted Line 1
1.01 W
11 Tunable Probe 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
12 Movable Short 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
13 BNC Cable - 2
Fan for cooling Reflex -
14 1
Klystron Tube

Theory:
Microwave frequency can be measured by either electronic or mechanic
techniques.

Electronic Technique: These techniques are more accurate but expensive.

Frequency counters are used. The unknown frequency is compared with
harmonics of a known lower frequency, by use of a low frequency generator,
as harmonic generator and a mixer.

Mechanical Technique: These include slotted line and cavity meter

techniques whose operation and accuracy depends on the physical
dimensions of mechanical devices. Slotted-Line Technique: A slotted line is a
piece of transmission line so constructed that the voltage and current along
it can be measured continuously over its length.
For measuring the frequency, the distance between maxima (or) minima
is measured on the slotted line horizontal scale from the above setup.

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λg = 2(d2 – d1) cm

𝝀𝒐
λg = 𝝀
√𝟏−( 𝝀𝒐 )𝟐
𝒄

For TE10 Mode, λC = 2a where ‘a’ is the waveguide dimension (22.86mm).

The frequency so measured is not very accurate.

1 1
Frequency (f) = C √ 2 +
𝜆 𝑔 𝜆𝑐 2

Basic Precautions:

i. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the
power supply of VSWR / Klystron power supplies.

Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’
the main supply.

ii. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller

voltage knob should be completely clockwise direction.

iii. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current /
accurate reading.

iv. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains
keep all the knobs in minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.

v. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st
condition (i.e.) keep all the knobs in minimum positions and switch off main
switches.

vi. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V(i.e.) it should be
between -70Vto - 270V.

Block Diagram:

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Figure 1: Setup for Frequency and Wavelength Measurement

PROCEDURE:

1. Setup the components and equipment’s as shown in the figure.

2. Setup the variable attenuator at minimum attenuation position.
3. Keep the control knobs of VSWR meter as shown below:
a) Range = 40 dB
b) Input switch = crystal low impedance
c) Meter switch = normal position
d) Gain (coarse and fine) = mid positions
4. Keep the control knobs of klystron power supply as:
a) Beam voltage =off
b) Mod switch =AM
c) Beam voltage knob =fully anticlockwise.
d) Repeller voltage = fully clockwise
e) AM amplitude knob = around fully clockwise.
f) AM frequency knob = around mid position.
5. Switch the klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan switch.
6. Switch ‘ON’ the beam voltage switch to set beam voltage at 300V with the
help of beam voltage knob.
7. Adjust the repeller voltage to get some deflection in VSWR meter or CRO.

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8. Maximize the deflector with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of

power supply.
9. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for maximum deflection.
10. Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum deflection.
11. Tune the probe for maximum deflection in VSWR meter or CRO.
12. Tune the probe frequency meter knob to get a dip on the VSWR scale or
CRO and note down the frequency meter.
13. Replace the termination with movable short and detune the frequency
meter.
14. Move the probe along the slotted line.
15. Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position
again.
16. Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two
successive minimum positions obtained as above.
17. Measure the waveguide inner broad dimension ‘a’ which will be around
22.86mm for x-band.
18. Calculate the wavelength by following equation.
λg = 2(d2 – d1) cm

Observations:
Beam Beam Repeller
Frequency λ0
Voltage Current Voltage d1(cm) d2(cm)
(GHz) (cm)
(V) (mA) (V)

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λc (cm) λg (cm) (Theoretical) λg (cm) (Practical)

Calculations:

Result:

Thus the frequency and wavelength of rectangular waveguide has been

determined.
Experiment No: 5

Measurement of Waveguide Parameters

Objectives: To find the
(i) Insertion loss (Attenuation constant)
(ii) Phase constant of wave guide

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Components & Equipment Required:

S. NO. Name of the Item Specifications Quantity

Beam Voltage 240-400
Klystron Power Supply V,
1 1
Repeller Supply 10-270
V
2 Klystron Tube - 1
Min Isolation:20 dB;
Isolator
3 Min Insertion Loss:0.4 1
dB
4 Frequency Meter 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
Average Power:2 W;
Variable Attenuator
5 Max. Insertion Loss:0.2 1
dB
6 Detector Mount IN23 1
7 Wave Guide Stands - 5
Frequency :1 KHz;
VSWR Meter Range :70
8 VSWR Meter 1
dB Minima in 10 dB
Steps
9 Oscilloscope 30 MHz 1
Max Residual VSWR
10 Slotted Line 1
1.01 W
11 Tunable Probe 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
12 Movable Short 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
13 BNC Cable - 2
Fan for cooling Reflex -
14 1
Klystron Tube

Theory:

A wave can travel in a waveguide in any of a number of configurations. Thus

far, this has meant that for any given signal, the number of half-waves of
intensity between two walls may be adjusted to suit the requirement. when
two more walls exist, between which there may also be half-waves of intensity,
some system must be established to ensure a universally understood
description of any given propagation mode.

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Modes in rectangular waveguides are labelled TE mn transverse electric

mode, and TM mn transverse magnetic mode. In each case m,n are integers
denoting the number of half wave lengths of intensity variation between each
pair of walls. ‘m’ is measured along the X axis of the waveguide(as in the
dimension ‘a’),this being the direction along the broader wall of waveguide; ‘n’
is measured in the other direction.

Figure 1: Setup for Waveguide Parameters Measurement

Procedure:

1. Arrange the set up as shown in Fig 1.

2. Switch on supply and obtain oscillations.
3. Tune the detector mount for maximum deflection on VSWR meter.
4. Set any reference level on the VSWR meter with the help of variable
attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter. Let it be P1.
5. Remove the test wave guide and record the reading of the VSWR meter.
Let it be P2.Then the insertion loss of wave guide will be P 2-P1dB.
6. Replace the detector mount with movable short, VSWR meter is
connected to slotted section.
7. Measure the distance between two successive minima.

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Observations:

P1= dB

P2= dB

Insertion value = P2 -P1dB = dB

d1= cm

d2= cm

Distance between two successive minima, λg= cm

Waveguide length= 15 cm

Attenuation constant α = dB/cm

Phase constant, =2π/ λg = rad/cm

Result:

The waveguide parameters i.e., attenuation constant and the phase constant
are measured.
Experiment No: 6

Low and High VSWR Measurements

Objective:

To determine the standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient of a

microwave in a rectangular waveguide operated in TE10 mode.
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Components & Equipment Required:

S. NO. Name of the Item Specifications Quantity

Beam Voltage 240-400
Klystron Power Supply V,
1 1
Repeller Supply 10-270
V
2 Klystron Tube - 1
Min Isolation:20 dB;
Isolator
3 Min Insertion Loss:0.4 1
dB
4 Frequency Meter 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
Average Power:2 W;
Variable Attenuator
5 Max. Insertion Loss:0.2 1
dB
6 Detector Mount IN23 1
7 Wave Guide Stands - 5
Frequency :1 KHz;
VSWR Meter Range :70
8 VSWR Meter 1
dB Minima in 10 dB
Steps
9 Oscilloscope 30 MHz 1
Max Residual VSWR
10 Slotted Line 1
1.01 W
11 Tunable Probe 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
12 Movable Short 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
13 BNC Cable - 2
Fan for cooling Reflex -
14 1
Klystron Tube

Theory:
The electromagnetic field at any point of line may be considered as sum
of travelling waves, the incident wave which propagates from source to load
and reflected towards generator. The wave is setup by reflection of incident
wave in line or from load. Superposition of two waves gives rise to standing
wave. The maximum field strength is found where waves are in phase and
minimum where two waves in opposite phase distance between two
successive min or max is half the wavelength ratio of electric field strength of

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reflected and incident wave is reflection coefficient. Voltage standing wave

ratio is defined as ratio of maximum and minimum field strength along line.
VSWR is followed as

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
VSWR (S) =
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑆−1
Reflection coefficient (ρ) = 𝑆+1
Basic Precautions:

i. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the
power supply of VSWR / Klystron power supplies.

Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’
the main supply.

ii. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller

voltage knob should be completely clockwise direction.

iii. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current /
accurate reading.

iv. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains
keep all the knobs in minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.

v. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st
condition (i.e.) keep all the knobs in minimum positions and switch off main
switches.

vi. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V(i.e.) it should be
between -70Vto - 270V.

