INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL & SCIENCE EDUCATION

2016, VOL. 11, NO. 18,11969-11977

OPEN ACCESS

Didactic Content of Constructively-Projective Function
of Students Learning: the Extrapolation in Information
Technology

Ruslan A. Kutueva, Elvira N. Nuriyevab, Tatyana R. Safiullinab, Nina I.

Kryukovac, Nataliya P. Tagirovad and Galina V. Karpenkoe
a
Chechen State University, Grozny, RUSSIA; Kazan National Research Technological
University, Kazan, RUSSIA; cPlekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, RUSSIA;
d
Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, RUSSIA; eUlyanovsk State Agricultural
Academy named after P.A. Stolypin, Ulyanovsk, RUSSIA

ABSTRACT
The relevance of the study is conditioned by a radical impact on the learning process of the
university by information technology, which put start a new phase in its transformation.
According to experts at the present time the main factor of efficiency of university’s activity
becomes the expansion of students’ learning activities, realized on the basis of new technologies
in educational environments which they create with the changed learning functions. In the
prevailing socio - pedagogical conditions the earlier priority educational - cognitive function
fades into the background, giving way to a constructively – projective one, performing the role of
not only the means of instruction and formation of students' creative work competences, but also
of didactic conditions for extrapolation of changed functions of training in information
technology. In this regard, the focus in this article is devoted to the establishment of the
theoretical - methodical approach to projecting of the structure and content of constructively-
projective function of students’ learning as a didactic direction of educational process’s
transformations in university, extrapolated for the implementation of information technologies.
The leading method of research is the pedagogical modeling, allowing justifying of theoretical
and practical effectiveness of the structure and content of constructively- projective learning
function of student, extrapolated in the implementation of information technology in the
educational process. The article presents the discourse of the concept “constructive - projective
function of students' learning”; based on the results of the study the didactic structure and
content of constructive-projective function of students’ learning is justified, which is
extrapolated on the target, content, procedure and evaluation components of the modified
functions of information technology; practice - oriented approaches of extrapolation of
constructively - orienting function on the model of a specialist is established; the effectiveness
of the identified structure and content of the functions using the quality criteria of information
technologies is proved: conceptuality, integrity diagnostic ability, predictability, controllability,
efficiency, reproducibility, creativity are proved. Presented in the paper results of the study can
be useful for the practice of teachers, managers, trainers, facilitators of universities.

KEYWORDS ARTICLE HISTORY

Constructive - projective function, information technology, Received 29 September 2016
educational process, didactic transformation, extrapolation, Revised 28 October 2016
projecting method Accepted 19 November 2016

CORRESPONDENCE Ruslan A. Kutuev kra-07@mail.ru

© 2016 Kutuev et al. Open Access terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) apply. The license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, on the condition that users give exact credit to the original author(s) and the source,
provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if they made any changes.











11970 R. A. KUTUEV ET AL.

Introduction
The relevance of research
The intensive introduction of information technologies in educational
process of university creates objective conditions for its systemic
transformations. The primary objective of these reforms becomes restart
functions of the educational process: from educational - cognitive to
constructively - projective, performing the role of not only means of students'
teaching and creative work competencies’ formation, but also didactic conditions
for extrapolation of changed functions of training in information technology.
This trend is observed in the majority of studies on actual problems of didactics
(Novikov, 2006; Khutorskoy, 2001; Choshanov, 2013; D`Angelo, 2007; Mitra,
2005; Ruthven, 2002; Kalimullin & Islamova, 2016). The study found that
interest in the restart of training functions in university is conditioned by the re-
interpretation of the traditional didactics and search for modern approaches to
the development on the basis of its e-didactics (didactics of "e - Learning»), in
which the constructive – projective is a core function. It was revealed that in the
traditional didactics the constructively – projective function is based on the
profession-graphic approach (Kuzmina, 1979; Slastenin & Podymova, 1997) in
accordance with the requirements of the professional model in three ways: 1)
professional level of young specialist (profession-gram); 2) his personality
qualities (techno-gram); 3) the willingness of the individual to the professional
activities (techno-gram). In accordance with these requirements the content
filling of constructive function by components of projecting activity is carried
out: 1) constructive - target activities: involves the analysis of requirements for
training, competences and projecting on this basis of purposes of the training,
development and education in the process of studying academic subjects; 2)
constructive - content activities involves the selection and projecting of the
content of educational material; 3) constructive - procedural activity involves the
projecting of forms, methods and means of education, the structure and
sequence of actions of the teacher and students, as well as the projecting of the
resource base of training, selection and construction of manuals, technical
equipment, laboratory equipment, cabinets, etc .; 4) constructive - evaluation
activity involves projecting of an effective system of monitoring and evaluation
of students’ educational activity. In modern conditions of the dominance of
information technology in the educational process of university the
constructively - projecting function is characterized by the orientation not only
on the implementation of modified qualification requirements of the university
graduate’s model: "the expert - researcher – designer-constructor," but firstly
and foremost on the extrapolation of didactic components of modified function
for information technology with the use of multimedia within the boundaries of
the real learning process. In this regard, the focus in this article is devoted to
the establishment of the theoretical - methodical approach to the projecting of
the structure and content of constructively-projective function of student’s
learning as a didactic direction of transformations of university educational
process, extrapolated for the implementation of information technologies. To this
end, the paper presents the discourse of the concept “constructive - projective
function of students' learning”; didactic structure and content of constructively-
projective function of students’ learning is justified, extrapolated to the target,
content, procedure and evaluation components of the modified function of




INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL & SCIENCE EDUCATION 11971

information technology; practice - oriented approaches of extrapolation of

constructively - orienting function on the model of a specialist are established;
the effectiveness of the identified structure and content of the function using the
quality criteria of information technology is proved: conceptuality, integrity
diagnostic ability, predictability, controllability, efficiency, reproducibility,
creativity.
Literature review
The evolution of the content "constructive - projective function of
students’ learning"
The study finds that the interest in constructively – projective function of
students’ training is manifested at all stages of socio - pedagogical
transformations of university and is determined by the requirements’ projecting
to a specialist and their compliance with the educational process, the content of
curricula, programs, technology of training. In this regard, a special role belongs
to research the Russian scientist N.F. Talyzina (1975). According to her concept,
the first step of transition of educational - cognitive function to constructively –
projective one is the definition of typical professional tasks projected for future
activities. Typical tasks have inherent hierarchy, which are simultaneously a
hierarchy of objectives of constructively – projective function: 1) the upper level
– these are the tasks of the century, which are determined by the nature of the
historical epoch, the solution of which is the right and duty of every person,
regardless of a particular profession; 2) second level are economic objectives
which should be able to solve every modern specialist; 3) the third level -
professional tasks. These tasks in the most general form for any specialty
practically are expressed in a constructive – projective function, oriented on
sustainable competences of projecting, construction and implementation of the
results in this area of knowledge or activity. On the basis of objectives’ hierarchy
of constructively – projective functions proposed by N.F. Talyzina (1975), in the
course of this research the approaches to professional’s training who is able to
work in the new information environment, with high demands to the reboot of
constructively - projective function of activity are justified: analytical and
organizational in the sphere of information resources; projecting and
engineering in the field of information technology; constructing of new,
rethinking of the content of educational material; projecting in the field of
forecasts of future activities; selection of alternatives in the projecting and
construction of their own educational strategies, career; planning for their own
life and others. It is proved that in the didactic structure of the modern
educational process, this function is extrapolated on the projecting of
information technology in general, as well as on its specific elements’
construction: objectives, content, process and information resources.
The difference between the views of the scientists on the research
problem
The first attempts to apply informational (technology) approach to
university didactics began to be undertaken in 90 years in the European
countries on the example of the didactics of mathematics (Douady, 1997; Artigue
& Perrin-Glorian, 1991; Artigue, 1992). In these studies, particular attention is
paid to the constructive – projective function of students’ training, which is seen





