Particle Motion Analysis in the Bronnikov black hole solution

Katharine I. Cuba1∗ and Santiago E. Perez2∗

Abstract— There is a growing interest in the study of reg- Where R is the Ricci scalar, Fµν = ∂µ Aν − ∂ν Aµ is the
ular black holes because they eliminate the problem of the electromagnetic field tensor, Aµ is the four-potential, and L
singularity that conventional black hole models present. We is an arbitrary function such that L(F ) ≈ F when F → 0.
analyze here the motion of different types of particles (without
mass, massive and massive and charged particles) in an specific The tensor Fµν obeys the equations:
regular charged black hole solution obtained by Bronnikov
∇µ (LF F µν ) = 0, ∇∗µ F µν = 0. (2)
in 2001. We also examine the geometry and the nature of
arXiv:1903.03678v1 [gr-qc] 28 Feb 2019

the Bronnikov black hole, and compare it with the Reissner- Here F ∗ µν
= µνσλ F σλ
and LF = dL
Nordstrom black hole. dF .
For spherical
symmetry we just have the radial components of Fµν cor-
I. INTRODUCTION responding to the electric and magnetic fields. The energy
The first solutions of the equations of General Rel- momentum tensor that follows from the above given action
ativity (GR) representing black holes (namely those of is Tµν = 2LF Fµα F να − 12 δµν L. It is useful to define the next
Schwarzschild, Reissner-Nordstrom and Kerr) have an im- expressions fe = 2F01 F 10 and fm = 2F23 F 32 , such that
portant feature in common, the presence of singularities. that energy-momentum tensor takes the form (see [3] pages
Singularities represent a problem since the laws of physics 1 and 2) Tνµ = 12 diag[2fe LF + L, 2fe LF + L,
do not work in “there” 1 . Hence the interest for regular 2fm LF + L, 2fm LF + L]. The line element corresponding
black hole solutions in which the singularity is absent. One to a static spherically symmetric space-time is given in the
possible form of source of Einstein’s equations is leading to general form by:
nonsingular solutions is nonlinear electrodynamics (NLED). ds2 = −e2γ(r) dt2 + e2α(r) dr2 + r2 dΩ2 , (3)
Starting from the work by Bardeen (1968), many solutions
of regular charged black holes with NLED as a source Where dΩ2 = dθ2 + sin θ2 dφ2 , and r is the radial
have been discovered (see for instance the work done by coordinate. Due to the spherical symmetry, the Maxwell’s
Ayón-Beato and Garcı́a [1], [2], Cataldo and Garcı́a [4], tensor just take the radial electric and radial magnetic field,
Dymnikova [5] and Novello [9]). In this contribution we have it follows from equation (2) that r2 eα+γ LF F 10 = Qe and
analyzed the solution presented by Bronnikov (2001) [3], F23 = Qm sin θ, where Qe is the electric charge and Qm is
where a certain Lagrangian L = L(F ) (where F = Fµν F µν the magnetic charge. From Einstein’s equations Gµν = −Tνµ
and Fµν is the Maxwell tensor) describing a NLED was and considering the energy-momentum tensor we get the line
shown to lead to regular solutions with magnetic charge. element in the form,
Using this specific example of regular black hole, we study 
2M (r)
 
2M (r)
−1
2 2
the motion of different kind of particles (charged particles, ds = − 1 − dt + 1 − dr2
r r
with mass and without mass) in it. The results are compared
with those obtained for the Reissner-Nordstrom solution +r2 dΩ2 , (4)
[8], [11]. We present first the features of both black holes where
and analyze the effective potential for each kind of particle 1
Z
followed by the numerical integration of the orbit equation M (r) = r2 T00 dr + k. (5)
2
in some cases of interest.
In the case of vacuum, T00 = 0, and the solution reduces
II. CHARGED BLACK HOLES to that of the the Schwarzschild black hole, with k = 2M ,
A. Bronnikov’s Black Hole where M is the gravitational mass 2 . We will use next the
The action of the General relativity coupled with an results presented here to study the Bronnikov black hole
arbitrary electromagnetic theory is given by: solution and compare some of its features with those of the
Z
√ Reissner-Nordstrom black hole.
1
S= d4 x −g[R − L(F )], (1)
16π B. Reissner-Nordstrom Black Hole
*This work was not supported by any organization The metric
 of the Reissner-Nordstrom black hole is:
Q2e

