International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391

Copper Slag Partially Replaces Fine Aggregate in M

25 Concrete: A Comparative Study of Compressive
Strength Responses
Sreelakshmi S1, Sruthi KP2, Mohammed Munavvir P3, Mashad V4
1
M tech, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi Kerala 682506, India
2, 3
B Tech Graduated, Al Ameen Engineering College, Kerala, 679122 India
4
Glades Engineering and Contracting P.V.T Ltd, Kakkanad Kochi India

Abstract: Due to boom in construction industry, natural sand and M sand are depleting at an alarming rate cause several
environmental issues. At this stage copper slag , an industrial byproduct generated during smelting and refining of Copper can be a
partial alternative for fine aggregate where its world annual generation is about 33 million tonnes. The project look through the use of
copper slag as partial replacement to M sand and natural sand for the designed M 25 grade mix concrete. compressive strength
responses of above alternatives performed, and observed maximum value at 40% copper slag replacement which up to 36% increment.

Keywords: Copper slag, design mix M25 grade concrete, M sand , natural sand, partial replacement, compressive strength responses

1. Introduction Hazardous Waste and its Disposal also ruled that copper slag
is not a hazardous waste. The slag was made of black glassy
A huge amount of concrete is consumed by the construction particles and granular in nature and has a particle size range
industry. About 45% volume of concrete is comprised of similar to sand
sand. A good quality concrete is produced by careful mixing
of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, water and admixtures At present about 33 million tons of copper slag is generating
as needed to obtain an optimum quality and economy. Now- annually worldwide among that India contributing 6 to 6.5
a-days due to constant sand mining the natural sand is million tones. 50 % copper slag can be used as replacement
depleting at an alarming rate. Scarcity of good quality of natural sand in to obtain mortar and concrete with required
Natural River sand due to depletion of resources and performance, strength and durability. (Khalifa S. Al-Jabri et
restriction due to environmental consideration has made al 2011).
concrete manufactures to look for suitable alternative fine
aggregate. One such alternative is “Manufactured sand”. 2. Literature Review
Though manufactured sand has been in use in concrete
manufacturing in India, the percentage of its contribution is Copper slag is one of the materials that are considered as a
still very negligible in many parts of the country. waste material which could have a promising future in
construction industry as partial or full substitute of either
Copper slag is a non ferrous slag obtained as a by-product cement or aggregates. It is a byproduct obtained during the
during the matte (molten copper sulphide) smelting and matte smelting and refining of copper. To produce every ton
refining of copper. Major constituents of a smelting charge of copper, approximately 2.2–3.0 tons copper slag is
are sulphides and oxides of iron and copper. As a result, generated as a by-product material. In Oman approximately
copper-rich matte (sulphides) and copper slag (oxides) are 60,000tons of copper slag is produced every year.
formed as two separate liquid phases. The molten slag is
discharged from the furnace at 1,000–1,300 _C. When liquid Many researchers have investigated the use of copper slag as
slag is cooled slowly, it forms a dense, hard crystalline fine or coarse aggregate in the preparation of cement mortar
product where a quick solidification by pouring molten slag and concrete. Copper slag has been excluded from the listed
into water provides amorphous granulated slag. Recycling, hazardous waste category of the United States
recovering of metal, production of value added products and Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The United
disposal in slag dumps or stockpiles are the options for Nations (UN) Basel Convention on the Trans boundary
management of copper slag. It has been widely used for Movement of Hazardous Waste and its Disposal also ruled
abrasive tools, roofing granules, cutting tools, abrasive, tiles, that copper slag is not a hazardous waste. The slag was made
glass, road-base construction, railroad ballast, asphalt of black glassy particles and granular in nature and has a
pavements, cement clinker and blended cement production. particle size range similar to sand
fine or coarse aggregate in the preparation of cement mortar
Copper slag has been excluded from the listed hazardous In India a study has been carried out by the Central Road
waste category of the United States Environmental Research Institute (CRRI) shown that copper slag may be
Protection Agency (USEPA). The United Nations (UN) used as a partial replacement for river sand as fine aggregate
Basel Convention on the Trans boundary Movement of in concrete up to 50 % in pavement concrete without any