11972 R. A. KUTUEV ET AL.

as a condition for implementation by a teacher of the sequence of didactic actions

to implement the training project with the students. Somewhat different these
processes are considered by K. Ruthven (2002). He argues that the didactic
content of the educational process, including the content of constructively-
projective function, is none other than the precise projecting of the students’
training process, which can then be played back at another point of time and
space when there is predetermined conditions’ implementation. This approach
coincides with the definition of educational technology by Russian scientists V.P.
Bespal’ko (1995) and M.V. Klarin (2002): technology is the object of the
projecting teaching and subject of restart its changed functions. In the works of
other Russian authors (Yepisheva, 2003, Zagvyazinsky, 2001; Isaev, 2001;
Logvinov, 2005; Polat, 2000; Erdniyev, 1992; Zizek, 1996; Yakimanskaya, 2000)
the results are presented of investigation of the problem of extrapolation
constructively – projective function of students’ training in information
technology, educational trends of functions’ reboot in educational university
process, depending on the level of elaboration of information technology. During
the study of alternative points of view on the problem of new generation of
specialists’ training it is found that the restart of information technology on the
basis of the didactic content of constructively-projective function of university
students’ training meets the imperatives of modern educational policies of the
university.
Results
The structure and content of constructively-projective function of
students’ training
The origins of ideas about rethinking the traditional structure of university
students’ training functions (training, organization, communication, learning
tools) are in the works of J. Dewey (1997), A.N. Leont’ev (1977), B. Bloom (2000),
who proved a psychological demand by the person of the following fields of
application of acquired knowledge: acquisition of knowledge (knowledge),
understanding of knowledge (comprehension), application of knowledge
(application), analysis of knowledge (analysis), generalization (synthesis),
assessment (evaluation). In these areas of application of knowledge a specific
role by the authors is assigned to constructively - projective learning function,
which is characterized by identical constructive or projective sense. The practical
usefulness of this taxonomy is widely applied in modern conditions of an
intensification of information technology. The study finds that high-priority
requirement for professionals in the labor market is recognized maturity of
constructively – projective function, the structure and the contents of which
correspond to the knowledge-based activities:
- target activities (analysis of activities’ problems, the requirements to the
competences and projecting on this basis of flexible adaptation to the changing
conditions of study and work, self-reliance and self-organization in learning and
practical activity; scientifically reasonable use of formed competences in creative
activities; professional use of information resources, improving of knowledge
about new technologies, sources of information resources, electronic and digital
technologies, etc.).;
- content activities (selection and projecting of the information’s content,
competent processing of the information received, formed ability to systematize




INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL & SCIENCE EDUCATION 11973

the facts needed to solve technological problems, analyze them, hypothesizing

for solving problems, carrying out generalizations, comparisons with similar or
alternative solutions; formulation of reasoned conclusions on the application of
the received results for new challenges;
- procedural activity (projecting and implementation of creative work based
on matrices of connection of individual requirements of qualifying
characteristics (tasks and functions of constructively - projecting activity)
disciplines’ blocks (humanitarian, professional, special), as well as
interdisciplinary relationships (inter-courses, interdisciplinary, at the level of
specific intra-subject topics or sections, individual projects, electives, etc.).;
- evaluation activities (an effective system of monitoring and evaluation of
educational activity of students). The starting material for the realization of
such estimation technology is educational - methodical case, which has
information about a problem in the content of the subject. The students
thoroughly analyze and discuss the problem, substantiate its decision, involving
independent experts through media technologies (email, chat, video blog, Skype).
The study proves that in the process of analyzing and searching for optimal
solutions not only professionally - significant competences of the person are
projected (achievement motivation, critical attitude, corporative culture and
responsibility), but there is a process of extrapolation constructively - projective
function on the functions of information technologies, transforming them into a
didactic condition for students’ training.
Constructively - projective function in the structure of the model of
the future specialist
Established hierarchy of training functions in the educational activity of the
majority of universities by inertia is determined by the dominance of the
traditional priorities, as evidenced by the continuing tendency of the system’s
projecting: specialist’s educational model - a model of specialist’s training -
predictive model of activity.
1. Model of a specialist. It is proved that in real educational practice of
universities functions often are not reflective or they are replaced by reference
on general, vague goals, such as - "to provide fundamental training in a
particular area." "In addition, the general objectives of content of training or
education are stated, a list of competences is offered that meet the criteria: to
know, to be able to do, to own. V.P. Bespal'ko (1995), such a way of describing
the function called a diagnostic mission of objective. To remove the existing
contradictions, he developed a high-quality scale for assessment of the levels of
knowledge and abilities of students, depending on what kind of activities they
can provide: 1) the recognition of information; 2) reproduction of information; 3)
commission of the productive activities on assimilated algorithm (reproductive
activities); 4) the implementation of productive activities on the basis of self-
constructed program (creative activity). Such an operational way to create goals
requires possession of a special methodology. The set of final goals - a list of
tasks that a specialist must be able to solve at the end of training in university
didactics is defined as a model of a professional.
2. Model of future specialist’s training. It is found that the specialist’s model
itself is not a psychological - pedagogical tool. It is based on job description, in
which the system of requirements to the professionals is fixed involved in the