1 H. Katharine I. Cuba is with Faculty of Physics, Universidad Nacional gRN (r) = 1 + 2M r + r 2 . The position of the horizons
de Trujillo, Trujillo, Perú.
2 Santiago E. Perez is with Instituto de Fı́sica Armando Dia Tavares, follows
p from gRN (r) = 0, and is given by r± = M ±
Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil M 2 − Q2e . Here r+ is the outer horizon and r− is the
1 See [12], Adversus singularitates: the ontology of space-time singulari-
ties 2 All this mathematical derivation was made by Bronnikov in [3]
 (a) (b)
Qe
Fig. 1: (a) Shows the dimensionless outer horizon R+ as a function of the dimensionless charges λ = 2M , we see that when
λ = 0 we obtain the Schwarzschild horizon and when λ = 0.5 we obtain an extreme case for the RN black hole, that means
that when the electric charge and the gravitational mass of the black holes has the same magnitude Qe = M . In (b) we see
the graph of horizons for both cases, orange line represent the horizons for the RN black hole and the blue line represents
Qe
the horizons for the Bronnikov black hole, in function of its respective dimensionless parameters λ = 2M ,ξ = M EM
|Qm | . As
we see both cases have an extreme value in λ = 0.5 and ξ = 0.5 and, however the Bronnikov black holes is not limited
for the values its parameter ξ takes (after its minimum in the extreme value) and admits magnetic charges Qm bigger its
electromagnetic mass MEM .

inner horizon. From now on, q

we shall use the dimensionless Notice that gBR (0) = 1, and that the Ricci scalar is given
r± Qe
coordinate R± = 2M = 12 + 14 − λ2 where λ = 2M . by the expression,
 √   √ 
h a qm a qm
C. Bronnikov’s Black Hole R = {−2Q2m a sinh cosh ×
r r
The necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence √
Q2 Q2
   
p a Qm i
of static black holes solutions with spherical symmetry a Qm + m + m sinh2 }×
r r r
of Einstein’s equations with NLED as a source (with the  √ h  √ 
a Qm Q3 3/2 a Qm
Maxwell limit for weak fields) were discussed by Bronnikov {r5 cosh3 sinh +
(2001). The result is that the only case in which a regular r r r
 √  3/2
!
solution can be obtained is Qe = 0 and Qm 6= 0. In a qm Qm i
0 1 cosh a− }−1 . (9)
1
R case T2 0 = 2 L(F ), and from (5) we get M (r) =
this r r
4 L(F )r dr + k. Bronnikov (2001) chose k = 0, since
a nonzero value would introduce a 1/r term in M (r), thus Evaluating the Ricci scalar at r = 0 we have that
reintroducing the singularity. He also worked with a specific limr→0 R = 0, in agreement with the regularity of the
for of the Lagrangian given by: solution. In fact, the calculation of the components of the
Riemann tensor in tetrads shows that the solution is regular
F
L(F ) = 2

, (6) in r = 0. It is important to note that the total mass associated
cosh a| F2 |1/4 with this solution is given by MEM = M (∞) = |Qm2a|
3/2

2Q2 (See [7], [10]). The subindex “EM” indicates that the total
where a is a constant and F = r4m . Substituting equation mass is purely electromagnetic, since MEM = 0 for Qm =
(6) in the equation M (r) we have: 0. It is convenient to rewrite gBr (r) in terms of the parameter
|Qm |1/2
ξ = M |Qm | or ξ =
" !#
Qm
3/2
p
a |Qm |
EM
2a to determine the horizons of
M (r) = 1 − tanh . (7) Bronnikov’s black hole. The result is:
2a r

The Bronnikov regular black hole geometry is given for  

4 − Rh
1/2
−1
the line element ds2 = −gBR (r)dt2 + gBR (r)dr2 + r2 dΩ2 , ξ = Rh ln , (10)
Rh
with gBR = 1 − 2M (r)/r given for the expression:
3/2
" p !#! where Rh = |Q2ar m|
3/2 and rh determines the position of
h

Qm a |Qm | the horizons. Figure 1(b) shows the curves corresponding to

gBR (r) = 1 − 1 − tanh . (8)
2a r the Reissner-Nordstrom horizons (R± ) and the Bronnikov
 (a) Effective potentials of the Reissner- (b) Effective potentials of the Reissner- (c) Effective potentials of the Reissner-
Nordstrom and Bronnikov geometries for Nordstrom and Bronnikov geometries for Nordstrom and Bronnikov geometries for
particle without mass. massive particle. massive particle and charged particles.