Volume 5 Issue 11, November 2016

www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: 3111604 457
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
loss of compressive and flexural strength and such concretes before use. Each sieve shall be shaken separately over a
shown about 20 % higher strength than that of conventional clean tray until not more than a trace passes, but in any case
cement concrete of the same grade . for a period of not less than two minutes. The shaking shall
be done with a varied motion, back- wards and forwards, left
3. Problem Definition to right, circular clockwise and anti-clockwise, and with
frequent jarring, so that the material is kept moving over the
3.1 Aim .sieve surface in frequently changing directions. Material
shall not be forced through the sieve by hand pressure, but on
Aim of this project is the comparative study of the strength sieves coarser than 20 mm, placing of particles is permitted.
characteristics of M25 grade concretes prepared by natural Lumps of fine material, if present, may be broken by gentle
sand and M-sand as fine aggregate respectively, in which pressure with fingers against the side of the sieve. Light
both are partially replaced by Copper slag. brushing with a soft brush on the underside of the sieve may
be used to clear the sieve openings. Light brushing with a
3.2 Objectives fine camel hair brush may be used on the 150-micron and
75-micron IS Sieves to prevent aggregation of powder and
1) To study the property and characteristics of M sand and blinding of apertures. Stiff or worn out brushes shall not be
copper slag used for this purpose and pressure shall not be applied to the
2) Collection of primary data surface of the sieve to force particles through the mesh. On
3) To compare the properties and characteristics of various completion of sieving, the material retained on each sieve,
materials used in mix designing with IS code together with any material cleaned from the mesh, shall be
4) To carry out mix design by using m sand as fine weighed.
aggregate.
5) To conduct tests and strength characteristics of concrete Table 4.1: Sieve analysis result on aggregates (Cumulative
as freshly prepared and hardened stage based on the % passing)
designed proportion Cumulative % passing %passing for single
6) Obtain the strength characteristics of concrete with partial IS sieve C.A River M- Copper sized aggregates of
replacement of copper slag sand sand slag normal sand (IS 383
–1970) zone ii
4.75 mm 2.75 99.25 100 100 90 to 100
4. Experimental Investigation 2.36 mm 0 93.50 90.7 94.2 75 to 100
1.18 mm 0 48.00 66.8 73 55 to 90
4.1 General 0
600 μm 21.00 39.8 42.2 35 to 59
300 μm 0 04.00 25.5 41.2 08 to 30
Concrete structure is designed for a certain intended design 150 μm 0 0.05 9.9 1.8 0 to 10
life. In its life cycle period it is exposed to different hostile
climatic condition such as rapid wetting and drying,
abrasion, chloride and sulphate attack, carbonation, freeze
and thaw effect etc. A good concrete from durability point of
view, gives a good resistance from these potential hazards
and subsequently enhance the life of the structure. A
concrete is said to be durable if it shows good resistance to
the potential hazards from the climatic condition and
successfully completes the intended life cycle for what it has
been intended to. Durability parameters are important for the
type of structures too.

In this project experimental investigations were carried out

on Physical and Mechanical properties of concrete made
with M-sand, natural sand and copper slag concrete. Natural
fine aggregate is completely replaced by M-sand and Graph 4.1: Showing grading zone of m sand and river sand
partially by copper slag. Compressive strength is evaluated
and compared up to 28 days of ages. Specific properties of
concrete materials and copper slag are also studied. The
entire tests were performed as per specifications.