11974 R. A. KUTUEV ET AL.

labor niche in the production system. It describes the purpose and general
nature of the activity of a specialist, it is enumerated what he must know, to be
able to do, what personal qualities should he possess. Professional’s model
becomes thus a tool for solving psycho - pedagogical problems when based on it a
model of future professional’s training is constructed, which reflects the
projection of the requirements to a specialist on the requirements of the
educational process’s organization, to the content of curricula, programs and
learning technologies. According to N.F. Talyzina (1975), the transition from
specialist’s models to the model of its training depends fully on the typical tasks
of the future professional activity, having their own hierarchy, which determines
the hierarchy of higher education’s functions. These are: 1) the problems of the
century; 2) economic objectives; 3) the professional tasks.
3. The predictive model of activity of a specialist. It is created as a
pedagogical mechanism to "reboot" of student learning functions. Its
effectiveness is proved on the following grounds: a specialist’s activity model is
rapidly becoming obsolete. It is found that the development of the productive
areas is ahead of specialists’ training in university. We need new approaches for
the removal of such contradictions. The growing role of constructive - projective
function is radically changes the traditional model of a specialist and creates the
preconditions for the development of predictive models of activity of a specialist,
which specifies the list of subjects of all cycles of disciplines to be studied,
number of hours, the study format, technology, the criteria, detailed curricula of
specific disciplines and others. On the realization stage of the predictive model of
a specialist’s activity the final "output" targets of higher education, intermediate
or auxiliary, dominant in the formulation of substantive goals are tested.
Separate items are making different contributions to the final goal. Therefore, it
is necessary to project an integrated system of the final and intermediate
objectives - from the professional’s model to the private purposes of separate
topics. On the basis of this system the structure of subjects is created to be
studied in professionals’ training for a particular specialty.
Extrapolation of constructively - projective function on information
technology
The research proves that the most productive ones, allowing to characterize
not only quantitative but also qualitative parameters of the process of
extrapolation of constructive-projective function of university students’ training
on the implementation of information technology are three groups of criteria.
The first group - the criteria for technology assessment at the projecting stage:
the possibility of separating the learning process into interconnected procedures,
steps, operations; algorithmic nature; technological sequence of operations and
procedures; controllability of the learning process. The second group - technology
assessment criteria at the stage of implementation: assessment of learning
content; evaluation of the use of teaching methods; evaluation of the used
teaching and information tools; assessment of the organization of training. The
third group - the criteria of the effectiveness of the learning outcomes: the
assimilation of knowledge, depth, consistency, awareness, the volume of
assimilated knowledge, the speed of assimilation of educational material;
maturity of the oriented basis of activity: the accuracy of the students’ making of
educational - instructive card; completeness of the information provided in the
card by students; self-completion in cards’ filling; formation of professional




INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL & SCIENCE EDUCATION 11975

abilities and skills: workflow orientation, rationality, organization of work and

the workplace; autonomy at work; compliance with safety regulations and
training of professional work; the applicability of theoretical knowledge in the
performance of tasks; the use of electronic, digital, computer technology; the
rational in projecting of information technology; time used to perform tasks.
The efficiency of the established criteria in the selection process of
information technology is proved: 1) target orientation technology of
constructively - projective function on information technology; 2) technology of
taking into account the specifics of the constructively - projective function in the
content of the material being studied; 3) the technology of implementation of
constructive – projective function in personalization and differentiation of
training; 4) technology of scientific - methodical readiness formation of the
teacher to extrapolate constructively - projective function; 5) technology for
implementation of constructively – projective function of the resource support in
the educational process.
Discussion
The results of this study confirm the problem’s relevance of extrapolating of
constructively – projective function of learning of the university students in
information technology, its theoretical and practical importance to rethink the
didactic content, scientific - methodical and resource support for the educational
process. The study confirmed the assumption of authoritative scholars
(D`Angelo, 2007; Mitra, 2005; Ruthven, 2002; Bespal'ko, 1995; Zagvyazinsky,
2001; Choshanov, 2013; Erdniyev, 1992) that constructively - projective function
is a highly precise projecting of students' learning process, is the object of study
projecting and the subject of its changed functions’ restart when the
predetermined conditions’ implementation. It is found that the process of
extrapolation of constructively - projective functions in information technology is
conditioned by the intensification of the latter, which determine the change of all
training functions. The efficiency of the use of constructively-projective function
is proved in the process of rethinking both categories of didactics and models of
training of students - the future experts of high-tech industry. Scientifically
proved and experimentally confirmed that constructive - projective function is
an effective didactic condition for changing of target, content, process and
evaluation components of information technology. Theoretical - methodical base
for use of constructively - projective function of university students’ training as a
didactic condition for extrapolation in information technology to rethink their
basic functions are proved and confirmed by the results of experimental studies
using the criteria of the quality of information technologies: conceptuality,
integrity diagnostic nature, predictability, controllability, efficiency ,
reproducibility, creativity (see Table 1).

