NAVAL RESERVE OFFICER TRAINING CORPS

Military Science –1 (MS-1)

COURSE ORIENTATION

Training Regulation
Introduction:

The conduct of this training program is embodied under the provisions of RA 9163 and RA 7077 and the following
regulations shall be implemented to all students enrolled in the Military Science Training to produce quality enlisted and officer
reservists for the AFP Reserve Force.

Attendance:

a. A minimum attendance of nine (9) training days or eighty percent (80%) of the total number of ROTC training days per
semester shall be required to pass the course.
b. Absence from instructions maybe excuse for sickness, injury or other exceptional circumstances.
c. A cadet/ cadette (basic/advance) who incurs an unexcused absence of more than three (3) training days or twenty percent
(20%) of the total number of training during the semester shall no longer be made to continue the course during the school
year.
d. Three (3) consecutive absences will automatically drop the student from the course.

Grading:
a. The school year which is divided into two (2) semesters must conform to the school calendar as practicable.
b. Cadets/ cadettes shall be given a final grade for every semester, such grade to be computed based on the following
weights:
1. Attendance - - - - - - - - - - 30 points
2. Military Aptitude - - - - - 30 points
3. Subject Proficiency - - - - 40 points

Subject proficiency is forty percent (40%) apportioned to the different subjects of a course depending on the relative
importance of the subject and the number of hours devoted to it. It is the sum of the weighted grades of all subjects.

The weighted grades of a subject are computed as follows:

SP = Raw Score / Total number of test item x 50 + 50

= SPG x 40%
= SP Final Points

Provided, however, that a midshipman must obtain a minimum of twenty eight (28) points in subject proficiency and
twenty four (24) points in attendance in order to pass the course for the semester/trimester.

c. Each cadet/ cadette shall be given one hundred (100) merits at the beginning of every semester. Additional merits may be
awarded for attending special formations, parades or other activities outside of prescribed training hours. For every infraction
of regulations, he shall be penalized by demerits as prescribed.

Ex. Military Aptitude: 100 Merits – Total Demerits x 30%

d. List of Demerits with Corresponding Penalties:

1. Class A (Punishable by discharge) Gross disrespect to superior officers, abuse of authority, illegal collection and
destruction of military or school property.
1.1 Gross disrespect to superior officers
1.2 Assaults a superior officer under any pretext.
1.3 Abuse of authority or manhandles his subordinates
1.4 Cheating during graded examinations
1.5 Collects any fees or contributions from the members of the Midshipman Corps without expressed authority of the ROTC
Commandant
1.6 Ignore or violate standing instructions
1.7 Deliberately mutilate, destroy, or render unserviceable any military or school property

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1.8 Commits any act similar in nature and category to the aforementioned offenses

2. Class B (6-10 Demerits). Grave Misdemeanor

2.1 Talking to a superior officer in a begrudging and hostile manner
2.2 Disobeys legal orders from superiors.
2.3 Deliberately telling things proved to be false.
2.4 Making boisterous remarks or catcalls at any woman while in ranks or in any prescribed formation
2.5 Sleeping in classroom or in any place of instruction while such instructions is being conducted
2.6 Report late in any formation or prescribed place of assembly
2.7 Commits any act similar in nature and category to the aforementioned offenses

3. Class C (4-5 Demerits) Less Grave Misdemeanor

3.1 Slouching in ranks
3.2 Walking in uniform without headgear
3.3 Sleeves of uniform rolled up or caught in the act rolling the sleeves of his ROTC uniform
3.4 Spitting while in ranks or formation
3.5 Rolling of eyeballs when at parade rest or does any act that would be detrimental to the discipline while in ranks
3.6 Chew gums or tobacco when reporting to an officer
3.7 Carelessly lays aside his rifle
3.8 Wearing dirty uniform
3.9 Commits any act similar in nature and category to the Aforementioned Offenses