4.2 Sieve Analysis

The test was conducted as per IS: 2386 (Part I) – 1963.The

sample shall be brought to an air-dry condition before
weighing and sieving. This may be achieved either by drying
at room temperature or by heating at a temperature of 100 0 to
110°C. The air-dry sample shall be weighed and sieved
successively on the appropriate sieves starting with the
largest. Care shall be taken to ensure that the sieves are clean Graph 4.2: Showing grading zone of copper slag

Volume 5 Issue 11, November 2016

www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: 3111604 458
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
4.3 Fineness Modulus are filled with water, but no water is present on exposed
surfaces.
Fineness Modulus (F.M) is a ready index of coarseness or
fineness of the material. F.M is an empirical factor obtained Table 4.3 Specific gravity, Bulk density and void ratio
by adding the cumulative percentage aggregate retained on Absorption and surface moisture of aggregates
each of the standard sieves and dividing this sum by an Property River M- Copper Coarse
arbitrary number 100. the larger the figure , coarser is the Sand Sand Slag Aggregate
material . Specific Gravity 2.65 2.69 3.6 2.77
Bulkdensity Kg/Litre 1.69 1.85 2.08 1.58
Fineness modulus = Void Ratio 0.64 0.43
Fine sand : Fineness Modulus : 2.2 - 2.6 Surface Moisture In % 3 5.4 2.51 2
Medium sand : F.M : 2.6 - 2.9 Absorption In % 1.75 1.96 1.84 .7
Coarser sand : F.M :2.9 - 3.2
Sand having fineness modulus more than 3.2 will be 5. Mix Design
unsuitable for making satisfactory concrete.
Mix design can be defined as the process of selecting
Table 4.2: Sieve analysis result showing fineness modulus suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their
Cumulative % Retained relative proportions with the object of producing concrete of
Is Sieve Coarse River M Sand Copper certain minimum strength and durability as economically as
Aggregate Sand Slag possible. the purpose of designing as can been seen from the
above definition is two-fold .the first object is to make the
20 0.7 0 0 0
concrete in the most economical manner. Cost wise all
16 4.15 0 0 0
12.5 15.85 0 0 0
concrete depend primarily on two factors; namely cost of
10 48.75 0 0 0 material and cost of labour. Labour cost, by way of
4.75 mm 97.25 1.17 2 0 formworks, batching, mixing, transporting, and curing is
2.36 mm 0 5.68 9.3 5.8 nearly same for good concrete and bad concrete. Therefore
1.18 mm 0 28.14 33.8 27 attention is mainly directed to cost of material. since the cost
600 μm 0 57.07 60.2 57.8 of cement is many times more than the cost of other
300 μm 0 95.39 74.5 58.8 ingredients, attention is mainly directed to the use of as little
150 μm 0 98.68 90.1 98.2 cement as possible consistent with strength and durability.
Fineness modulus 5.32 2.87 2.69 2.47
5.1 Factors to Consider for Mix Design
4.4 Specific Gravity Bulk Density Void Ratio Absorption
and Surface Moisture Content  The grade designation giving the characteristic strength
requirement of concrete.
Specific Gravity – the ratio of the mass, in air, of a volume  The type of cement influences the rate of development of
of a material to the mass of the same volume of gas-free compressive strength of concrete.
distilled water at a stated temperature. The specific gravity of  Maximum nominal size of aggregates to be used in
solid particles (Gs) is defined as the ratio of mass of given concrete may be as large as possible within the limits
volume of solids to the mass of an equal volume of water at prescribed by IS 456:2000.
40C, determined by Pycnometer.  The cement content is to be limited from shrinkage,
cracking and creep.
Bulk density: Bulk density shows how densely the aggregate  The workability of concrete for satisfactory placing and
is packed when filled in a standard manner. The bulk density compaction is related to the size and shape of section,
depends on the particle size distribution and shape of the quantity and spacing of reinforcement and technique used
particles. One of the early methods of mix design makes use for transportation, placing and compaction.
of this parameter bulk density in proportioning of concrete
mix. The higher the bulk density, the lower is the void Procedure
content to be filled by sand and cement. The sample which 1) Determine the mean target strength ft from the specified
gives the minimum voids or the one which gives maximum characteristic compressive strength at 28-day fck and the
bulk density is taken as the right sample of aggregate for level of quality control.
making economical mix. ft = fck + 1.65 S
where S is the standard deviation obtained from the
Absorption: The increase in the mass of aggregate due to Table of approximate contents given after the design
water being absorbed into the pores of the material, but not mix.
