Exercises Lecture 3 - Answers

Viscous Flows
Ir. Nando Timmer
Salomon Voorhoeve
Delft University of Technology

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er as
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eH w
o.
rs e
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aC s
vi y re
ed d
ar stu
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C. Miller - CC - BY - SA 2.0

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 AE1110x - Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Exercise 1
B) The Navier-Stokes equations have not been solved up to now, so it is only possible to use
approximations and simplications of these equations. Therefore, statement 1 is false.
Friction is mostly present inside the boundary layer, but can be neglected outside of it. Hence,
statement 2 is true.

Exercise 2
The critical Reynolds number which Reynolds found was 2300. Using a density of 998.2 kg/m3 and
a (dynamic) viscosity of 0.001002 Pa
s, which can be found using multiple sources, this critical
Reynolds number corresponds to a ow speed of 2.309 m/s.

Exercise 3

m
er as
C) Inside the boundary layer Bernoulli's law is invalid, but we know that the point lies on the surface

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of the wing. On the surface, the uid adheres to that surface, so the velocity there is zero.

Exercise 4
eH w
o.
rs e 5
The dynamic viscosity can be found on multiple web sources and is 1.81
10 Pa
s.
ou urc
A)

B) We can then calculate the local Reynolds number:

Rex =
1
aC s

1:225
100
0:1

= = 676796
1:81
10 5

With that, we can calculate the boundary layer thickness for a laminar ow:
ed d

5:2x
= p
Rex
ar stu

5:2
0:1
= p = 0:000632 m = 0:632 mm
676796
is

Exercise 5
Th

The Reynolds number based on the complete length is 6.77
106 . The laminar skin friction drag
coecient can be found using:
1:328
sh

Cf = p
ReL
1:328
= p = 0:0005105
6:77
106

We can calculate the turbulent skin friction drag coecient using:

0:074
= = 0:003185
(6:77
106 )0:2

If we compare the two we see that the laminar boundary layer has just 16% of the skin friction
compared to the turbulent boundary layer!
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Answers to Exercises Lecture 3 - Viscous Flows 1
 AE1110x - Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering

Exercise 6
B) A turbulent boundary layer is thicker than a laminar boundary layer, hence the second answer
was the correct one.

Exercise 7
B) In the lecture, it was explained that in literature, often a lower bound of the critical Reynolds
number of 500,000 can be found.

Exercise 8
The solution to this question can be seen in the gure below:

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Figure 1: An illustration of the transition process of a ow, with the answers now in place.
vi y re

Exercise 9
ed d

When the boundary layer transitions from laminar to turbulent, the skin friction is higher. Therefore
ar stu

the oil is moved more than for the laminar case. This is why we can see the transition, so transition
occurs at 38% x/c.
is
Th
sh

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2 Answers to Exercises Lecture 3 - Viscous Flows
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