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Pit Furnace

A pit furnace is used for melting metals for casting and consists of a cylindrical steel shell lined with refractory bricks and enclosed by a grate and removable lid. Natural or forced draft is used to melt metals depending on their temperature. Coke is used as fuel and placed around a crucible containing the metal to be melted. Once the desired temperature is reached, the crucible is removed with tongs to pour the molten metal into molds.

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Muhammad Siddique
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356 views3 pages

Pit Furnace

A pit furnace is used for melting metals for casting and consists of a cylindrical steel shell lined with refractory bricks and enclosed by a grate and removable lid. Natural or forced draft is used to melt metals depending on their temperature. Coke is used as fuel and placed around a crucible containing the metal to be melted. Once the desired temperature is reached, the crucible is removed with tongs to pour the molten metal into molds.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Siddique
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pit Furnace

A furnace made in pit for melting metal for taking casting process is called a pit
furnace.
It consists of a cylindrical steel shell ,closed at the bottom with a grate and covered
with a removable lid.The shell is lined with refractory bricks from inside .Sometimes
the furnace is completely made in brick work instead of a steel shall .The draft of the
air through the furnace may be a natural draft for low melting temperature metals but
a force draft with the help of ablower to accelerate the melting process in case of
higher melting temperature metals and alloys.
To prepare the furnace for melting, a deep bed pf coke is kindled and allowed to burn
until a state of good combustion is attained .Some of the coke is removed to make
place for the crucible .The crucible is then lowered into furnace .The coke is replaced
and additional coke is put to surround the crucible on all sides.Metal is then charged
in the crucible and the furnace lid is replaced to give natural draft .When the metal
melts and reaches the desired temperature .The crucible is removed from the furnace
with special long handle tongs. De -gas and de-oxidise the metal when necessary.

Cores:
Core is a pre-prepared shape of the mould. It is used to provide internal cavities,
recesses, or projections in the casting. It is usually positioned into a mould after the
removal of the pattern.
A core is usually made of the best quality sand and is placed into desired position in
the mould cavity. Core prints are added to both sides of the pattern to create
impressions that allow the core to be supported and held at both ends.
When the molten metal is poured, it flows around the core and fill the rest of the
mould cavity. Cores are subjected to extremely severe conditions, and they must,
therefore, possess very high resistance to erosion, exceptionally high strength, good
permeability, good refractoriness, and adequate collapsibility.

Special vent holes are provided on the core to allow gasses to escape easily.
Sometimes, cores are reinforced with low carbon steel wires or even cast-iron grids
(in case of large cores) to ensure stability and resistance to shrinkage.

Types of Cores:
Generally, cores are of two types:
1. Green Sand Core:
A core formed by the pattern itself, in the same sand used for the mould is known as
green sand core. The pattern is so designed that it provides the core of green sand. The
hallow part in the pattern produces the green sand core. It is shown in Fig. 3.11 (a).
2. Dry Sand Core:
A core is prepared separately in core boxes and dried, is known as dry sand core. The
dry sand cores are also known as process cores. They are available in different sizes,
shapes and designs as per till requirement. Dry sand core is shown in Fig. 3.11. (b).
Some common types of dry-sand cores are:
(i) Horizontal Core:

The horizontal core is the most common type of core and is positioned horizontally at
the parting surface of the mould. The ends of the core rest in the seats provided by the
core prints on the pattern. This type of core can withstand the turbulence effect of the
molten metal poured. A horizontal core for gear blank mould is shown in Fig. 3.11
(c).

(ii) Vertical Core:

The vertical core is placed vertically with some of their portion lies in the sand.
Usually, top and bottom of the core is kept tapered but taper on the top id greater them
at bottom. A vertical core is shown in Fig. 3.11 (d).

(iii) Balance Core:

The balance core extends only one side of the mould. Only one core print is available
on the pattern for balance core. This is best suitable for the casting has only one side
opening. This is used for producing blind holes or recesses in the casting. A balance
core is shown in Fig. 3.12 (e).

(iv) Hanging Core:

The hanging core is suspended vertically in the mould. This is achieved either by
hanging wires or the core collar rests in the collar cavity created in the upper part of
the mould. This type of core does not have bottom support. A hanging core is shown
in Fig. 3.11 (h).

(v) Drop Core:

The drop core is used when the core has to be placed either above or below the
parting line. A drop core is shown in Fig. 3.11 (J). This core is also known as wing
core, tail core, chair core, etc.

(vi) Kiss Core:

The kiss core is used when a number of holes of less dimensional accuracy is required.
In this case, no core prints are provided and consequentially, no seat is available for
the core. The core is held in position approximately between the cope and drag and
hence referred as kiss core.

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