including water adhering to the outside surface of the 2) Obtain the water cement ratio for the desired mean
particles, expressed as a percentage of the dry mass. The target using the empirical relationship between
aggregate is considered “dry” when it has been maintained at compressive strength and water cement ratio so chosen
a temperature of 110 ±5°C (230 ±9°F) for sufficient time to is checked against the limiting water cement ratio. The
remove all uncombined water. water cement ratio so chosen is checked against the
limiting water cement ratio for the requirements of
Surface moisture content: Saturated Surface Dry (SSD) – durability given in table and adopts the lower of the two
condition of an aggregate particle when the permeable voids values.
Volume 5 Issue 11, November 2016
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: 3111604 459
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
3) Estimate the amount of entrapped air for maximum 5.3 Performance of Fresh Concrete Workability Test
nominal size of the aggregate from the table.
4) Select the water content, for the required workability Workability is defined as the property of concrete which
and maximum size of aggregates (for aggregates in determines the amount of useful internal work necessary to
saturated surface dry condition) from table. produce full compaction. as per IS code 10262:2009, the
5) Determine the percentage of fine aggregate in total property which for measuring the performance of fresh
aggregate by absolute volume from table for the concrete is "slump test"
concrete using crushed coarse aggregate.
6) Adjust the values of water content and percentage of Slump Test
sand as provided in the table for any difference in Slump is a measure of indicating consistency or workability
workability, water cement ratio, grading of fine of concrete and also slump gives an idea of water cement
aggregate and for rounded aggregate the values are ratio needed for different works. Unsupported concrete when
given in table. it is fresh flow to sides and shrinkage in height will takes
7) Calculate the cement content from the water-cement place. The vertical settlement is known as slump. Slump
ratio and the final water content as arrived after increases if w/c ratio increases.
adjustment. Check the cement against the minimum
cement content from the requirements of the durability, 5.4 Performance of Hardened Concrete Compressive
and greater of the two values is adopted. Strength Test
8) From the quantities of water and cement per unit volume
of concrete and the percentage of sand already One of the most important properties of concrete is the
determined in steps 6 and 7 above, calculate the content measurement of its ability to withstand compressive loads.
of coarse and fine aggregates per unit volume of This is referred to as a compressive strength and is expressed
concrete from the following relations: as load per unit area. One method for determining the
compressive strength of concrete is to apply a load at a
constant rate on a cube (150×150×150 mm), until the sample
fails. The compression tests performed in this project were
completed in accordance with IS standard 516 “Methods of
Tests for Strength of Concrete”. The apparatus used to
determine the compressive strength of concrete in this
Where, project was a testing machine. For this study samples were
V= absolute volume of concrete tested for compression testing at 7, 28, days of curing.
= gross volume (1m3) minus the volume of entrapped Calculated using the Equation:
air
Sc = specific gravity of cement To determine compressive strength of concrete we use Cube
W= Mass of water per cubic metre of concrete, kg mould of 15cm side, vibrating machine, water measuring jar,
C= mass of cement per cubic metre of concrete, kg compression testing machine etc The test is carried out to
p= ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate by absolute study the quality of cement from compression strength point
volume of view The test consist of determining compression strength
fa, Ca = total masses of fine and coarse aggregates, per of 7and 28 days. Compression strength of cement is the
cubic metre of concrete, respectively, kg, and property that most decides the qualities of strength of
Sfa, Sca =specific gravities of saturated surface dry fine and concrete.
coarse aggregates, respectively
9) Determine the concrete mix proportions for the first trial
mix. Where,
10) Prepare the concrete using the calculated proportions Fc = Compressive Strength of Concrete,
and cast three cubes of 150 mm size and test them wet P -Maximum load applied (KN), and
after 28-days moist curing and check for the strength. A -the cross-sectional area of the sample (mm2
11) Prepare trial mixes with suitable adjustments till the
final mix proportions are arrived at. 5.5 Mix Design Results for M sand