Block Diagram:

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Figure 1: Setup for VSWR Measurement

PROCEDURE:

1. Setup the components and equipment as shown in the figure.

2. Setup the variable attenuator at minimum attenuation position.
3. Keep the control knobs of VSWR meter as shown below:
a) Range = 40 dB
b) Input switch = crystal low impedance
c) Meter switch = normal position
d) Gain (coarse and fine) = mid positions
4. Keep the control knobs of klystron power supply as:
a) Beam voltage =off
b) Mod switch =AM
c) Beam voltage knob =fully anticlockwise.
d) Repeller voltage = fully clockwise
e) AM amplitude knob = around fully clockwise.
f) AM frequency knob = around mid position.
5. Switch the klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan switch.
6. Switch ‘ON’ the beam voltage switch to set beam voltage at 300V with the
help of beam voltage knob.
7. Adjust the repeller voltage to get some deflection in VSWR meter.
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8. Maximize the deflector with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of

power supply.
9. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for maximum deflection.
10. Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum deflection.
11. Tune the probe for maximum deflection in VSWR meter.
12. If required change range dB switch and gain control knob to scale of
VSWR meter.
13. As you move probe along slotted line, the reflection will change.

Measurement of LOW and Medium VSWR:

1. Move probe along slotted line to get maximum deflection in VSWR meter.
2. Adjust meter gain control knob until meter gain control indicates 1.0
normal VSWR scale.
3. Keep all control knob as it is, move probe to next minimum position, read
VSWR on scale.
4. Repeat above step for change S.S.Tuner probe depth record
corresponding VSWR.
5. If VSWR between 3.2 to 10 change range dB switch to next higher
position and read VSWR on second VSWR scale of 3 to 10.
6. Compute same for open and matched termination.

Measurement of High VSWR:

1. Set the depth of S.S.Tuner slightly more for maximum VSWR.

2. Move probe along slotted line to get maximum deflection in VSWR meter.
3. Adjust VSWR meter gain control knob to obtain a reading 3 dB in normal
dB scale of VSWR meter .
4. Move probe to left on slotted line until the deflection is 6 dB or 0 dB
obtain 0-10 dB scale. Note and record probe position on slotted line. Let it
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be d1.
5. Repeat step 3 and move probe right along slotted line until deflection is 6
dB or 0 dB obtain 0-10 dB scale. Note and record probe position on
slotted line. Let it be d2.
6. Repeat step 3 and move probe right along slotted line until deflection is 6
dB or 0 dB obtain 0-10 dB scale. Note and record probe position on
slotted line. Let it be d3.
7. Replace S.S.Tuner and termination by short.
8. Measure distance (d) between two successive minima positions of people
twice this distance guide wavelength λg.
9. Compute VSWR for the following equation

𝜆𝑔
VSWR =
𝜋(𝑑2−𝑑1)
Observations:
VSWR= (low), ρ=
VSWR= (medium), ρ=
VSWR= (High), ρ=

Result:
Standing wave ration and reflection coefficient are measured.
Experiment No: 7
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Attenuation Measurement
Objective:
To study the characteristics of fixed attenuator, viz., to determine
insertion Loss.
Components & Equipment Required:

S. NO. Name of the Item Specifications Quantity

Beam Voltage 240-400
Klystron Power Supply V,
1 1
Repeller Supply 10-270
V
2 Klystron Tube - 1
Min Isolation:20 dB;
Isolator
3 Min Insertion Loss:0.4 1
dB
4 Frequency Meter 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
Average Power:2 W;
Variable Attenuator
5 Max. Insertion Loss:0.2 1
dB
6 Detector Mount IN23 1
7 Wave Guide Stands - 5
Frequency :1 KHz;
VSWR Meter Range :70
8 VSWR Meter 1
dB Minima in 10 dB
Steps
9 Oscilloscope 30 MHz 1
Max Residual VSWR
10 Slotted Line 1
1.01 W
11 Tunable Probe 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
12 Movable Short 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
13 Fixed Attenuator Insertion Loss: 5 dB 1
13 BNC Cable - 2
Fan for cooling Reflex -
14 1
Klystron Tube

Theory:
The attenuator is a two port bi-directional device which attenuates some
power when inserted into the transmission line.
𝑃1
Attenuation A (dB) = 10 log
𝑃2
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or
𝑉1
Attenuation A (dB) = 20 log
𝑉2
Or
𝐼1
Attenuation A (dB) = 20 log
𝐼2

Where P1 = Power detected by the load without the attenuator in the line.
P2 = Power detected by the load with the attenuator in the line.

The attenuators consists of a resistive vane inside the waveguide to

absorb microwave power according to its position with respect to sidewall at
centre in TE10 mode, the attenuation will be maximum if the vane is placed
at centre towards the sidewall, attenuation decreases. In the fixed attenuator

Basic Precautions:

i. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the
power supply of VSWR / Klystron power supplies.

Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’
the main supply.

ii. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller

voltage knob should be completely clockwise direction.

iii. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current /
accurate reading.

iv. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains
keep all the knobs in minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.

v. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st
condition (i.e.) keep all the knobs in minimum positions and switch off main
switches.

vi. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V(i.e.) it should be
between -70Vto - 270V.

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Block Diagram:

Figure 1: Setup for Insertion loss or Attenuation Measurement

Procedure:

INSERTION LOSS / ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT

1. Remove the tunable probe, attenuator and matched termination from

the slotted section in the above set up.
2. Connect the detector mount to the slotted line, and tune the detector
mount also for maximum deflection on VSWR meter. (Detector mount’s
output should be connected to VSWR meter as Shown in Fig 1).
3. Set any reference level on the VSWR meter with the help of variable
attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter. Let it be P1.
4. For measurement of attenuation of fixed attenuator, carefully
disconnect the detector mount from the slotted line without disturbing
any position obtained up to step 3.Place the test attenuator to the
slotted line and detector mount to the other port of test attenuator.
5. Record the reading of the VSWR meter. Let it be P 2 .Then the
attenuation value of fixed attenuator will be P1 -P2 dB.

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Observations:

Using 5 dB attenuator:
P1= dB

P2= dB

Attenuation = P1 -P2= dB

Result:

The attenuation provided by the 5 dB fixed attenuator is observed and noted.

Experiment No: 8
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Impedance Measurement by using Smith

Chart
Objective:
To determine the unknown impedance in a rectangular wave guide.

Components & Equipment Required:

S. NO. Name of the Item Specifications Quantity

Beam Voltage 240-400
Klystron Power Supply V,
1 1
Repeller Supply 10-270
V
2 Klystron Tube - 1
Min Isolation:20 dB;
Isolator
3 Min Insertion Loss:0.4 1
dB
4 Frequency Meter 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
Average Power:2 W;
Variable Attenuator
5 Max. Insertion Loss:0.2 1
dB
6 Detector Mount IN23 1
7 Wave Guide Stands - 5
Frequency :1 KHz;
VSWR Meter Range :70
8 VSWR Meter 1
dB Minima in 10 dB
Steps
9 Oscilloscope 30 MHz 1
Max Residual VSWR
10 Slotted Line 1
1.01 W
11 Tunable Probe 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
12 Movable Short 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
Horn Antenna (unknown -
13 1
Impedance)
13 BNC Cable - 2
Fan for cooling Reflex -
14 1
Klystron Tube

Theory:

For dominant TE 10 mode in rectangular wave guide free space wave length
λ0, guide wave length λg, and cutoff wavelength λc are related as below.
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1 1 1
= +
𝜆20 𝜆2𝑔 𝜆2𝑐

For TE 10 mode λc =2a where ‘a’ is broad dimension of wave guide.

The impedance at any point of a transmission line is related to the

reflection coefficient or VSWR.

Z is the impedance at any point.

Basic Precautions:

i. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the
power supply of VSWR / Klystron power supplies.

Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’
the main supply.

ii. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller

voltage knob should be completely clockwise direction.

iii. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current /
accurate reading.

iv. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains
keep all the knobs in minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.

v. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st
condition (i.e.) keep all the knobs in minimum positions and switch off main
switches.

vi. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V(i.e.) it should be
between -70Vto - 270V.

