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Chapter 2 (A) Principles of Unsteady-State Mass Transfer

1. The document discusses principles of unsteady-state mass transfer, deriving an equation similar to the heat transfer equation. 2. It provides examples of diffusion in various geometries like a flat plate, cylinder, and sphere, noting that charts can be used to solve for concentration over time. 3. The effects of convective mass transfer at surfaces is introduced, with different interface conditions defined by an equilibrium coefficient.

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678 views20 pages

Chapter 2 (A) Principles of Unsteady-State Mass Transfer

1. The document discusses principles of unsteady-state mass transfer, deriving an equation similar to the heat transfer equation. 2. It provides examples of diffusion in various geometries like a flat plate, cylinder, and sphere, noting that charts can be used to solve for concentration over time. 3. The effects of convective mass transfer at surfaces is introduced, with different interface conditions defined by an equilibrium coefficient.

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La Casa Jordan
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Chapter 2 (a)

Principles of Unsteady-State
Mass Transfer
Introduction
 In previous chapter, we considered various mass transfer systems where the
concentration or partial pressure at any point and the diffusion flux were
constant with time, hence at steady state.

 Before steady state can be reached, time must elapse after the mass transfer
process is initiated for the unsteady-state conditions to disappear.

 For unsteady-state heat transfer, the following an equation was derived:

T  2T
 2
t x
 In the same manner, an unsteady state mass transfer equation can be
derived by applying a mass balance on component A.

2
 Consider the elemental solid
shown in the drawing where A is
diffusing the x-direction
 Mass balance on component A in
terms of moles without generation:

Rate of input = rate of output + rate of accumulation


c A
rate of input  N Ax x   DAB
x x
c A

rate of output  N Ax xx  D
x x  x
AB

Rate of accumulation is as follows for the volume xyz m3:


c
rate of accumulati on  (xyz ) A c c
t DAB A  DAB A
Combining the three terms and dividing by xyz: x x  x x x c A

x x
As x approaches zero: c   c 
A
  DAB A  x  x
t x  x 
3
 For constant diffusivity DAB: c A  2c A
 DAB cA = cA(x,t)
t x 2
 Similar derivation can be obtained for diffusion in all three direction:
c A   2c A  2c A  2c A 
 DAB  2  2  2 
t  x y z 

 Because of mathematical similarity between the equation for heat conduction,


mathematical method used for solution of the unsteady-state heat-conduction can
be used for unsteady-state mass transfer.

4
Diffusion in a Flat Plate with Negligible Surface Resistance
 Consider the unsteady-state diffusion in the x direction for a plate of thickness 2x1.
 For a very high mass-transfer coefficient outside the
surface, resistance will be negligible and the concentration
at the surface will be equal to that in the fluid, c1
 Initial and boundary conditions:
c c
c = c0, t = 0, x = x, Y  1 0  1
c1  c0
c1  c1
c = c1, t = t, x = 0, Y  0
c1  c0
c1  c1 Define dimensionless conc.:
c = c1, t = t, x = 2x1, Y  0 c1  c Y  2Y
c1  c0 Y  DAB 2
c1  c0 t x
Solution is an infinite Fourier series:
c1  c 4 1  12  2 X  1x 1  32  2 X  3x 1  52  2 X  5x 
Y   exp    sin  exp    sin  exp    sin    
c1  c0  1  4  2 x1 3  4  2 x1 5  4  2 x1 
where: X  Dt x12

5
Unsteady-State Diffusion in Various Geometries
 Solution of unsteady-state mass transfer is time-consuming
convenient charts for various geometries are available.

 Previously, we discussed the case of negligible convective resistance at the


surface. However, in many cases when a fluid is outside the solid, convective
mass transfer is occurring at the surface.

 Convective mass-transfer coefficient (kc) is similar to convective heat transfer


(h), and is defined as follows:

N A  kc (cL1  cLi )

where
kc = mass transfer coefficient, in m/s
cL1= bulk fluid concentration, in kg mol A/m3
cLi= fluid concentration just adjacent to the surface, in kg mol A/m3

6
 Different interface conditions
are shown in the drawing

 Concentration drop across the


fluid is cL1 – cLi

 The concentration of the fluid


adjacent to the surface, cLi, is
related to the concentration of
the fluid in the solid, ci, by the
following equilibrium equation:

cLi Figure 7.1-3. Interface conditions for convective mass transfer


K and an equilibrium distribution coefficient K = CLi / Ci:
ci
(a) K = 1; (b) K > 1; (c) K < 1; (d) K > 1 and Kc = ∞.
K: equilibrium distribution
coefficient
(similar to Henry’s law coefficient for a gas and liquid)

7
1. Relation between mass and heat
Transfer parameters.

Charts for unsteady heat transfer can be


used to predict concentration in
unsteady-state mass transfer by diffusion

2. Charts for diffusion in various


geometries (Geankoplis, pp: 367-374)

• Semi infinite solid (Fig 5.3-3)


• Flat plate (Fig 5.3-5/6)
• Long cylinder (Fig 5.3-7/8)
• Sphere (Fig 5.3-9/10)
• Average concentration,
zero convective resistance (Fig 5.3-13)

8
Figure 5.3-3. Unsteady-state heat conducted in a semi-infinite solid
with surface convection.

9
Figure 5.3-5. Unsteady-state heat conduction in a large flat plate.
Figure 5.3-6. Chart for determining temperature at the center of a
large flat plate for unsteady-state heat conduction.
Figure 5.3-7. Unsteady-
state heat conduction in a
long cylinder.

12
Figure 5.3-8. Chart for determining temperature at the center of a
long cylinder for unsteady-state heat conduction.

13
Figure 5.3-9. Unsteady-state
heat conduction in a sphere.

14
Figure 5.3-10. Chart for determining temperature at the center of a
sphere for unsteady-state heat conduction.

15
Figure 5.3-13. Unsteady-
state conduction and
average temperatures for
negligible surface
resistance.

16
Figure 7.1-3. Interface conditions for convective mass transfer
and an equilibrium distribution coefficient K = CLi / Ci:
(a) K = 1; (b) K > 1; (c) K < 1; (d) K > 1 and Kc = ∞.

JUST
Department of Chemical Engineering Mass Transfer – ChE 461 Chapter 1-17
JUST
Department of Chemical Engineering Mass Transfer – ChE 461 Chapter 1-18
JUST
Department of Chemical Engineering Mass Transfer – ChE 461 Chapter 1-19
JUST
Department of Chemical Engineering Mass Transfer – ChE 461 Chapter 1-20

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