5.2 Sample Preparation of Cubes Table 5.1 obtained results of mix design for M sand
Mix W/c 7th day 14thday 28thday Slump
proportion ratio compressive compressive compressive In mm
This project entailed subjecting the designed concrete mixes
used strength strength strength
to a series of tests to evaluate the strength, and other n/mm2
properties. For this project, it was important to monitor the
1:1.19:2.58 .425 23.5 28.9 37.8 60
strength development with time to adequately evaluate the
1:1.296:2.75 .45 19.55 27.1 36 75
strength of each concrete mix. For each test, either 3 samples
from each mix were tested at each curing age, and the 1:1.235:2.8 .45 17.4 26.78 34.22 55
15
average values were used for analysis. The following
1:1.515:3.07 .5 13.33 20 26.66 90
sections present the procedures used for the various tests. 6

Volume 5 Issue 11, November 2016

www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: 3111604 460
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
It is recommended that the properties of aggregates should In this graph 4 lines indicates 4 mixes with different ratios.
be tested frequently, since variations in the properties of here the mix 4 provides the better performance , which gives
aggregates affect the strength of concrete and the strength more preferable values of strength with most economical
obtained above is without using any admixtures proportion. Here the graph shows that as the w/c ratio
increases compressive strength decreases. From this it is
5.5.1 Selection of the Most Economical Trial Mix understood that, can't take mix with higher w/c ratio.
Proportion
Selected M 25 grade concrete mix is MIX 3 1:1.235:2.815 ,
from the remaining design mixes for further project
proceedings, for which following studies will strengthen.

Graph 5.3: Compressive strength Vs amount of cement

The mix proportion that is used throughout the project which

related to M sand is the MIX 3
Graph 5.1: Compressive strength v/s age in day
5.6 Mix Proportion Details of Concrete Using Natural
Objectives of concrete mix design To determine the most Sand
Concrete batches were prepared as previous and compressive
economical and practical combination of available materials
strength of concrete with natural sand as fine aggregate
(ie, aggregates cements, water, admixtures etc)to produce a
determined for7, 14, 28th days of age, and obtained 32.5
concrete that will satisfy the performance of requirements
N/mm2 for 28th day compressive strength.
 Design considerations
 acceptable workability of concrete Table 5.2: Mix proportion of components in concrete using
 adequate durability and strength of hardened concrete natural sand
 uniform appearance of hardened concrete Material M 25 Using Natural Sand
 economy Quantity(kg/m2) Mix Ratio
 most important factor affecting workability : water content Cement 425.78 1
 most important factor affecting strength : water-cement Fine aggregate 685 1.6
ratio Coarse aggregate 1209 2.8
 most important factor affecting durability : water cement Water 191.6 .45
ratio and cement content
 most important factor affecting appearance : proportioning
of fine and coarse aggregate

Graph 5.4 Strength attaining with age.