(d) Orbits described for particles without (e) Orbits described for massive particles (f) (Orbits described for massive and
mass in the two geometries. in the two geometries. charged particles in the two geometries.

Fig. 2: Effective potential and orbits described for the three types of particles studied in the Reissner-Nordstrom and
Bronnikov geometry. In figure (a) we see the effective potentials of the two geometries for particles without mass and its
corresponding trajectories in figure (c), the angular momentum for both cases is L• = L̃ = 20 and the values of energy
chosen are E = 6.7 and E = 14.8. Figure (b) shows the effective potentials for massive particles and its corresponding
graph of the trajectories made by massive particles in (d), both cases have an angular momentum of L? = 20, E∗ = 27 and
E∗ = 60. Figure (c) shows the effective potentials for the case of massive particles with charge in the Reisser-Nordtrom
and Bronnikov black hole, in (c) we see the orbits made for this type of particle with an angular momentum L? = 25 with
energies E∗ = 5.3 and E∗ = 9.4. In the three cases solid lines represents the potentials and trajectories in the Bronnikov
black hole and dashed lines represent the potentials and trajectories in the Reissner-Nordstrom black hole.

horizons (Rh ). Here we see that in the case of the RN black A. Particles without mass m = 0
hole, R− and R+ are limited below and above by 0 and 1 The effective potential for particles without mass (with the
respectively, and the extremal case corresponds to λ = 0.5. exception of photons) 3 is expressed as
for Bronnikov’s solution, the extreme case corresponds to
ξ = ξ0 ≈ 0.95, but R+ can grow without limit. 2 L2•
BBr (R) = gBr (R) , (11)
R2

III. ORBITS where L• = ML EM

, R = MEM r
and L is the angular
momentum of the massless particle.
In this section, the motion of massless particles, as well The equation of the orbits for massless particles is:
as massive neutral and charged particles, is studied in Bron- Z ∞ 4 −1/2
R 4
nikov’s solution, and is compared to that in the RN gometry. φBr (R) = − gBr (R)R dR, (12)
R0 b2Br
We start with the analysis of the effective potential, and
then we numerically calculate the orbit for each kind of where bBr = LE• and E is the energy. R0 is the turning point
particle, in some cases of interest. We shall adopt below the of the motion, or the outer horizon radius.
following
 3
expression
h imetric coefficient gBr (R) =
for the
1 − 8κξ
R 1 − tanh 2κξ
R , where R = MEM r
and κ2 = 3 In nonlinear theories of electromagnetism, photons follow trajectories
determined by an effective metric. See Goulart de Oliveira, E. and Perez,
a2
MEM . S.: A classification of the effective metric in nonlinear electrodynamics.
B. Particles without mass m 6= 0 and q = 0 to Bronnikov’s black hole is stronger that that due to he
In this case, the effective potential is given by the equation, Reissner-Nordstrom black hole. This result is not limited to
the values of energy and parameters examined here, we have
L2?
 
2
VBr (R) = gBr (R) 1 + 2 , (13) checked that this behaviour is repeated for a large interval
R of the relevant parameters.
where L? = mMLEM . As a consequence, there is a critical V. RESULTS, DISCUSSION AND PERSPECTIVES
value given for L?c ≈ 9.19 such that for L? > L?c the
We have studied here the motion of particles (without
potential has two extreme points, which do not happen in
mass, massive and massive and charged particles) in the
the RN case.
Bronnikov solution and compared it with the Reissner-
The equation of the orbit for particles with mass is:
Nordstrom solution, as well as some features of both solu-
Z ∞ 4 2  4 −1/2
R E∗ R tions, we have shown that the position of the horizons from
φBr (R) = 2
− gBr (R) 2
+ R2 dR. (14) the Reissner Nordstrom black hole is always smaller than
R0 L? L?
that of the horizons of the Bronnikov black hole.
Here E? = m and R0 represents also the turning point.
E
Regarding the comparison between the motion of particles
C. Particles with m 6= 0 and q 6= 0 in the two geometries, it was shown that the Bronnikov
black hole exerts a more intense attraction on the particles
In this case, the effective potential (see Hobson [6]) is:
s (regardless of the nature of the particle studied here) than the
VBr± (R) ξ

