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CH 5 Research

The document discusses theoretical frameworks and hypothesis development. It defines theory as an interrelated set of statements used to explain or predict phenomena. Theories can be generated through deductive or inductive reasoning. A theoretical framework identifies important variables and relationships between them based on prior research. It provides a conceptual model of the relationships being studied. Hypotheses state proposed relationships between variables and guide empirical testing. Well-developed hypotheses are an essential part of building theory.

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Karam Alhaj
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36 views31 pages

CH 5 Research

The document discusses theoretical frameworks and hypothesis development. It defines theory as an interrelated set of statements used to explain or predict phenomena. Theories can be generated through deductive or inductive reasoning. A theoretical framework identifies important variables and relationships between them based on prior research. It provides a conceptual model of the relationships being studied. Hypotheses state proposed relationships between variables and guide empirical testing. Well-developed hypotheses are an essential part of building theory.

Uploaded by

Karam Alhaj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THEORETICAL

FRAMEWORK
and
Hypothesis Development

Business Research Methods


MGMT 381
Theory
◼ An interrelated set of statements of
relationships whose purpose is to explain or
predict
◼ Device for interpreting, criticizing
established laws, modifying them, guiding to
discovery of new theories/generalizations
◼ Purpose of theory: to a) explain or b)
predict of occurrences of certain
phenomena and to c) highlight the
important concepts and relationships in a
problem situation
How are theories
generated?
Deductive reasoning (conclusion derives
from something known to be true)
1.Identify problem
2.Define purpose
3.Develop research questions
4.Conduct review of literature
5.Develop hypotheses
6. Determine measures
7. Collect data
8. Analyze data
9. Interpret data
How are theories
generated?
◼ Science is accomplished by
deduction
How are theories
generated?
◼ Inductive reasoning (conclusion
derives on the basis of observation of
phenomena or facts)

◼ We observe cars on a street and note that


10 cars in a raw are white. But this does not
mean 11th car will be white

◼ Why does this happen? Develop hypothesis.


Test hypothesis.
Where do original ideas
come from?
◼ Intensive case study investigation
◼ Rules of thumb
◼ Hypotheses testing
Good Theory

◼ Guides the study


◼ Limits what the study wants to achieve
◼ Suggests the most appropriate
research design
◼ Provides a framework for the study
Theoretical Framework
◼ A conceptual framework of how a
researcher theorizes the relationships
among different phenomena and explains
these phenomena and why they are
associated with each other

◼ Identifies several factors and variables that


are important to the problem at hand
Theoretical Framework

◼ It is a logically developed, described


and elaborated network of
associations among variables identified
through interviews, observations and
literature review
Theoretical Framework
◼ Identifies the relationships among the
variables considered important to the study
of a problem

◼ Explains the theory underlying these


relationships, describes the nature and
direction of these relationships

◼ Foundation of the entire research project


The process of building
theoretical framework
◼ Introducing definitions of the concepts
examined or variables
◼ Developing a conceptual model that
provides a descriptive representation
of the theory developed
◼ Introducing a theory that provides an
explanation of relationships between
the variables in the model
Components of the
Theoretical Framework
◼ Variables relevant to the study
◼ Relationships among variables
◼ Nature and direction of the
relationship based on previous
research. Positive ? Negative?
◼ Explanation of why we would expect
these relationships to exist
◼ A schematic diagram of the theoretical
framework to visualize the theorized
relationships (visual model)
Main types of variables

◼ A variable is anything that can take on


differing or varying values
◼ Dependent (criterion) (DV)
◼ Independent (predictor) (IV)
◼ Moderating or explanatory - has a strong
influence on the IV-DV relationship,
modifies this relationship
◼ Intervening or mediating- temporarily
influences the DV and IV relationship
◼ Extraneous
The relationships between
independent and dependent
variables

Cultural Behavior
IV DV
Values

IV Number of Reading
DV
Books Ability
The relationships between IV, DV
and moderating variables