This graph comparing the compressive strength of natural

and river sand at 7th, 14th and 28th compressive strength. The
graph indicates that compressive strength of M sand is higher
Graph 5.2: Showing compressive strength vs w/c ratio. than river sand at 3 stages and 28th day strength increases
more than 10%.
Volume 5 Issue 11, November 2016
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: 3111604 461
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
5.7 Copper Slag As A Partial Replacement Of 5.7.1. Fine of 0.45 was adopted for making concrete mixtures. The mix
Aggregate proportion used was 0.45:1:1.235:2.815(for M-sand
replacement) and 0.45:1:1.6:2.8(for natural sand
Sample preparation replacement). The aggregate used for this study was crushed
Concrete mixtures with different proportions of Copper slag stone from quarry with the nominal size of 20mm. The cube
used as a partial or full substitute for fine aggregates were specimens were tested at 7 days and 28 days. Table 5.3 gives
prepared in order to investigate the effect of Copper slag concrete mix designs details(M sand and copper slag as fine
substitution on the strength of normal concrete. Concrete aggregate).Table 6.1(M sand replacement) and 6.2(River
mixtures were prepared with different proportions of Copper sand replacement) gives the compressive strength response
slag. The proportions (by weight) of Copper slag added to of concrete at 7th day and 28th day of age.
concrete mixtures were as follows: 0%(for the control mix)
20%, 40%, and 60%, . The control mixture was designed to Compressive strength (N/mm)
have a characteristic 28 day compressive strength of 25 = mm2))
N/mm2 (M- 25), using a water-to-binder ratio of 0.45. The
mix proportion chosen for this study is given in Table. Here 0 to 60% of copper slag was replaced with M sand and
river sand. The optimum percentage of replacement was
The mix proportions chosen for this study is1:1.235: 2.815 obtained at 40% replacement of copper slag with both river
with 0.45 water/cement ratio for M-sand replacement and 1: sand and M sand. For control concrete the compressive
1.6: 2.8 with 0.45 water/cement ratio for river sand. Concrete strength was found to be 34.22 N/mm2 and 32.5 N/mm2 for
mixtures with different proportions of copper slag ranging M sand and river sand respectively used as fine aggregate.
from 0% (for the control mix) to 60% for both M sand and
natural sand replacement were considered. Six concrete Table 6.1 Compressive strength response of copper slag with
mixtures were prepared with different proportions of copper M-Sand
slag as shown in Table 4. The materials were mixed in a Replacement Slag At 28 % at 7Days % Increase
rotating pan and compacted using vibrating table. The slump of F.A% kg/m3 Days Increase (N/mm2) in
of the fresh concrete was determined to ensure that it would (N/mm2) in
be within the design value and to study the effect of copper 0 _ 34.22 17.4 _
slag replacement on the workability of concrete. The 10 52.6 42.66 24.7 24.8 26.85
specimens were remolded after 24 hr, cured in water and 20 105.20 43.11 26 26.66 36.46
30 157.79 44 29 28 43.22
then tested at room temperature.
40 210.39 46.6 36.1 30.2 54.47
50 262.99 40 10.1 27.5 40.66
5.7.2 Concrete Mix Design Details (M-Sand) 60 315.59 30.2 _ 23.55 20

Table 5.3 Replacement of M-Sand using copper slag Table 6.2 Compressive strength response of copper slag with
Cement % of slag F.A Slag C.A Water
Kg/m3 Added Kg/m3 Kg/m3 Kg/m3 L/m3
river sand
Replaceme Slag Strength at % Increase Strength % Increase
425.77 10 473.38 52.6 1172.7 191.6
nt of kg/m3 28 Days in at 7 in
425.77 20 420.6 105.19 1172.7 191.6
F.A % (N/mm2) Strength Days Strength
425.77 30 383.19 157.79 1172.7 191.6
(N/mm2)
425.77 40 315.59 210.39 1172.7 191.6
0 _ 32.5 _ 16.52 _
425.77 50 262.99 262.99 1172.7 191.6
10 68.5 38.56 22.67 20.5 24.24
425.77 60 210.39 315.59 1172.7 191.6
20 137 41.1 29.53 22.2 34.24
30 205.5 41.93 32.09 23.4 41.81
5.7.3 Concrete Mix Design Details (River Sand) 40 274 42.5 33.84 24.04 45.69
50 342.5 41.5 30.76 22 33.30
Table 5.4 Replacement of river sand using copper slag 60 411 34.6 9.53 19.5 18.18
Cement % of Slag F.A Slag C.A Water
kg/m3 Added Kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 l/m3
425.78 10 616.5 68.5 1209 191.6
425.78 20 548 137 1209 191.6
425.78 30 479.5 205.5 1209 191.6
425.78 40 411 274 1209 191.6
425.78 50 342.5 342.5 1209 191.6
425.78 60 274 411 1209 191.6