L 2
 Reissner-Nordtrom black hole. Such a behavior may be due
= − ± gBr (R) 1 + ?2 , (15) to difference in the behaviour of their energy density (T00 ).
m R R
We have also shown that there are important differences
q
Where  = m . Here VBr± represent the potential function. in the case of Bronnikov black hole with respect to Reissner-
This potential is similar to that of the Reissner-Nordstrom Nordstrom black hole, we see this principally in the relation
black hole. However, there are some quantitative differences ”charge-mass”. In the case of Reissner-Nordstrom solution,
Qe
that modify the trajectories as explained later. the parameter ”λ” (0 ≤ λ = 2M ≤ 1) does not support
The equation of orbit for this case is, that the electric charge of the black hole is greater than its
Z ∞h 2 2 gravitational mass, however for Bronnikov black hole, the
R E∗ ξR
φBr (R) = − − parameter ”ξ” (ξ = M |Qm | >≈ 0.95) does support that the
EM

R 0 L? L ? electromagnetic mass is bigger than its magnetic charge.

 4 i
R −1/2
gBr (R) +R 2
dR. (16) This work is just a small sample of the study of a specific
L2? case of a regular solution, research in this area is still in
If we plot the orbits described for this kind of particles progress.
we see that the larger the parameter ξ is, the more closed R EFERENCES
is the orbit described by the particle. Remembering that
[1] Ayón-Beato, E. and Garcı́a, A., New regular black hole solution from
the parameter ξ depends of the magnetic charge, we can nonlinear electrodynamics, 1999, Physics Letters B, 464, pp. 25-29.
say that the more charged the black hole is, the greater [2] Ayón-Beato, E. and Garcı́a, A., Four-parametric regular black hole
its attraction to the particle will be. It is also interesting solution, 2005, General Relativity and Gravitation, 37, pp. 635-641.
|Qm |3/2 [3] Bronnikov, K., Regular magnetic black holes and monopoles from
to note, from the relation MEM = 2a , we have that nonlinear electrodynamics, 2001, Phys. Rev. D, 63, pp. 044005.
MEM = Qm for Qm = 4a2 or ξ = 1. This means that the [4] Cataldo, M. and Garcia, A., Regular (2+1)-dimensional black holes
Bronnikov solution admits the possibility to have a mass (of within non-linear Electrodynamics, 2000, Physical Review D, 61, pp.
1-5.
electromagnetic origin) smaller than the (magnetic) charge. [5] Dymnikova, I., Regular electrically charged vacuum structures with
This in contrast with the Reissner-Nordstrom solution, where de Sitter centre in nonlinear electrodynamics coupled to general
the (gravitational) mass cannot be smaller than the (electric) relativity, 2004, Classical and Quantum Gravity, 21, pp. 4417.
[6] Hobson, M. and Efstathiou, G. and Lasenby, A., General Relativity:
charge. An Introduction for Physicists., 2006, Cambridge University Press, pp.
592.
IV. C OMPARISON BETWEEN THE ORBITS OF [7] Manko, V. and Ruiz, E., On electromagnetic energy in Bardeen and
R EISSNER -N ORDSTROM SOLUTION AND B RONNIKOV ABG spacetimes, 2016, Physics Letters B, 760, pp. 759.
[8] Nordstrom, G., The spherically symmetric gravitational field, 1918,
SOLUTION
Annalen der Physik, 26, pp. 1201.
In this section we compare the characteristics of the [9] Novello, M. and Perez, E. and Salim, J., Singularities in general
relativity coupled to nonlinear electrodynamics, 2000, Annalen der
motion of the different types of particles in the two geome- Physik, 17, pp. 3821.
tries under scrutiny (Reissner-Nordstrom and Bronnikov). To [10] Pellicer, R. and Torrence, R., Duality rotations and type D solutions
achieve this goal, a common value for the external horizon to Einstein equations with nonlinear electromagnetic sources, 1969,
Journal of Mathematical Physics, 10, pp. 1718.
R+ has been taken for both geometries R+ = 0.98. Such [11] Reissner, H., Uber die Eigengravitation des elektrischen Feldes nach
a value correspond to the parameter λ = 0.14 (in the der Einsteinschen Theorie, 1916, Annalen der Physik, 355, pp. 106.
case of Reissner-Nordstrom) and ξ ≈ 0.952 (in the case [12] Romero, G., The singularities as ontological limits of the general
relativity, 2013, Foundations Of Science, 18, pp. 297.
of Bronnikov). As we see in figure 2, in the three cases
the attraction felt by all the three types of particles due