4. Class D (1-3 Demerits). Minor Misdemeanor and Omissions

4.1 No nameplate, insignias and other uniform paraphernalia
4.2 Shoes not shined and wrongly tied
4.3 Brass articles are not shined
4.4 Long hair
4.5 Dirty face and mustache
4.6 Missing buttons or unbuttoned pockets
4.7 Wearing uniform other than one prescribed
4.8 Malingering
4.9 Falling out from ranks without permission
4.10 Standing on one leg
4.11 Sitting while in ranks
4.12 Leaning or sitting on his rifle
4.13 Drops or lazily drags his rifles
4.14 Commits any act similar in nature and category to the aforementioned offenses

LEGAL BASIS
Lesson Objectives:
Upon completion of this topic, the student will:
a. Explain R.A. 9163
b. Enumerate the three (3) components of NSTP.
c. State the objectives of NSTP
d. State the branch of government that supervises the implementation of each component.

INTRODUCTION:
Republic Act 9163 is an act establishing the National Training Program (NSTP) for the tertiary level students,
amending for the purpose Republic Act No. 7077, Presidential Decree No. 1706, and for other purposes.

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental Law Pertinent to R. A. 9163

1. Sec 2. R. A 9163 hereby affirms the prime duty of the government to serve and protect its citizens. In turn, it shall be the
responsibility of all citizens to defend the security of the state and in the fulfillment thereof, the government may require each
citizen to render personal, military or civil services.

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2. The National Training Service Training Program (NSTP) forms part of the curricula of all baccalaureate degree courses and
at of least two (2) year technical – vocational courses. The course shall be a requisite for graduation, consisting of the
following service components.

 Reserve Officer’s Training Corps (ROTC), which is hereby made optional and voluntary upon the effectivity of this
Act.
 Literacy Training Services; and
 Civic Welfare Training Service

3. Sec. 15(4) of Batas Pambansa Bilang 323 likewise provides that it is the duty and responsibility of students to
participate actively in civic affairs and be involved in the promotion of the general welfare of the people particularly in the social,
economic and cultural development of the community and in the attainment of a just, compassionate and orderly society.

Implementing Rules and Regulation of RA 9163

Pursuant to Section 12 Republic Act No. 9163 otherwise known as the National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act
of 2001, the Commission of Higher Education (CHED), Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), and
Department of National Defense (DND), in consultation with concerned government agencies, the Philippine Association of
State Universities and Colleges (PASUC), Coordinating Council of Private Educational Association of the Philippines
(COCOPEA), Non-government Organizations, hereby jointly issue, adopt and promulgate the following Implementing Rules
and Regulations to implement the provisions of this Act.

A. Sec 1, Rule I, IRR to R. A. 9163 (Guiding Principle). While the prime duty of the government is to serve and
protect its citizens, in turn, it shall be the responsibility of all citizens to defend the security of the state, and in the fulfillment
thereof, the government may require each citizen to render personal military or civil service.

B. Sec 2. Rule I, IRR to R. A. 9163 ( Role of the Youth)

1. In recognition of the vital role of the youth in nation building, the state shall promote civic consciousness
among them and shall develop their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and social being. It shall inculcate the ideals of
patriotism, nationalism, and shall advance their involvement in public and civic affairs.

2. As the most valuable resources of the nation, they shall be motivated, trained, organized and involved in
military activities, literacy service, civic welfare programs and other similar endeavors in the service of the nation.

C. Sec. 4, Rule III, IRR to R. A. 9163 (Coverage)

1. All incoming freshmen students, male and female, starting School Year (SY) 2002 –2003, enrolled in any
baccalaureate and in at least two (2) year Technical – Vocational or associate courses, are required to complete one (1) NSTP
component of their choice as a graduation requirement.