6. Test Results and Discussions

6.1. Compressive Strength of cubes

A total of 36 cubical specimens of standard dimensions 150

x 150 x 150 mm were tested in each proportion. The samples
were cast in 16 batches. M25 grade of concrete was used for Graph 6.1 Compressive strength response of concrete with
all. The percentage replacement of fine aggregate by slag copper slag at 7th day
was 0, 10,20,30,40,50 and 60. A constant water cement ratio
Volume 5 Issue 11, November 2016
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: 3111604 462
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
The graph indicates that as percentage of copper slag
increases the 7th day compressive strength increases up to
40% and decreases thereafter. The concrete gets maximum
7th day compressive strength at 40%of copper slag replaced
by weight of sand, and it is called as optimum dosage at
.45water –cement ratio .Replacing copper slag in m sand has
higher values when comparing with natural sand replaced
with copper slag.

Graph 6.4: Compressive strength response of concrete with

natural sand and partial replacement of natural sand by
copper slag (C+N)

Graph 6.2: Compressive strength response with copper slag

at 28th day

The graph indicates that as percentage of copper slag

increases, the 28th day compressive strength increases up to
10% and then decreases. The concrete gets maximum 28 th
day compressive strength at 40% of copper slag replaced by
weight of natural sand.

Graph 6.5: Compressive strength response of concrete with

natural sand, m sand and 40% replacement by copper slag
both in natural and m sand

This graph includes all the samples produced. 7th and 28th
day compressive strength of four samples is given. Graph
indicates that from all this samples m sand with 40%
replaced copper slag provides a better performance.

6.2 Effect of M sand on compressive strength of concrete

The mix with M sand as 100% fine aggregate gives initial

workability of 55mm; IS 456 code specifies a minimum
slump of 50 mm for medium workability. M25 grade
concrete mixes meet this requirement when M-sand is used
as fine aggregate .Higher fineness modulus, particles
Graph 6.3: Compressive strength response of concrete with grading, shape, texture and control of micro fines have
natural sand, M-Sand and partial replacement of M-Sand by contributed to better workability of manufactured sand. The
copper slag(C+M) fresh properties of concrete are certainly affected by the use
of manufactured sand, but the hardened properties ie,
compressive strength do not seem to be greatly affected by
the gradation. Their particle size distribution helps in higher
packing density which enhances the durability of the
concrete. The high amount of fines, angular particle shape,
and higher void content of the M sand will likely result in
concrete with higher water demand for the same slump
relative to a natural sand. Since the void content is higher
there is a need for more paste to fill the voids. the fresh
properties of concrete are certainly affected by the use of a
manufactured sand, the hardened property, ie compressive
strength do not seem to be greatly affected by the gradation.