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Block Diagram:

Figure 1: Setup for Impedance Measurement

1. Setup the components and equipment as shown in the figure.
2. Setup the variable attenuator at minimum attenuation position.
3. Keep the control knobs of VSWR meter as shown below:
a) Range = 40 dB
b) Input switch = crystal low impedance
c) Meter switch = normal position
d) Gain (coarse and fine) = mid positions
4. Keep the control knobs of klystron power supply as:
a) Beam voltage =off
b) Mod switch =AM
c) Beam voltage knob =fully anticlockwise.
d) Repeller voltage = fully clockwise
e) AM amplitude knob = around fully clockwise.
f) AM frequency knob = around mid position.
5. Switch the klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan
switch.
6. Switch ‘ON’ the beam voltage switch to set beam voltage at 300V with
the help of beam voltage knob.
7. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some deflection in VSWR Meter.

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8. Maximize the deflection with AM amplitude and frequency control

knob of power supply.
9. Tune the plunger of Klystron Mount for maximum deflection.
10. Adjust the Reflector voltage knob for maximum deflection.
11. Tune the probe for maximum deflection in VSWR Meter.
12. Rotate the frequency meter knob to get a ‘dip’ on the VSWR Scale
and note down the frequency directly from frequency meter. Detune it.
13. Replace the Termination with movable short.
14. Move probe along the slotted line. Move the probe to a minimum
deflection position nearer to the terminator. Record the probe position
d1.
15. Move the probe position and record the successive minimum position,
d2.
16. Now connect the horn antenna in place of termination. Calculate the
VSWR of horn antennas. ‘x’ Locate position of minimum ‘d’ nearer ‘x’ to
‘d1’ .
17. Note whether the shift of minimum is towards source side or load
side with reference to d1.
18. Estimate the shift dx ~d1 in terms of wavelength d x/ λo.
19. Measure the wave guide inner broad dimension ‘a’.
20. Evaluate λc= 2a and hence calculate the cut off frequency fc.
21. Take a smith chart, with ‘1' as centre, draw a circle of radius ‘s’. ‘x’
Mark a point on circumference of chart at a distance equal to ‘d x/ λo
’ as shown in the Fig. 2(towards load side or generator side as the
case may be).
22. Draw a line from this point to centre of chart. Find the intersection of
this line with the SWR circle drawn. Read the normalized impedance of
load ‘Zn’.
23. Multiply ‘Zn’ with characteristic wave impedance of wave guide to get
the impedance of load horn antenna.

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Figure 2: Smith Chart

Observations:
Measurement of Unknown Impedance:

Frequency (f) = GHz

Wave length (λo) =C /f= cm

Wave length (λc) =2a = 4.57 cm

Cut-off Frequency (fc) = GHz

Without load of horn antenna

VSWR (sx) = (By VSWR meter)

d1= cm

dx= cm

dx~d1= cm

Shift of minimum = towards load side = [dx ~d1] = λ

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Normalized impedance (Zn) =

Characteristic wave impedance of a wave guide for TE mode (Z0) =

𝜼 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝜫
Z0 = =
𝟐 𝟐
√𝟏−(𝒇𝒄 ) √𝟏−( 𝒇𝒄 )
𝒇𝟎 𝒇𝟎

Horn antenna impedance at______GHz is given by

= Normalized impedance (Zn) * Characteristic impedance (Zo)
=

Result:
The unknown impedance of horn antenna is measured.

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Experiment No: 9

Directional Coupler Characteristics

Objective:

To study the functioning of Multi hole directional coupler by

measuring the following parameters.
1. Coupling factor
2. Insertion Losses
3. Directivity

Components & Equipment Required:

S. NO. Name of the Item Specifications Quantity

Beam Voltage 240-400
Klystron Power Supply V,
1 1
Repeller Supply 10-270
V
2 Klystron Tube - 1
Min Isolation:20 dB;
Isolator
3 Min Insertion Loss:0.4 1
dB
4 Frequency Meter 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
Average Power:2 W;
Variable Attenuator
5 Max. Insertion Loss:0.2 1
dB
6 Detector Mount IN23 1
7 Wave Guide Stands - 5
Frequency :1 KHz;
VSWR Meter Range :70
8 VSWR Meter 1
dB Minima in 10 dB
Steps
9 Oscilloscope 30 MHz 1
Max Residual VSWR
10 Slotted Line 1
1.01 W
11 Tunable Probe 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
12 Movable Short 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
13 MHD Coupler Directivity : 35 dB 1
14 Matched Termination Average Power: 2.0 W 2
15 BNC Cable - 2
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Fan for cooling Reflex -

16 1
Klystron Tube

Theory:
A directional coupler is a useful hybrid waveguide joint, which couples
power in an auxiliary waveguide arm in one direction. It is a four-port device
but one of the ports is terminated into a matched load.

Characteristics of a Directional Coupler

An ideal directional coupler has the following characteristics

i) If power is fed into port (1) the power is coupled in ports (2) and (3) i.e.,
power flows in the forward direction of the auxiliary arm port (3) but no power
couples in port (4) i.e., in backward direction similarly power fed in (2) couples
into ports (1) and (4) and not in (3).
ii) All the four ports are matched, i.e. if three of them are terminated in
matched loads, the fourth is automatically terminated in a matched load.

iii) If power couples in reverse direction, power fed in (1) appears in ports (2)
and (4) and nothing in (3), then such type of coupler is known as backward
directional coupler. The conclusion is that in the auxiliary section the power
is coupled in only one direction.

We will measure (i) isolation, (ii) coupling coefficient as a function of

frequency, (iii) directivity as a function of frequency, and (iv) the main line
insertion loss as a function of frequency. These parameters are defined as
follows:

Figure 1: DIRECTIONAL COUPLER AS A FOUR – PORT DEVICE

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Figure 2: DIRECTIONAL COUPLER AS A FOUR– PORT DEVICE

Coupling Factor (C) = Pi - Pf

Directivity (D) = Pf - Pb
Insertion Loss (A) =Pi - Pr

Basic Precautions:

i. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the
power supply of VSWR / Klystron power supplies.

Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’
the main supply.

ii. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller

voltage knob should be completely clockwise direction.

iii. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current /
accurate reading.

iv. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains
keep all the knobs in minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.

v. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st
condition (i.e.) keep all the knobs in minimum positions and switch off main
switches.

vi. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V(i.e.) it should be
between -70Vto - 270V.

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Block Diagram:

Figure 3: Set up for the Measurement of Insertion Loss, Coupling Factor

and Directivity

Procedure:
MEASUREMENT OF COUPLING FACTOR AND INSERTION LOSS:

1. Set up the equipments as shown in the Fig 3.

2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation.

3. Remove the multi hole directional coupler and connect the detector

mount to the frequency meter. Tune the detector for the maximum

output.

4. Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with the help of variable

attenuator, gain control knob of VSWR meter, and note down the

reading (let X be the reference level).

5. Insert the directional coupler as shown in Fig 3 with detector to the

auxiliary port 3 and matched termination to port 2, without changing

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the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR

meter.

6. Note down the reading on VSWR meter on the scale with the help of

Range dB switch if required. Let it be Y.

7. Calculate coupling factor which will be X-Y in dB.

8. Now carefully disconnect the detector from the auxiliary port 3 and

matched termination from port 2 without disturbing the set-up.

9. Connect the matched termination to the auxiliary port 3 and detector

to port 2 and measure the reading on VSWR meter. Let it be Z.

10. Compute insertion loss =X-Z in dB.

11. Repeat the steps from 1 to 4.

12. Connect the directional coupler in the reverse direction, i.e. port 2 to

Frequency meter side, matched termination to port 1 and detector

mount to port 3, without disturbing the position of the variable

attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter.