2. All higher and technical-vocational educational institutions must offer at least one (1) of the NSTP
components.

a. State Universities and Colleges (SUCs), shall offer the ROTC Program and at least one (1) other
NSTP component.
b. The Philippine Military Academy (PMA), Philippine Merchant Marine Academy (PMMA), Philippine
National Police Academy (PNPA), and other SUCs of similar nature, in view of the special character of these institutions, are
exempted from the NSTP.
c. Private higher and technical-vocational education institutions with at least 350 midshipmen may
offer the ROTC Program and consequently establish/maintain a Department of Military Science and Tactics (DMST), subject to
the existing rules and regulations of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP).

D. Sec. 6 Rule III, IRR to R. A. 9163 (Duration/ Equivalent Course Unit):

1. Each of the aforementioned NSTP components shall be undertaken for an academic period of two (2) semesters.
It shall be credited for three (3) units per semester, for fifty four (54) to ninety (90) training hours per semester.

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 2. A one (1) summer program in lieu of the two (2) semester program may be designed, formulated and adopted by
the DND, CHED and TESDA, subject to the capability of the school and the AFP to handle the same.

E. Sec. 11, Rule V, IRR to R. A. 9163 (Organization of NSTP Graduates):

1. Graduates of the CWTS and LTS components of the NSTP shall belong to the National Service Reserve Corps
(NSRC) and could be tapped by the state for literacy and civic welfare activities, through the joint efforts of DND, CHED and
TESDA, in coordination with DILG, DSWD and other concerned agencies/ associations.
2. The CHED, TESDA and DND, in consultation with other concerned government agencies, shall issue the
necessary guidelines for the establishment, organization, maintenance and utilization of the National Reserve Corps.
3. Graduates of the ROTC program shall form part of the Citizen Armed Force, pursuant to R. A. 7077,
subject to the requirements of DND.

F. Sec. 13, Rule VI, IRR to R. A. 9163 (Transitory Provisions):

1. Male students who are currently enrolled but have not taken any of the Military Service (MS), Civic Welfare
Service (CWS) or Law Enforcement Service (LES) programs shall be covered by the NSTP law.
2. Male students who have completed two (2) semesters of the Expanded ROTC (E-ROTC) National Service
Program) are deemed to have complied with the NSTP law.
3. Students who are not covered by Section 13 of this Rule and have taken only one (1) semester or Basic
ROTC or E-ROTC/ NSP, shall be take one more semester of any NSTP components to qualify for graduation purposes.
4. Students who want to qualify for enlistment in the Reserve Force or attend the Advance ROTC program
shall undertake a special program for this purpose.

THE AFP ORGANIZATION

Lesson Objectives:
Upon completion of this topic, the student will
a. State the mission of the AFP and its branch of service.
b. Enumerate the three (3) branches of service of the AFP.
c. List the two (2) components of the AFP
d. Illustrate the AFP organization.

INTRODUCTION:
The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) recognizes the Constitution of the Republic as the legitimate expression of
the people’s will. It is mandated to serve and protect the people and secure the sovereignty of the state and the integrity of its
national territory from internal and external threats. The AFP pledges allegiance to the Filipino people, adheres to the principle
of supremacy of civilian authority over the military at all times and vows to uphold and defend the Constitution.

A. BRIEF HISTORY OF THE AFP:

The AFP identifies itself with the Filipino people’s historical struggles for freedom and justice and their vigilance
against any attempt to violate the country’s integrity and sovereignty. In retrospect, it recognizes the role of our forefathers as
freedom fighters and honors them for their democratic and nationalistic aspirations.