Volume 5 Issue 11, November 2016

www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: 3111604 463
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
Compressive strength of M25 grade concretes with M-sand that the optimum percentage replacement of copper slag in
as fine aggregate 3-15% higher when compared with the fine aggregate is inferred as 40%. The comparative study
results using river sand as fine aggregate. The good physical result empowers the conclusion that all M sand mixes have
properties of manufactured sand has enabled in reduction of higher compressive strength than mixes produced by using
free water as well. The standard mix with 100% river sand. Being an industrial waste copper slag causes bad
manufactured sand has exhibited much higher compressive effects on environment and using it as a fine aggregate
strength 34.22 Mpa. The standard mix with 100% of river material in concrete this effects can be reduced and also can
sand has exhibited compressive strength of 32.5mpa, 5.3% reduce the scarcity of good quality natural river sand due to
lower than that of manufactured sand. The improved depletion of resources and restriction due to environmental
properties of ms by the entire process of manufacturing consideration has made.
could have resulted in reduced surface area and better
particle packing. This contributed to the better binding effect 8. Future Scope
with the available cement paste and improved the
compressive strength. It is possible to introduce a better alternative for natural sand.
Also leads to a detailed study of properties of fine aggregate.
6.3 Effect of copper slag on compressive strength of Copper slag is an industrial waste, using it as a fine
cement concrete aggregate will leads to more future developments in this
area. Scope of the project has wide application on
Maximum Compressive strength of concrete increased by construction field. The project is limited only to check
36% at 40% replacement of fine aggregate by copper slag, compressive strength as strength characteristics.
Compressive strength is increased due to high toughness of
Copper slag. 9. Acknowledgement
The use of copper slag as a replacement for fine aggregate is We express our profound sense of gratitude to Mrs.Shaina
environmentally helpful due to the reduction in the waste Beegam N, Associate Professor, Al-Ameen Engineering
produced from the copper manufacturing process. It also College, Kulappully for her valuable guidance,
contributes to conservation of natural fine aggregate. Cubes encouragement and help given for us in the project. Also
measuring 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm with different express our sincere thanks to all staff members of Civil
percentages of copper slag as a replacement for fine department for their kind co-operation they have rendered.
aggregate were tested in this research. The compressive
strength development of concrete containing different
percent replacement of copper slag was conducted.
References
According to the results obtained the compressive strength
increased by using copper slag as fine aggregate replacing [1] Nataraja And Lenindas, Indian concrete journal,
material. Due to the higher value of specific gravity its september 2010, concrete mix proportioning as per IS
packing is more compact and also provides a better packing, 10262:2009 - comparison with IS 10262:1982 ACI
leads to production of most efficient mix, the contents of 211.1 – 91.
cement, water, and coarse aggregate were kept constant [2] R.R.Chavan, International journal of advanced
while the percentages of copper slag as a replacement for engineering research and studies, performance of
fine aggregate varied from 0 to 60%. Results showed that manufactured sand as fine aggregate in mortar and
replacement of 40% of fine aggregate with copper slag masonry - comparison with river sand.
caused major changes on concrete strength, the strength [3] D. Brindha And S Nagan utilization of copper slag as a
increase about 36% .Further increasing the ratio of copper partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete,
slag as fine aggregate reduced the concrete strength and International journal of earth sciences and engineering,
increased concrete slump . It is possible that the reduction in august 2010.
strength resulting from increasing copper slag is due to [4] Dr. K.R.Arora Soil mechanics and foundation
increased voids due to the fact that copper slag possesses engineering.
fewer fine particles than fine aggregate. It could also be due [5] Akshay C Sankh, Praveen M, Biradari, Prof S J
to the increase of the free water because the copper slag Naghathan , Recent Trends In Replacement Of Natural
absorbs less water than the fine aggregate. It is recommended Sand With Different Alternatives, IOSR journal of
that the effect of copper slag change on total void volume mechanical and civil engineering
and amount of free water content be studied separately. [6] Is 10262 - 2009 recommended guidelines for concrete
mix design.
[7] Is 383-1970 specification for coarse and fine aggregates
7. Conclusion from natural source for concrete.
[8] M.S.Shetty Concrete technology, theory and practice
Proportioning the concrete mix for type of job in hand is an
essential part of any quality assurance plan. This can be done
effectively with proper understanding of properties of Author Profile
constituent material of concrete. In this project river sand is Sreelakshmi S received B tech degree in Civil Engineering from
replaced with M sand as fine aggregate material in concrete. Al Ameen engineering college, University of Calicut in 2014.
And also in the selected mix, copper slag is partially replaced Joined Kerala University Of Fisheries And Ocean Studied For M
adorably from 10% up to 40% resulting a greater tech Coastal and Harbour engineering In 2015.
compressive strength than the nominal mix strength. And
Volume 5 Issue 11, November 2016
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: 3111604 464