IV
Number of Reading
Books DV
Ability

Parents’ Moderating variable


Literacy
The relationships between IV, DV
and moderating variables

Quality of
IV Products Purchases DV

Consumers’
Moderating variable
Needs
The relationships between IV, DV,
intervening and moderating
variables
Intervening variable

Quality of
IV Products Purchases
WEATHER DV

Consumers’
Needs Moderating variable
Model

◼ Formalized (visual) representation of a


theoretical framework
◼ Designed through the use of symbols
or physical analogues
◼ Represents theory so that theory can
be tested, examined and analyzed
◼ Simplified versions of phenomena
under study
Example of a Model

IV Cost

IV Competitor’s
price
Price Setting DV

IV Target
profit

IV Target
market
Example of a Model
IVs

IV
Instructor

DV
IV Student MV
Effort Student
Technology
Performance
IV Study
Time

IV Student
Abilities
Propositions and
Hypotheses
◼ Statements about concepts which may be judged
as true or false if it refers to observable phenomena
◼ When a proposition is formulated for empirical
testing it is called a hypothesis
◼ A concrete statement of an abstract relationship
described in a theory (e.g. sales and economic
hardship are related)
◼ Relational (relationships between two or more
variables)
◼ Explanatory or causal (one concept explains or
causes the other one)
Hypotheses
◼ Guide the direction of the study
◼ Limit what we study
◼ Suggest the most appropriate research
design
◼ Provide a framework to organize the
conclusions
◼ Play an important role in the development
of theory
◼ Can be developed from the theoretical
framework
Definition of Hypothesis

◼ A hypothesis is an educated guess


about a problem’s solution

◼ Example:
If the pilots are given adequate
training to handle a plane, air
safety violations will be reduced
Directional Hypotheses
◼ If in stating the relationships between two
variables or comparing two groups terms,
such as ‘positive’, ‘negative’, ‘more than’,
‘less than’ and ‘the like’ are used then
these hypotheses are directional.
◼ Examples:
◼ Employees who are more healthy take sick
leave less frequently
◼ The greater the stress on the job, the lower
the job satisfaction
Non-directional Hypotheses

◼ If there is no indication of the


direction of the relationships or
differences then these hypotheses are
non-directional
◼ Examples:
There is a relationships between age and
job satisfaction.
There is a difference between the work
ethic values of American and Asian
employees.
Null Hypothesis
◼ Null Hypothesis (Ho)–the statement
expressed as no (significant) relationships
between the 2 variables or no (significant)
differences between 2 groups exist

◼ Null hypothesis is set up to be rejected in


order to support an alternative hypothesis
Alternative Hypothesis
◼ Alternative Hypothesis (H1) –is the
opposite of the null: statement expressing a
relationship between 2 variables or
indicating differences between 2 groups

◼ Ho is rejected if the results do not meet the


p<0.05 level of significance
Examples of Hypotheses

◼ Null Hypothesis: There is no


relationship between stress
experienced on the job and the job
satisfaction of employees.

◼ Alternative Hypothesis: There is a


relationships between stress
experienced on the job and the job
satisfaction of employees.
Why do we develop
hypotheses?
◼ Suggest variables to be included in the research
design
◼ Provide possible answers to the research
questions
◼ Allow researchers to speculate about possible
research question answers
◼ Example: Housing sales decrease because the
level of competition is extremely high
◼ Imply problem (decreased housing sales)
How to develop hypotheses?

◼ Depends on information available:


◼ 1) Information from previous research
◼ 2) Information from economics,
marketing, social, psychological
impacts of pricing on…, etc.
◼ 3) Manager’s experience with a
problem
When developing hypotheses
◼ Need to look at three elements:
a) Research question(s)
b) Hypothesis
c) Boundaries of study

◼ Example:
Research question: “Will our TV ad attract clients?
Hypothesis: “Yes, it will attract”

◼ Example:
Boundaries limit the research process, e g.
research is limited to only female and male, a
specific geographical region, a certain product.
Boundaries depend on the research purpose and
influence the value of the answer.

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