13. Measure and note down the reading on VSWR meter; let it be YD.

14. Compute the directivity as Y-YD.

Observations:

Measurement of Coupling Factor, Insertion Loss and Directivity:

X= dB

Y= dB

Z= dB
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YD = dB

Coupling factor: X-Y = dB

Insertion loss: X-Z = dB

Directivity: Y-YD= dB

Result:

Coupling factor, Insertion Loss and Directivity are measured for the
given directional coupler.
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Experiment No: 10

Scattering Parameters of Circulator

Objective:
To find the
(i) Insertion loss of circulator
(ii) Isolation loss of circulator

(iii) Scattering parameters of circulator

Components & Equipment Required:

S. NO. Name of the Item Specifications Quantity

Beam Voltage 240-400
Klystron Power Supply V,
1 1
Repeller Supply 10-270
V
2 Klystron Tube - 1
Min Isolation:20 dB;
Isolator
3 Min Insertion Loss:0.4 1
dB
4 Frequency Meter 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
Average Power:2 W;
Variable Attenuator
5 Max. Insertion Loss:0.2 1
dB
6 Detector Mount IN23 1
7 Wave Guide Stands - 5
Frequency :1 KHz;
VSWR Meter Range :70
8 VSWR Meter 1
dB Minima in 10 dB
Steps
9 Oscilloscope 30 MHz 1
Max Residual VSWR
10 Slotted Line 1
1.01 W
11 Tunable Probe 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
12 Movable Short 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
Minimum Isolation:
13 Circulator 20Db 1
Maximum VSWR: 1.2
14 Matched Termination Average power: 2.0 W 2
15 BNC Cable - 2
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Fan for cooling Reflex -

16 1
Klystron Tube

Theory:
Circulator is defined as a device with ports arranged such that energy
entering a port is coupled to an adjacent port but not coupled to the other
ports. This is depicted in figure. Circulator can have any number of ports.
Circulator is a multi-port junction. A wave incident in port 1 is coupled to port
2 only, a wave incident at port 2 is coupled to port 3 only and so on. Following
is the basic parameters of isolator and circulator.

Insertion Loss:

Insertion loss is the ratio of power detected at output port to power

supplied by source to the input port, measured with other ports terminated
in matched load. It is expressed in dB.

Isolation:

Isolation is ratio of power applied to output to that measured at that

input. This ratio is expressed in dB. The relation of a circulator is measured
with 3rd port terminated in a matched load.

Figure 1: Circulator

Basic Precautions:

i. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the
power supply of VSWR / Klystron power supplies.

Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’
the main supply.

ii. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller

voltage knob should be completely clockwise direction.

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iii. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current /
accurate reading.

iv. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains
keep all the knobs in minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.

v. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st
condition (i.e.) keep all the knobs in minimum positions and switch off main
switches.

vi. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V(i.e.) it should be
between -70Vto - 270V.

Block Diagram:

Figure 2: Setup for scattering parameters of circulator

Procedure:
A. INPUT VSWR MEASURMENT:
1. Set up the components and equipment as shown in Fig. 2 with input
port of isolator or circulator towards slotted line and matched load on
other ports of it.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular operation of frequency.

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3. With the help of slotted line probe and VSWR meter find out SWR of the
circulator.
4. The above procedure can be repeated for other ports.
B. MEASUREMENT OF INSERTION LOSS AND ISOLATION:
1. Remove the probe and isolator or circulator from line and connect the
detector mount to the slotted section. The output of the detector mount
should be connected with VSWR meter (as shown in Fig. 2).
2. Energize the microwave source for maximum output for a particular
frequency of operation. Tune the detector mount for maximum output
in the VSWR Meter.
3. Set any reference level of power in VSWR meter with the help of variable
attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter .Let it be P1.
4. Carefully remove the detector mount from slotted line without
disturbing and position of set up. Insert the isolator / circulator
between slotted line and detector mount keeping input port to slotted
line and detector at its output port. A matched termination should be
placed at third port in case of Circulator.
5. Record the reading in the VSWR meter. If necessary change range-dB
switch to high or lower position and taking 10 dB change for one step
change of switch position. Let it is P2.
6. Compute insertion loss as P1 - P2 in dB.
7. For measurement of isolation the isolator or circulator has to be
connected reverse i.e. output port to slotted line and detector to input
port with other port terminated by matched termination (in case
circulator) after setting a reference I level without isolator or circulator
in the set up as described in insertion loss measurement. Let same P1
level is set.
8. Record the reading of VSWR meter inserting the isolator or circulator
as given in step 5. Let it is P3.
9. Compute isolation as P1 – P 3in dB.
10. The same experiment can be done for other ports of circulator.
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11. Repeat the above experiment for other frequencies if needed.

Observations:
VSWR =s = (at port 1)

VSWR =s = (at port 2)

Power in VSWR Meter in dB

P1 = dB

P2 = dB

P3= dB

Insertion loss, P2 -P 1= dB

Isolation loss, P3 -P 1= dB

ρ = (1-s)/(1+s) =

S11=

S22=

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Result:

Thus, the circulator has been studied. The scattering matrix has been
founded.
Experiment No: 10

Scattering Matrix of Magic Tee

Objectives: To find the
(i) Isolation loss of Magic Tee
(ii) Coupling coefficient of Magic Tee
(iii) Scattering parameters of Magic Tee

Components & Equipment Required:

S. NO. Name of the Item Specifications Quantity

Beam Voltage 240-400
Klystron Power Supply V,
1 1
Repeller Supply 10-270
V
2 Klystron Tube - 1
Min Isolation:20 dB;
Isolator
3 Min Insertion Loss:0.4 1
dB
4 Frequency Meter 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
Average Power:2 W;
Variable Attenuator
5 Max. Insertion Loss:0.2 1
dB
6 Detector Mount IN23 1
7 Wave Guide Stands - 5
Frequency :1 KHz;
VSWR Meter Range :70
8 VSWR Meter 1
dB Minima in 10 dB
Steps
9 Oscilloscope 30 MHz 1
Max Residual VSWR
10 Slotted Line 1
1.01 W
11 Tunable Probe 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
12 Movable Short 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1
13 Magic Tee - 1

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14 Matched Termination Average power: 2.0 W 3

15 BNC Cable - 2
Fan for cooling Reflex -
16 1
Klystron Tube

Theory:

H Plane Tee

Fig 1(a) shows the sketch of an H plane tee. It is clear from the sketch
that an auxiliary waveguide arm is fastened perpendicular to the narrow wall
of a main guide, thus it is a three port device in which axis of the auxiliary or
side arm is parallel to the planes of the magnic field of the main of the main
guide and the coupling from the main guide to the branch guide is by means
of magnetic fields. Therefore, it is also known as H plane tee.

The perpendicular arm is generally taken as input and other two arms
are in shunt to the input and hence it is also called as shunt tee. Because of
symmetry of the tee; equivalent circuit of H plane, when power enters the
auxiliary arm, and the two main arms 1 and 2 are terminated in identical
loads, the power supplied to each load is equal and in phase with one another.

If two signals of equal amplitude and in same phase are fed into two
main arms1 and 2, they will be added together in the side arm. Thus H plane
tee is an `adder’.

E Plane Tee

Figure 1(b) and respectively show the sketch of the E plane tee. It is
clear from the sketch of the E plane tee that an auxiliary waveguide arm is
fastened to the broader wall of the main guide. Thus it is also a three port
device in which the auxiliary arm axis in parallel to the plane of the electric
fields of the main guide, and the coupling from the main guide to the auxiliary
guide is by means of electric fields. Therefore, it is also known as E plane tee.
It is clear that it causes load connected to its branches to appear in series. So
it is often referred to as a series tee.

As indicated in fig, the two main guide arms are symmetrical with
respect to the auxiliary guide arm. As such if power is fed from the auxiliary
arm, it is equally distributed in the two arms 1 and 2 when they are
terminated in equal loads. However as depicted in the field configuration, the
power flowing out in arm 1 is 180 out of phase to the one in arm 2. As such
this tee is known as `subtracter’ or `differencer’.
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Magic Tee

An interesting type of T junction is the hybrid tee, commonly known as

`magic tee’ which is shown in fig. The device as can be seen from fig is a
combination of the E arm and H plane tees. Arm3, the H arm forms an H
plane tee and arm 4, the E arm, forms an E plane tee in combination with
arms 1 and 2. The central lines of the two tees coincide and define the plane
of symmetry, that is, if arms 1 and 2 are of equal length, the part of structure
on one side of the symmetry plane shown by shaded area is the mirror image
of that on the other. Arms1 and 2 are sometimes called as the side or collinear
arms.

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Magic of the MAGIC Tee

The name `magic Tee’ is derived from the manner in which power
divides among various arms. If power is fed into arm3, the electric field divides
equally between arms 1 and 2 and the fields are in phase. Because of
symmetry of the T junction, no net electric field parallel to the narrow
dimension of the waveguide is excited in arm 4. Thus no power is coupled in
port 4. Reciprocity demands no coupling in port 3 if power is fed in 4.

