CHAPTER 2 : FORCES AND MOTION

2.1 Linear Motion [……../48 x 100 = ………..%]

A student is able to :
 Define distance and displacement
 Define speed and velocity and state that v = s/t
 Define acceleration and deceleration and state that a = v - u
t
 Calculate speed and velocity
 Calculate acceleration / deceleration
 Solve problems on linear motion with uniform acceleration using
(i) v = u + at
(ii) s = ut + ½ at2
(iii) v2 = u2 + 2as

Distance and Displacement

A. Fill in the blank with the correct answer.

1. Physical quantities can be divided into 2.

(a) Scalar
(1)……………………… quantity
(b) Vector
(2)……………………… quantity
2. scalar
Distance is a (3)………………… magnitude and no (5)………………
quantity which has (4)………………. direction

3. Displacement is a vector quantity which has magnitude and direction.

(6)…………………
4. metre / m
The SI unit for both physical quantities is (7)……………

Speed and Velocity

B. Complete the table below

Aspect Speed Velocity

(8) Rate of change of distance Rate of change of
Definition
displacement
Type of physical (9) Vector
Scalar
quantity
(10)
Speed = Total distance
Formula Velocity = total displacement
Time
time
(11)
SI unit m s-1 m s-1

Acceleration
C. Fill in the blank with the correct answer.

1. velocity
Acceleration is the rate of change of (12)……………..
2. Acceleration , a = Final velocity - Initial velocity
Time taken
v u
a=
(13) t

3. m s-2
The SI unit of acceleration is (14)…………
4. vector
Acceleration is a (15)………….. quantity.
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 5. increasing velocity.
Acceleration occurs when an object moves with (16)…………….
6. Deceleration occurs when an object moves with decreasing velocity
(17)………………….

D. Solve the problem.

1. A car starts from points from point O and moves to U, 50 m to the north in 60 s. The car then
moves to B, 120 m to the west in 40 s. Finally, it stops.
Calculate,
(a) total distance moved by the car (18)
total distance
= 120 m + 50 m = 170 m B U
(b) displacement of the car (19) 50m
Displacement = Distance OB
= (1202 + 502)1/2 = 130 m
O
(c) speed of the car when it is moves to the north (20)
Speed of the car when it moves to the north
50 m 5
= 60 s = m s-1
6

(d) velocity of the car (21)

displacement
Velocity =
time
130 m
= = 1.3 m s-1
 40  60  s

(e) average speed of the car (22)

total dis tan ce

time
170 m
  1.7 m s 1
( 40  60) s

2. A bus stops at a station to pick passengers up. It then moves and attains a velocity of 15 m s-1
in 8 s. What is the acceleration of the bus? (23)
v u
acceleration , a =
t
15  0
= = 1.9 m s-2
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E. Complete the table below with the correct answer

Increasing short increasing far same

Speed decreasing Low high decreasing

Pattern Explanation
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 (a) Direction of motion

The distance between the dots is the (24) same It shows that the
. . . . . . . object is moving with constant (25) speed
.
Initial Final
(b) Direction of motion

The distance between the dots is (26) short. It shows that the
................ speed of the object is (27) low
.
Initial Final
(c) Direction of motion

The distance between the dots is (28) far. It shows that the object
. . . . . . is moving at a (29) high speed
.
Initial Final
(d) Direction of motion

The distance between the dots is (30) increasing. It shows that

. . . . . . . the speed of the object is (31) increasing.
.
Initial Final
(e) Direction of motion

The distance between the dots is (32) decreasing It shows that

. . . . . . . the speed of the object is (33) decreasing.
.
Initial Final

F. Determine the acceleration of a trolley from the ticker tape

1. The ticker tape is divided into 5 parts. Every part has 2 ticks as shown in figure below.
Find the acceleration.
1 cm 5 cm

A B C D E F
Solution :

Step Solution
1. Time taken of one part (34) One part = 2 Ticks
= 2 x 0.02 s
=0.04 s
2. initial velocity, u = s initial (35) u = 1.0 cm
t initial 0.04 s
= 25 cm s-1
3. Final velocity, v = s final (36) v = 5.0 cm
t final 0.04 s
= 125 cm s-1
4. Determine the total time (37) Total time, t = ( 5-1 ) x 0.04 s
= 4 x 0.04 s

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 Total time = ( Total parts – 1) x time of one part = 0.16 s
5. Acceleration, a = v – u (38) Acceleration , a = v – u
t t
= 125 – 25 / 0.16
= 750 cm s-2

The equations of motion

G. Complete the table below
Physical Quantity Symbol
Displacement (39) s
(40) Final Velocity v
Initial velocity (41) u
acceleration (42) a
H. List the equations of linear motion.
1
(i) (43) s  (u  v)t
2
ii) (44) v  u  at
1 2
iii) (45) s  ut  at
2
iv) (46) v  u  2as
2 2