Table 1. Dynamics of extrapolation of constructively - projective function in information
technology of university students’ training (using the 5-point rating scale).
Quality Quality indicators of information technology
criteria of target content process - resource
information technological
technology. The The The The end The The end The The
start end of start of the start of the start end of
of the the of the experim of the experim of the the
experi experi experim ent experim ent experim experi





11976 R. A. KUTUEV ET AL.

ment ment ent ent ent ment

Conceptual 1,3 2,5 2,8 3,9 1,8 2,5 2,1 4,0
Integrity 1,5 2,5 1,5 3,2 2,0 2,9 2,9 4,7
Diagnostic 1, 5 2,7 1,7 2,9 2,9 3,6 3,0 4,7
nature.
Predictive 1,7 2,5 1,8 2,7 1.5 2,9 3,0 4,3
Controllabili 1,4 2,6 1,5 2,6 1,3 2,9 3,4 4,5
ty
Efficiency 1,6 2,4 1,4 2,8 1,6 3,0 3,6 6,5
Reproducibil 1,4 2,6 1,3 2,5 1,5 3,0 3,7 6,0
ity
Creativity 1,5 2,8 1,4 2,0 1,7 3,7 3,6 6,8

Conclusion
The study confirms the theoretical and practical significance of the problem
of extrapolation of didactic content of constructively – projective function of
students’ training in information technology of university training process. With
this purpose, the paper presents the discourse of the concept “constructive –
projective function of students' training”; justifies didactic structure and content
of constructively-projective function of student’ training, extrapolated in the
target, content, process and evaluation components of the modified function of
information technology; establishes practice - oriented approaches of
extrapolation of constructively - orienting function on the model of a specialist;
proves the effectiveness of the identified structure and content of the function
using the quality criteria of information technologies: conceptuality, integrity
diagnostic nature, predictability, controllability, efficiency, reproducibility,
creativity. This problem as a research direction is not exhausted by the solution
of the stated goals and objectives. Important significance for the theory and
practice of university educational process has a deeper and more detailed study
of the ratio of didactic components of educational technologies with resource
sources of electronic technologies; planning of university educational process,
which goes beyond the boundaries of the objective content of students’ training;
projecting of new models of teachers’ and students’ activities; implementation of
multidisciplinary technologies based on digital resources.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes on contributors
Ruslan A. Kutuev – PhD, Associate Professor, Vice-Rector for Science and
Innovation, Chechen State University, Grozny, Russia.
Elvira N. Nuriyeva – PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Chemistry,
Nizhnekamsk Institute for Chemical Technology (Branch) of Kazan National Research
Technological University, Kazan, Russia.
Tatyana R. Safiullina - PhD, Associate Professor, Dean of Technological Faculty,
Nizhnekamsk Institute for Chemical Technology (Branch) of Kazan National Research
Technological University, Kazan, Russia.
Nina I. Kryukova - Doctor of Law, Professor, Head of the Department of Criminal
Law Disciplines, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia.




INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL & SCIENCE EDUCATION 11977

Nataliya P. Tagirova - PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Physical

Education and Sport, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia.
Galina V. Karpenko - PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Agricultural
Technology, Machinery and Safety, Ulyanovsk state agricultural Academy named after P.
A. Stolypin, Ulyanovsk, Russia.

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