Another property that results from the symmetry of the junction is, if
power is fed in E or H arm, it is equally divided between arms 1 and 2.

Further, magic tee being combination of E and H plane tees, if power is

fed from arms 1 and 2, it is added in H arm (3) while is subtracted in E arm
(4).

A simple E-H tee has disadvantage of not being matched when seen
from E and H arms when side arms are terminated in matched loads. The
VSWR being > 2 the most commonly used method to reduce VSWR is to
introduce discontinuity such as port iris in or near T junction to cancel out
reflections occurring there in.

The basic parameters to be measured for magic tee are defined below.

a) Isolation

The Isolation between E and H arms is defined as the ratio of power

supplied by the generator connected to the E-arm (port-4) to the power
detected H-arm (port-3) when side arms 1 and 2 are terminated in matched
load.
𝑃4
Then Isolation 3-4 =10 log 10
𝑃3
Or

𝑉4
20 log 10
𝑉3

 Generator to port i
 Detector mount to port j (Vj)
b) Coupling coefficient

It is defined as Cij = 10 –α/20

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Where α is attenuation in dB when it is input arm and j is output arm.

𝑃𝑖
Thus α = 10 log
𝑃𝑗

Or

𝑉𝑖
20 log 10
𝑉𝑗
c) Input VSWR

There three values of input VSWR associated with a tee, one for each
arm. The VSWR of any arm of a tee is the voltage standing wave ratio existing
on a transmission line terminated by that arm of the tee when the other two
arm of the tee are terminated in matched loads.

Basic Precautions:

i. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the
power supply of VSWR / Klystron power supplies.

Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’
the main supply.

ii. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller

voltage knob should be completely clockwise direction.

iii. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current /
accurate reading.

iv. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains
keep all the knobs in minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.

v. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st
condition (i.e.) keep all the knobs in minimum positions and switch off main
switches.

vi. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V (i.e.) it should be
between -70Vto - 270V.

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Block Diagram:

Figure 2: Setup for scattering parameters of Magic Tee

Procedure:

(a) VSWR measurement of the ports

1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in Fig. 2a, with arm
1 to slotted section line.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation.
3. Measure the VSWR of arm 1 as described in measurement of SWR for
low and medium value
4. Connect arm 2 to slotted line and terminate the other ports with
matched termination. Measure the VSWR as above.
5. Repeat the procedure for ports 3 and 4.

(b) Measurement of Isolation and Coupling Coefficient

1. Remove the tunable probe and magic tee from the slotted line and
connect the detector mount to slotted line as shown in Fig 2.b.
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2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and

connect the detector mount for maximum output.
3. With the help of variable attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR
meter, set any power level in the VSWR meter and note down Let it be
P3.
4. Without disturbing the position of variable attenuator and gain control
knob, carefully place the magic tee with arm3 to slotted line and arm 4
to detector mount. Note down the reading of VSWR meter. Let it be P4.
5. Determine the isolation between ports 3 and 4 as P3 -P4 in dB.
6. Determine the coupling coefficient between ports 3 and 4.

Observations:

VSWR for arm 3= S3=

VSWR for arm 4= S4=

Scattering parameter, S33=S3-1/S3+1 =

Scattering parameter, S44= S4-1/S4+1 =

Isolation loss:

P1= dB

P2= dB

Isolation Loss (α) = dB

−𝛼
Coupling Coefficient, Cij=10( 10 )

C34 =

Result:

Isolation, coupling coefficient and Scattering parameters of magic tee

determined.

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PART-B

Antenna Measurements

Experiment 1:

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Introduction to Equipment, Antennas and

Software

Antennas are a fundamental component of modern communications systems.

By definition, an antenna acts as a transducer between a guided wave in a
transmission line and an electromagnetic wave in free space.

Why Antenna Measurements?

A graphical representation of the relative distribution of the radiated power

in space is called a radiation pattern. The radiation pattern of the antenna is
of principle concern when engineering a communications system. Let’s
assume that a signal needs to be sent from an antenna on the ground to a
satellite in orbit. This would require a radiation pattern with the majority of
its radiated power focused into orbit. If the antenna is not engineered to do
so, contact cannot be established between the signal source and its target.
There are many different ways to manipulate a radiation pattern to meet the
demands of a specific task. These concepts are the principle focus of this lab
assignment. Implementing this lab assignment, students will examine the
radiation patterns of several antennas by hands on field testing.

Antennas demonstrate a property known as reciprocity that is an

antenna will maintain the same characteristics regardless if it is transmitting
or receiving. When a signal is fed into an antenna, the antenna will emit
radiation distributed in space a certain way.

Motivation
Only the most fundamental antennas were chosen for this lab assignment.
This allows us to see visually how the most common types of real-world
antenna designs function.

Many antenna systems courses introduce theory and systems

characteristics without a laboratory component. Since the development of
antenna systems benefits from a physical understanding of wave propagation
and competent measurement techniques, laboratory experiments should be
an integral part of the lecture course.

To address this issue, a complete laboratory course involving antenna

measurements using Spectrum analyzer antenna measurement system has
been developed.

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Features of Antenna Trainer System

 Covers UHF, L, S Band Wide frequency coverage up to 3 GHz

 PLL Synthesized Source and Detector working up to 3GHz with high

dynamic range of power Transmission

 Customized selection of antenna from the list as per syllabus

requirement

 Practical approach for Microstrip Antenna design covering concepts of

size reduction, Bandwidth enhancement, stacked Multilayer
configuration, impedance matching

 Non conductive and non magnetic Transmitter and Receiver pattern

plotting software

 Single training system to teach all types of antenna measurement

I. FUNCTIONAL BLOCK:

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A. AMS-A FRONT PANEL DESCRIPTION:

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1. RF OUT

This is a PLL synthesized RF signal generator, the signal which is going

to transmit will be available from this generator. The output frequency
is from 100 MHz to 3GHz. Its output impedance is 50 ohms. The
transmitting antenna can be connected to it using the SMA-SMA MALE
cable provided. The power can be varying between -4dBm to +5dBm.An
external attenuator is not needed.

2. RF IN

This is RF signal DETECTOR, where the RECEIVED signal from

antenna should be connected. The RF IN terminal should connect to
receiver antenna through cable. Its impedance is 50 ohms. The
receiving antenna can be connected to it using the SMA-SMA MALE
cable provided. The power can be vary between -4dBm to +5dBm. An
external attenuator is not needed. Inbuilt software controlled
attenuator is present.

3. LCD

This is a TFT LCD Display, used to display the MENU options as well
as most of the selections done by the user i.e. frequency, rotation angle,
received power in dBm, instructions and message is displayed.

4. KEYBOARD

The keyboard is provided to give input to trainer.

o MENU: by pressing this key the menu options are available.

o BACK: by pressing this key a user can move one step backward.

o ENTER: when a user wants to confirm its selection, ENTER

key should be pressed.

o SHIFT: this KEY is used to enable the UP-DOWN arrow keys.

o RESET: by pressing this key the trainer gets reset.

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B. HORIZONTAL ASSEMBLY DESCRIPTION

The below figure shows horizontal mount which is made up of

polyxeamethalene polymer. This is universal mount to support transmitting
and receiving antenna. Appropriate slots are provided to fit the antenna
assembly. Press fit facility is available for Wire, aperture and planner
antenna. The reflector antenna is required screw fitting.

The below examples are showing arrangement of antenna assembly with

its appropriate fittings.

1. Attach four height adjuster to base plate

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2. Check the sprit level; adjust the height of the supporter until the sprit
bubbles comes in the center.