I. Solve the following problems using the equations of linear motion

(a) A car moves from rest to a velocity of 10 ms-1 in 5 s. Calculate the acceleration of the car
Solution : (47)
Given : u = 0 , v = 10 ms-1 , t = 5 s . a = ?
a=v–u
t
= 10 – 0 = 2.0 m s-2
5

(b) A car traveling with a velocity of 10 m s-1 accelerates uniformly at a rate of 3 m s-2 for 20 s.
Calculate the displacement of the car.
Solution : (48)
given : u = 10 m s-1 , a = 3 m s-2 , t = 20 s. s=?
s = ut + ½ at2
s = (10)(20) + ½ (3)(20)2
s = 800 m

(c) A van that is traveling with velocity 16 m s-1 decelerates until it comes to a stop. If the
distance traveled is 8 m, calculate the deceleration of the van.
A student Solution
is able to: (49)
: -1
given : u = 16 m sand
 Plot and interpret displacement-time , velocity-time
v = 0(rest) , graphs.
s=8m a=?
 Deduce from the shape of va2 displacement-time
= u2 + 2 as graph when a body is:
i) at rest
2.2 ANALYSING
ii) movingMOTION GRAPH02 =velocity
with uniform 162 + 2 a(8) [………/20 x 100 = …………%]
iii) moving with non-uniform velocity
a = -16 ms -2

 Determine distance, displacement and velocity from a displacement-time graph.

 Deduce from the shape of a velocity-time graph when a body is:
i) at rest
ii) moving with uniform velocity 4
iii) moving with uniform acceleration
 Determine distance, displacement and velocity and acceleration from a velocity-time
graph.
 Solve problems on linear motion with uniform acceleration
A: Describe the motion of an object as shown in the following motion graphs.
(a) The Displacement-Time Graph

Graph of s against t Explanation

s/m
The displacement of the object from a fixed point is
(1) constant Therefore, the velocity of the object is
(2) zero

0 t/s

s/m
The gradient of the graph = (3) Velocity of the object.
The gradient of the graph is (4) constant , therefore
the velocity of the object is (5) constant

0 t/s

s/m
The gradient of the graph (6) increases with time.
Therefore the velocity of the object (7) increases with
(8) time

0 t/s

(b) The velocity – time graph

Graph of v against t Explanation

v/m s-1
Velocity of object is (9) zero The object is (10)
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 stationary

t/s

v/m s-1
The object is moving with uniform (11) velocity

t/s

v/m s-1 The gradient of the graph = (12) acceleration

The gradient of the graph is (13) constant.
Therefore, the acceleration of the object is (14)
constant
t/s

v/m s-1
Area under the graph = (15) displacement

t/s

B. Describe the motion of a runner who is running in a straight line

s/m

C
25 C

20 A B
15
10
5
D
O t/s
5 10 12 15
Solution :

Motion of the runner

O-A Running with a uniform velocity of 3 m s-1
A-B (16) At rest / velocity is zero
B-C (17) Uniform velocity of 5.0 m s-1
C-D (18) Running with a velocity of -8.3 m s-1 and return to starting point

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C: Study the velocity-time graph.
v/m s-1

10
B C
5

D
A t/s
A 5 10 15 20 25
Calculate:-
(i) the acceleration, a, for sections AB, BC and CD (19)
(ii) total displacement (20)

(i) Acceleration , a for AB = 10 – 0 = 1.0 m s-2

10
Acceleration, a for BC = 0

Acceleration , a for CD = 0 – 10
25 - 20
= -10 m s-2
5

(ii) Displacement = Area under the graph

= ( ½ x 10 x 10) + (10 x 10) + ( ½ x 5 x 10 )
= ( 50 ) + ( 100 ) + ( 25 )
= 175 m

2.3 UNDERSTANDING INERTIA […………./20 x 100 = ………….%]

A student is able to :
 Explain what inertia is
 Relate mass to inertia
 Give examples to reduce the negative effects of inertia
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A. Fill in the blanks or underline the correct answers
1.

When the bus stops suddenly our feet are brought to rest but due to inertia, our body tends
to continue its (1) (forward / backward) motion. This causes our body to jerk forward (thrown
forward)

2.

When the bus moves suddenly from rest our feet are carried (2) (forward / backward) but
due to inertia our body tends to keep us (3) (rest / moving). This causes our body to fall
backwards. (thrown backwards)

3. The inertia of an object is the (4) tendency of the object to remain at (5) rest or if moving to
continue its uniform motion in a straight line.
4. The (6) mass of an object is the amount or quantity of matter contained in the object.
5. The SI unit of mass is (7) kg.
6. The mass of an object is (8) constant wherever it is measured. It is different from (9) weight
which is affected by the (10) force of gravity.
7. An object with a larger mass has a (11) larger Inertia.

Effects of inertia
B. Explain the positive effect by using the clues given. Clue : Pouring tomato sauce out
Clue : Drying a wet umbrella of
the bottle.
The umbrella is rotated and when
stopped abruptly, the droplet of When the bottle is given a quick
water on the umbrella is (12) downward jerk and stopped
8 suddenly, the (14) inertia of the
shaken off due to (13) inertia.
sauce tend to move it downwards
and out of the bottle.
 Positive effect
Of inertia

Clue : Tighten a hammer head Clue: Running zig-zig when

chased by a bull.
The wooden handle is hit against a
hard surface, the hammer head with This is because the inertia of the
a big mass and big (15) inertia bull is (16) large due to its big
causes it to continue moving mass. This makes the bull
although the handle has been difficult to change directions
stopped, thus fitting it tighter to the suddenly.
handle.

C. Match the correct explanation to each of the characteristics.

Characteristic Explanation

(a) The tank which carries liquid in a

Hold the passengers to their seat
lorry should be divided into smaller
during collision
tanks. (17)
(b) the part between the driver’s seat and
Prevent the driver from hitting the
load should have strong steel
steering in an accident
structure (18)
Prevent the load from being thrown to
(c) Safety belts (19)
the front

To reduce the effects of inertia when

(d) Airbag (20)
stopped suddenly.

2.4 ANALYSiNG MOMENTUM [………/31 x 100 = ………….%]

A student is able to :
 Define the momentum of an object.
 Define momentum (  ) as the product of mass (m) and velocity(v) i.e  = mv.
 State the principle of conservation of momentum.
 Describe the applications of conservation of momentum.
 Solve problems involving momentum 9
A. Fill in the blank with the correct answer
1. Momentum is defined as the product of (1) mass and (2) velocity
2. The formula of momentum is given by :
Momentum = (3) mass x velocity
 = (4) mv
3. Momentum is a (5) vector quantity
4. The SI unit of momentum is (6) kg m s-1
5. Momentum (7) increases/decreases when the speed (8) increases/decreases
6. The principle of conservation of momentum states that the total (9) momentum in a
closed system of object is (10) constant.
7. The total momentum (11) before the collision is (12) equal to the total momentum (13) after
the collision if no (14) external force acts on the system.
8. The principle of conservation of momentum can be applied in
(a) (15) elastic collision
(b) (16) inelastic collision
(c) (17) explosion

B. Fill in the blank

1. Collision 1 : Both bodies separates after collision. Momentum is (18) conserved.

u1
m1 u2 v2
m2 m1
m2

Before collision after collision

Momentum : (19) m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

2. Collision II : Both objects move together after collision. (20) Momentum is conserved.
u1
u2 = 0 v
m
1 m2 m1 + m2

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 Before collision after collision

Momentum : (21) m1 u1 + m2 u2 = (m1 + m2) v

3. Explosion : Before the explosion, the objects are at rest

Two or more object in contact will be (22) separated after the explosion.

(m1 + m2), u = 0 v1 v2
m2

Before explosion after explosion

Please note that separation of

Momentum : (23) (m1 + m2)u = m1 vv + m2 v2 objects after a collision does NOT
mean an elastic collision, it can be
Therefore m1 vv + m2 v2 = 0
inelastic as well. Only when kinetic
B. Complete the table below energy is conserved, then the
collision is elastic.
Elastic collision Inelastic collision Explosion
(a) Both object will (24) Both object will join Two or more objects in contact
separated after collision together or separated after will be separated after the
collision collision
(b) (25)Total momentum is The total momentum is conserved The total momentum is conserved
conserved
(c) The total kinetic energy (26) Total kinetic energy is not (27) Kinetic energy is gained.
is conserved conserved
(d) (28)Total energy is Total energy is conserved Total energy is conserved
conserved

C. Solve the problem

1. Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at 20
m s-1 in the same direction. Car A and B move separately after collision. If Car A moves at
25 m s-1 after collision, determine the velocity of Car B after collision.
Solution : (29) Given : mA = 100 kg , uA = 30 m s-1, vA = 25 m s-1, mB = 90 kg,
= 20 m s-1 , vB = ?

mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB

(100)(30) + (90)(20) = (100)(25) + (90)(vB)
vB = 25.56 m s-1
2: A trolley of mass 4 kg moves at 3 m s-1 and collide with a trolley of mass 2 kg which is
moving in the opposite direction at 1 m s-1. After the collision, both trolleys move together
with the same velocity. What is their common velocity ?

Solution : (30) m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2)v

4)(3) + (2) (-1) = (4 + 2 ) v
v = 5/3 m s-1

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3: A bullet of mass 2 g is shot from a gun of mass 1 kg with a velocity of 150 m s-1 . Calculate
The velocity of the recoil of the gun after firing.

Solution : (31)
Given ; mb = 2 g = 0.002 kg, mg = 1 kg, u(g+b) = 0 , vb = 150 m s-1
vg = ?
0 = mgvg – mb vb,
0 = (1)(vg) – (0.002)(150), vg = 0.3 m s-1

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