3. Press fit the conical mount to base plate. To reduce the friction the
bearing is present.

4. Press fit Hollow rod to conical mount

5. Fit the horizontal mount to solid rod, rotate the mount clockwise so
threads are fit with solid rod.

6. Insert the above assembly in hollow pipe

C. VERTICAL ASSEMBLY DESCRIPTION:

1. Attach four height adjuster to base plate

2. Check the sprit level, adjust the height of the supporter until the sprit
bubbles comes in the center.

3. Press fit the conical mount to base plate. To reduce the friction the
bearing is present.

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4. Press fit Hollow rod to conical mount

5. Fit the vertical mount to solid rod, rotate the mount clockwise so
threads are fit with solid rod.

6. Insert the above assembly in hollow pipe

7. Adjust the solid rod in such a way that scale is readable wile
measurement, Initially do not provide height to solid rod

D. Vertical Mount Assembly:

Antenna measurement system consists of vertical mount facility to provide

radiation pattern analysis. Vertical mount assembly consist of base plate,

vertical rod, stepper motor ,universal mount. Antenna assembly can fit in the

universal mount.

ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTION:

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II. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:

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Antenna Mounting Assembly

RF Source
Source types PLL Synthesized based integrated with VCO
Frequency Range 100MHz to 3GHz
Frequency Resolution 100KHz
Dynamic range of
85 dBm
transmitter
Transmitted power min -4dBm (103dBuV)
Transmitted power
+5dBm (112dBuV)
max
Output-frequency
10ns
switching time
Tuning range 4.4GHz
Phase noise -90dBc/Hz
Normalized Phase -220Dbc/Hz
Noise Floor
Spurious Signals Due to
80 dBc
PFD Frequency
RF Detector
Detector type Logarithmic Detector
Frequency Range 1 MHz to 8 GHz
Resolution 0.1 Db
Dynamic range 85dB
Response time 6 ns/8 ns (fall time/rise time)
Stability over
±0.5 dB (−40oC to +85oC)
temperature
Noise level <-120dbm
Impedance 50ohm
20 character X 4 Line with backlit
LCD Display
Interface Cables
Connection Cable Type
1.Trainer board to
RG317 SMA to SMA Male
TX antenna
2. Trainer board to
RX antenna RG317 SMA to SMA male
3. Antenna trainer
USB to USB cable
module to PC
4.Trainer supply Standard power supply cable 230v
Software
Radiation pattern plotting and analysis software
suitable for windows environment
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Antenna Positioner  The Transmitter and Receiver Antenna stand is

made of special material which is inhert to EM
frequency and it has engraved height and angle scale
on It. It has facility to adjust the height and level.

 Universal plug and fix Antenna mounts are provided

to hold the antenna assembly in vertical and
horizontal orientation for co and cross polarization.

 Height scale for height adjustment, base plate height

adjustment with sprit level.

A. LIST OF ANTENNA:

Sr. No
Type of Name of Antenna Quantity
Antenna
1 Wire Dipole 2

2 Helix 1

3 Yagi-Uda 5 element 1
Wire Type
4 Rectangular Loop 1

5 Vee Dipole 1

6 Folded dipole 1

7 Monopole 1

8 Open ended 1
Aperture
waveguide
Type
9 E-Horn 1

10 RMSA 1

11 TMSA 1

12 CMSA 1

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13 Annular ring 1
Planner
14 2x1 Patch 1
Type
15 Circular-polarize 1
MSA
16 Chip 1

17 Monopole 1

18 Planner Dipole 1

19 Collinear array 1
Arra
y
20 Broadside array 1
Corner Reflector with
21 1
Reflector feeder & adapter
Type Parabolic Reflector
22 1
with feeder,
adapter

B.AMS-A Deliverables:

S. No. Description Quantity

1 Antenna Measurement System 1
2 SMA TO SMA MALE ADAPTER 1
3 ANTENNA MOUNTING ASSAMBLY
A. Height Adjuster Legs 8
B. Base plate for Transmitter 1
C. Base plate for Receiver with 1
Stepper
Motor & Conical Mount
D. Conical mount for Transmitter 1
E. Hollow rod 2
F. Solid rod with scale 2
G. Big Nut for Solid rod of Transmitter 1
H. Universal Mount with Screws 1

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I. Screw Driver 1
J. Allen Key 1

Accessories:

1 Power Cord 1
2 USB A male To USB A male cable 1
3 SMA male to SMA male 2m cable 1
4 SMA male to SMA male 1m cable 1
5 9 pin D type male to female cable 1
6 RFL-AMS-A Expt Manual 1
7 Software CD 1

III. AMS Software Installation

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1) a) Run the setup.exe available from the AMS installer folder (CD provided
with kit), then following window will appear.

Click on Next then.

b) Then select the directory where you want to install the setup, then click
on Next.

c) Then click on finish.

2) Restart the PC.

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3) Connect the AMS (TRAINNER KIT) to the PC using USB to USB cable
(provided with the kit). Sometime FTDI Drivers get installed automatically
or sometime we you have to install them.

4) For installation of FTDI Drivers manually follow the procedure:

 Right click on My Computer.
 Properties.
 Device Manager.
 Others.

Right Click on USB Serial Port & select Update Driver
Software.

 Browse my compute for Driver Software.

 Select proper folder for Driver Software from CD provided with
kit.
 Click next.
 Follow the same procedure once again then you will get USB
Serial Port COM Address.

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5) After the installation, go to directory where software installation is

taken place and open the AMS-A

A. OPERATION MODES
Select File: Select Control: PANEL for hardware control/panel mode .

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Select File: Select Control: PC for Software Control mode.

Select COM PORT.

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2. Two respective windows will be opened for each control mode, as

shown below.

Panel control mode / HARDWARE CONTROL:

Software Control Mode:

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B. Software Control Mode

1. On the AMS Trainer Kit, Press Menu button on Front Panel:

2. Select Control Mode:

3. Make sure that Software is running and press ENTER.

4. A continuous Window will be appeared throughout.

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5. Press MENU key for PC control mode.

Run the Software in PC control mode as discussed earlier.

Select – Main Experiment

Experiment

Type of Receiver Antenna

Name of Receiver Antenna

Click on START.

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6. Start the Experiment. Processing bar will be appeared until the

Plot has been plotted.

7. Plot will be plotted. You can save Plot image (.PNG format) and
Readings (.CSV format which can be viewed in MS EXCEL) from
Menu-

File: Save: Polar Plot Image & File:Save:Readings.

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8. You can Open the Readings from Menu - File: Open: Polar Plot
Readings.

9. You can switch over the Polar Plot to Cartesian Graph from MENU:

Plot: Cartesian Graph and can save the graph trough File:
Save:

Cartesian Graph.

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10. For Measurements, Click on Menu option Measurement. A tab will

be opened at left corner. Select Type and Name of Receiver Antenna
and click on the List of various Antenna factors provided, and get
values.

11. You can RESET the AMS trainer Kit for changing the control mode
trough MENU option Reset AMS. Then close the software and re-
open to change the control mode.

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C. PANEL CONTROL MODE

1. Select Control Mode as PANEL by Pressing BACK button on PANEL.

2. Select Main Experiment as Far Field Pattern.

3. Select Co-Polarization as Experiment from the panel.

4. Use SHIFT button to Scroll. Select Type of Antenna as PLANNER.

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5. Select Antenna as TMSA.

6. Information of selected antenna will be shown as below.

7. Set Receiver Antenna to 00 and Press ENTER key to start the

experiment.

8. Antenna will start rotating and reading will be taken.

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9. After completion of all the 68 readings, it will ask to upload the

Readings on Computer. Confirm the selection using ENTER button.
Make sure the software is Running and press ENTER again.

10. It will then plot the graph on Software screen PULLING UP the
Experiment details and Antenna selected, as shown in fig.

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11. After completion of the readings it will ask to Save the Readings, press
ENTER to save the readings. Enter Roll number where the readings will
be saved (Roll no. Limit is 60).

12. To Open the Readings, Select PANEL control from AMS Trainer
kit and Select RECALL READINGS from experiment.

13. Enter Roll No. and Press ENTER.

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14. Available list of Experiments will be shown. Select any Experiment

and Press ENTER.

15. Two options will be there :

VIEW READINGS & PLOT GRAPH.

16. Select View Readings to see the readings present at that roll no.

17. Select Plot Graph to see the graph over AMS Software.

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18. The plot will be drawn at AMS Software (Hardware Control).

19. At Software part (Hardware control), again the Save Readings, Save
Image, Open Readings, Plot Selection (Polar, Cartesian) &
Measurements selection is same as the Software Control mode
discussed earlier.

20. There are again more Experiments such as,

 Proof of Theorems

 Reciprocity

 Inverse Square Law

 User Defined Experiments

 RSSI (Received signal strength Indicator) etc.

They all can be achieved using above procedure.

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Experiment 2:

Measure the variation of field strength /Inverse

Square Law
OBJECTIVE:
To Measure the variation of field strength of radiated wave, with distance
from transmitting antenna.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Wire or Detector
Source SMA To
Microstrip Any antenna (RF
(RF Output) SMA Cable
DIPOLE Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

SETUP ARRANGEMENT:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.

2. Turn ON the module, select control mode.

3. Open the AMS-A.exe file Select the corresponding COM PORT and Click
on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.

4. Select the PROOF OF THEOREM and then select the experiment of

INVERSE SQUARE LAW.

5. Then select the RX antenna and click on START button.

6. A Pop-Up window will appear asking user to Keep the Distance between
TX and RX as 10cm then click on NEXT button.

7. After completion of one reading again a popup window will appear asking
to Increase the TX and RX distance by 10cm.

8. Repeat the procedure up to a distance of 100cm at an interval of 10cm;

click on NEXT to plot the graph.

9. After that it will plot the radiation pattern in inverse square law graph
(i.e. Distance in cm V/S power in dBm).

10. While taking the readings, ensure that no scattering objects are in the
vicinity of the antenna, this could reradiate and distort the field pattern
and consequently the readings. Avoid any movement of persons while
taking the readings.

11. Plot these readings manually on graph paper with distance between
antennas on X axis and signal level in dB at Y-axis.

12. Use the graph template provided below for plotting your graph.

13. Now take the readings and observe the plots for different types of antenna.

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Result:
Thus measured the variation of field strength of radiated wave, with distance
from transmitting antenna.
Experiment 3:
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Prove the Reciprocity Theorem of antenna

OBJECTIVE:
To demonstrate that the transmitting and receiving radiation patterns of
an antenna are equal and hence confirm the reciprocity theorem of
antennas.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Dipole Source SMA To
Dipole RSMA (RF
RSMA (RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

SETUP ARRANGEMENT:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.

2. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter, consult

theory for details of far field region.

3. Turn ON the module, select control mode.

4. Open the AMS-A.exe file Select the corresponding COM PORT and Click
on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.

5. Select the PROOF OF THEOREM and then select the experiment of

RECIPROCITY THEOREM.

6. Then select the RX antenna and click on START button.

7. After completing it will plot the readings.

8. Now interchange the antenna and again take the next reading.

9. Compare both the plots they must be same, hence reciprocity theorem is
proved.

10. Similarly do the experiments for different types of antenna.

NOTE:

1. Keep in mind that an antenna that is being rotated is plotted in

reception and transmission mode both for proving the reciprocity
theorem.
2. Observe the two plots and they must be approximately same.

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Result:
Hence, proved the Reciprocity Theorem of an antenna.
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Experiment 4:

Plot Radiation pattern of all Wired Antenna

OBJECTIVE:

To plot the Radiation pattern of all WIRED antenna and observe its
parameters.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Any Wired Source SMA To
Wire Dipole (RF
Antenna (RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

SETUP ARRANGEMENT:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.

2. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter,

consult theory for details.

3. Turn ON the module, select control mode.

4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.

5. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select NULL & SIDELOBE, select RX

antenna then click on START

6. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the

software.

7. Now repeat procedure for other wire antenna and observe the plot.

8. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout
whenever required.

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Example 1:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Source SMA To
Wire Dipole Helix (RF
(RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

RADIATION PATTERN:

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Example 2:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Source SMA To
Wire Dipole Log Periodic (RF
(RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

RADIATION PATTERN:

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Example 3:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Yagi UDA Source SMA To
Wire Dipole (RF
(5 elements) (RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

RADIATION PATTERN:

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Example 4:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Wire Source SMA To
Wire Dipole (RF
Monopole (RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

RADIATION PATTERN:

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Example 5:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Rectangular Source SMA To
Wire Dipole (RF
Loop (RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

RADIATION PATTERN:

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Example 6:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Source SMA To
Wire Dipole VEE (RF
(RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

RADIATION PATTERN:

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Example 7:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Circular Source SMA To
Wire Dipole (RF
Loop (RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

RADIATION PATTERN:

Result:
Hence, plotted the Radiation patterns of all Wired Antennas.
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Experiment 5:

Plot Radiation pattern of all Aperture Antenna

OBJECTIVE:

To plot the radiation pattern of all APERTURE antenna and observe its
parameters.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Planar Any Aperture Source SMA To
(RF
Dipole Antenna (RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

SETUP ARRANGEMENT:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.

2. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter,

consult theory for details.

3. Turn ON the module, select control mode.

4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.

5. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX

antenna then click on START

6. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the

software.

7. Now repeat for CROSS-POLARIZTION of antenna and observe the plot.

8. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout
whenever required.

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Example:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Source SMA To
Wire Dipole E-Horn (RF
(RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

RADIATION PATTERN:

Result:
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Hence, plotted the Radiation patterns of Aperture Antenna.

Experiment 6:

Plot Radiation pattern of all Reflector Antenna

OBJECTIVE:

To plot the radiation pattern of all REFLECTOR antenna and observe its
parameters.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Any Reflector Source SMA To
Wire Dipole (RF
Antenna (RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

SETUP ARRANGEMENT:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.

2. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter,

consult theory for details.

3. Turn ON the module, select control mode.

4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.

5. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX

antenna then click on START

6. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the

software.

7. Now repeat for CROSS-POLARIZTION of antenna and observe the plot.

8. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout
whenever required.

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Example:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Corner Source SMA To
Wire Dipole (RF
Reflector (RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

RADIATION PATTERN:

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Result:
Hence, plotted the Radiation patterns of Reflector Antenna.
Experiment 7:

Plot Radiation Pattern of all Array Antenna

OBJECTIVE:

To plot the radiation pattern of all ARRAY antenna and observe its
parameters.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Any Array Source SMA To
Wire Dipole (RF
Antenna (RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

SETUP ARRANGEMENT:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.

2. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter,

consult theory for details.

3. Turn ON the module, select control mode.

4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.

5. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select NULL& SIDELOBE, select RX

antenna then click on START

6. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the

software.

7. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout
whenever required.

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Example 1:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Broadside Source SMA To
Wire Dipole (RF
Array (RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

RADIATION PATTERN:

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Example 2:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Source SMA To
Wire Dipole End Fire (RF
(RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

RADIATION PATTERN:

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Result:
Hence, plotted the Radiation patterns of Array Antennas.
Experiment 8:

Measurement in Co-Polarization & Cross

Polarization

OBJECTIVE:

To observe the effect of CO-POLARIZATION and CROSS-POLARIZATION

using vertical and horizontal polarization of antenna.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
1. Any Wire
1.Wire Dipole
Antenna Detector
2. Planar Source SMA To
2. Any (RF
(Microstrip) (RF Output) SMA Cable
Microstrip Input)
Dipole
Antenna
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

SETUP ARRANGEMENT:

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PROCEDURE:

CO-POLARIZATION:

1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.

2. Set transmitting as well as receiving antenna in same polarization i.e.

VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL.

3. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter,

consult theory for details of far field region.

4. Turn ON the module, select control mode.

5. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.

6. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX

(either WIRE or PLANAR) antenna then click on START

7. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the

software.

8. After completing it will plot the readings.

CROSS POLARIZATION:

1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.

2. Set transmitting as well as receiving antenna in opposite/different

polarization i.e. VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL.

3. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter, consult

theory for details of far field region.

4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and Click
on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.

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5. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CROSS-POLARIZATION, select RX

(either WIRE or PLANAR) antenna then click on START.

6. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the

software.
7. After completing it will plot the readings.

8. Observe the effect of change in polarization of antenna.

Example:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Separation Measurement

Frequency
Planar Co-Polarization
RSMA 2428 MHz 60 cm
RSMA Cross-Polarization

RADIATION PATTERN:

Result:

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Hence, observed the effect of CO-POLARIZATION and CROSS-

POLARIZATION using vertical and horizontal polarization of antenna.

Experiment 9:

Circularly Polarized Antennas Trainer

OBJECTIVE:

Measurement of Circularly polarized antennas and observe its parameters.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
1. Helix
1.Wire Dipole 2. Cross
Detector
2. Planar Dipole Source SMA To
(RF
(Microstrip) 3. RSMA- (RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
Dipole Circular
Polarized
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

SETUP ARRANGEMENT:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.

2. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter,

consult theory for details.

3. Turn ON the module, select control mode.

4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.

5. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX

antenna then click on START

6. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the

software.

7. Now repeat for CROSS-POLARIZTION of antenna and observe the plot.

8. Thus the circular polarized antenna receives a maximum

power in both the polarization.

9. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout
whenever required.

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Example:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Source SMA To
Wire Dipole Helix (RF
(RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

RADIATION PATTERN:

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Result:
Hence, Measured of Circularly polarized antennas and observe its
parameters.
Experiment 10:

Plot Radiation Pattern of all Planar (Microstrip)

Antenna
OBJECTIVE:
To plot the radiation pattern of all PLANAR (MICROSTRIP) antenna and
observe its parameters.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Planar Any Planar Source SMA To
(RF
Dipole Antenna (RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

SETUP ARRANGEMENT:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.

2. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter,

consult theory for details.

3. Turn ON the module, select control mode.

4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.

5. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX

antenna then click on START

6. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the

software.

7. Now repeat for CROSS-POLARIZTION of antenna and observe the plot.

8. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout
whenever required.

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Example 1:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Planar Source SMA To
2 × 1 Array (RF
Dipole (RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

RADIATION PATTERN:

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Example 2:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Planar Source SMA To
Insert Feed (RF
Dipole (RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

RADIATION PATTERN:

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Example 3:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Planar Source SMA To
TSMA (RF
Dipole (RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

RADIATION PATTERN:

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Example 4:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Source SMA To
CSMA Angular Ring (RF
(RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

RADIATION PATTERN:

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Example 5:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Planar Source SMA To
CSMA (RF
Dipole (RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

RADIATION PATTERN:

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Result:
Hence, plotted the radiation pattern of all PLANAR (MICROSTRIP) antenna
and observe its parameters.
Experiment 11:

Design and Study of Basic Micro strip Shapes

and its configuration
OBJECTIVE:
Design and study of basic PLANAR (MICROSTRIP) shapes antenna and its
configurations.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
1.Triangular
TSMA
Detector
Planar 2.Circular Source SMA To
(RF
Dipole CSMA. (RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
3.Rectangular
RSMA
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

SETUP ARRANGEMENT:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.

2. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter,

consult theory for details.

3. Turn ON the module, select control mode.

4. Open the AMS-A.exe file; select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.

5. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX

antenna then click on START

6. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the

software.

7. Similarly, repeat the experiment for triangular (TMSA) and

rectangular (RMSA) antenna and observe the effect on received
power.

8. So from the plots one can find hat which antenna is more directive.

9. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout
whenever required.

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Example 1:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Planar Source SMA To
TSMA (RF
Dipole (RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

RADIATION PATTERN:

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Example 2:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Planar Source SMA To
CSMA (RF
Dipole (RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

RADIATION PATTERN:

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Result:
Hence, designed and studied of basic PLANAR (MICROSTRIP) shapes
antenna and its configurations.
Experiment 12:

Effect of different feeding techniques in Micro

strip Antenna

OBJECTIVE

Effect of different feeding techniques in PLANAR (Microstrip) antenna.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Antenna Input Output
Any Planar
Microstrip Antenna
Detector SMA To
Planar 1. Co-axial Source
(RF SMA
Dipole 2. Insert Feed (RF Output)
Input) Cable
3.Electromagnetically
Coupled feed
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

SETUP ARRANGEMENT:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above connect using Co-
axial feed.

2. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter,

consult theory for details.

3. Turn ON the module, select control mode.

4. Open the AMS-A.exe files; select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.

5. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX

antenna then click on START.

6. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the

software.

7. Similarly, repeat the experiment for other feeding techniques i.e.

insert feed and electromagnetically coupled feed and observe the
effect on received power.

8. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout
whenever required.

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Example:
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Planar CSMA- Source SMA To
(RF
Dipole Coaxial feed (RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

RADIATION PATTERN:

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Result:
Hence, the effect of different feeding techniques in PLANAR (Microstrip)
antenna are studied.
Experiment 13:

Resistive & Impedance Stub Loading

Characterization
OBJECTIVE:

Resistive & Impedance Stub loading characterization in Planar (Microstrip)

Antenna.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
1. Resistor Detector
Planar Source SMA To
Load (RF
Dipole (RF Output) SMA Cable
2. Stub Load Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

SETUP ARRANGEMENT:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.

2. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter,

consult theory for details.

3. Turn ON the module, select control mode.

4. Open the AMS-A.exe file; select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.

5. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX

antenna then click on START

6. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the

software.

7. Now repeat for another antenna.

8. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout
whenever required.

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Result:
Hence, Resistive & Impedance Stub loading characterization in Planar
(Microstrip) Antenna.
Experiment 14:

Study of Multilayer Stacked Multi-Resonator

OBJECTIVE:

Study of Multilayer Stacked Multi-Resonator.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Stacked Detector
Planar Source SMA To
Multi (RF
Dipole (RF Output) SMA Cable
Resonator Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

SETUP ARRANGEMENT:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter,

consult theory for details.

2. Turn ON the module, select control mode.

3. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and
Click on Run, Now the software will be in running mode.

4. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX

antenna then click on START

5. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the

software.

6. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout
whenever required.

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Result:
Hence, Studied of Multilayer Stacked Multi-Resonator.
Experiment 15:

User defined Antenna Pattern Measurement

OBJECTIVE:

Measurement of user defined antennas and observe its parameters.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
1. Wire
Dipole Detector
User Source SMA To
2. Planar (RF
Antenna (RF Output) SMA Cable
(Microstrip) Input)
Dipole
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

Precaution and warning

a. Do not attach heavy antenna (recommended weight less than 850 gram)

b. Maximum pattern measurement is possible up to 3GHz.

PROCEDURE:
The below procedure is applicable for user designed & fabricated
antenna. AMS-A Version 4.1 consist of antenna library, thus software
will take care of all necessary settings.

In this procedure we focus on the antenna which is not the part

of our library. Recommend to follow experimental flow for
following antennas,

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1. Turn on the AMS system  press Menu (on panel) select pc mode (on
panel)  press enter button(on panel)
Panel shows below message

“software mode running”

Click on the AMS logo to start the software.

Select PC mode as per shown below image.

2. Select step angle (1.8deg )

Go to main experiment and select “user defined Expt”

Enter frequency as per your antenna resonance or recommended designed

frequency

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3. Click on start button after fulfilment of instructions (Mount TX & Rx

antenna & set Rx antenna 0 degree in co-polarization.)

4. Click on YES button,

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Progress bar shows antenna rotation Wait for full rotation

Pattern will display on polar plot

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Result:
Hence, observed the user defined antennas parameters.
Experiment 16:

Radiation Pattern of 3λ/2 Dipole Antenna

OBJECTIVE:

To plotting radiation pattern of 3λ/2 dipole antenna.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

TX Antenna RX Antenna Transmitter Receiver Cable

Input Output
Detector
Source SMA To
Dipole λ/2 Dipole λ/2 (RF
(RF Output) SMA Cable
Input)
QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=1 QTY=2

SETUP ARRANGEMENT:

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PROCEDURE:

Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.

1. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter, consult

theory for details of far field region.

2. Turn ON the module, select control mode.

3. Open the AMS-A.exe file Select the corresponding COM PORT and Click
on

4. Run, Now the software will be in running mode.

5. Change the total length of RX λ/2 dipole Antenna is 64.2 cm by using just
stretching dipole rod on both side equal. This Antenna is called 3λ/2 dipole
Antenna. The total length 64.2cm is obtained by using 3λ/2 Calculation. λ
is calcuted at 700MHz and its value is 42.8cm then putting λ values in
3λ/2 which is equal to 64.2cm

6. Placed λ/2 dipole Antenna at Transmitter (TX) side and 3λ/2 dipole
Antenna at

Received (RX) side

7. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select NULL & SIDELOBE, select RX antenna

then click on START

8. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degrees will be plotted in the software.

9. Now observe the polar plot.

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10. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout whenever
required.

Result:
Hence, plotting radiation pattern of 3λ/2 dipole antenna.

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