The AFP, as the embodiment of the cherished martial values and traditions of the Filipino people, traces its roots to
certain historical events foremost of which is the Battle of Mactan on 27 April 1521 where Lapu-Lapu, the acknowledged father
of the AFP, first demonstrated our love for freedom; the Dagohoy, Revolt in 1744, the Muslim resistance and other similar
uprisings against Spanish colonialism manifesting our fight against foreign domination; the founding of the Katipunan on 07
July 1892 by Andres Bonifacio, considered as the father of the Philippine Army, who proclaimed Filipinos solidarity; the Tejeros
Convention on 22 March 1897 which proclaimed officially our desire for complete independence and thereafter gave birth to
the Philippine Army. Subsequently, the Philippine Navy was created on 20 May 1898.
On 12 June 1898, the Philippine Independence was declared at Kawit, Cavite, and for the first time, the Philippine Flag
was unfurled by General Emilio Aguinaldo and our National Hymn was played. The Filipino-American hostilities between 1898
and 1899 further demonstrated the Filipino soldier’s best in terms of honor, valor, loyalty, duty and solidarity despite the

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overwhelming superiority of the enemy forces. To hasten the Philippine campaign on peace and order, the Philippine Military
Academy was organized on 25 October 1898.
On 21 December 1935, the National Defense Act was enacted officially to create the AFP. The Defense of Bataan and
Corregidor from the outbreak of World War II until 09 April and 06 May 1942 respectively against the Japanese invasion forces,
the active Philippine guerilla movement and the successful Anti-Huk campaign also best amplified the Filipino soldiers and love
of country.
The Philippine Air Force was later established on 01 July 1947. Moreover, it is also noteworthy that the AFP had
participated in international peace keeping efforts as its commitment to the United Nations such as the Philippine Expeditionary
Force to Korea (PEFTOK) in the early 50’s, the Philippine Air Force Contingent in Congo, Africa in the early 60’s and the
Philippine Civic Action Group (PHILCAG) in South Vietnam in the late 60’s. After the EDSA event, the AFP has vigorously
pursued a national reconciliation effort for peace and progress.

B. MISSION OF THE AFP

“To protect the people and secure the sovereignty of the state and the integrity of the national territory”.

C. CHAIN OF COMMAND (Commander-In-Chief, DND & AFP)

By virtue of the national Defense Act enacted officially on 21 December 1935, the Armed Forces of the Philippines was
created. The President is the Commander-In-Chief of the AFP. He/ She exercises strategic direction over the personnel and
the resources of the military establishments through the Secretary of the Department of National Defense, who also represents
his/ her in the executive function and in the supervision of the Defense Program of the country.

The Chief of Staff, AFP executes the command functions of the President in relation to strategy, tactics and
operations. He is also the immediate adviser of the Secretary of National Defense Program as prescribed by the Secretary of
National Defense. The Chief of Staff has command and control over all the elements of the AFP.

D. ORGANIZATION AND CAPABILITIES OF THE AFP:

The AFP is duly created by law as an integral part of the Executive Branch of the Government. It is well-organized and
disciplined body composed of a citizen armed force necessary for the defense and security of the state. It is headed by the
President as the Commander-In-Chief who exercises control, supervision and authority through a Chain of Command headed
by the Chief of Staff.
The organizational structure of the AFP provides for centralized direction and control of GHQ to ensure unity of efforts,
and the operations of the Major Services and other separate units are decentralized to achieve maximum operational
efficiency.
As provided for in the National Defense Act, as amended, the Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be composed of
the Regular Force and Reserve Force components.
The Regular Force is the permanent military organization which is maintained in time of peace and war. In time of peace,
the authorized active commissioned officer and enlisted personnel strength of the Regular Force is determined every year by
the Annual General and Special Appropriation Act. This strength however, does not only included those officers and EP who
are permanently commissioned or serving under voluntary enlistment in the Regular Force, but also those reserve officers and
enlisted reservists assigned for duty with the different services of the Regular Force.
The Reserve Force is the military organization that will come up physical existence only upon mobilization as may be
called upon by the Commander-In-Chief due to state of national emergency such as war or widespread disorder. Units of the
Reserve Force are “paper” organizations which come to being to augment the Regular Force confronting the threat to the
Nation. The Reserve Force organization includes the commissioned Reserved Officers and all citizen who have completed the
prescribed trainee instruction as provided by the National Defense Act and who are assigned as reservists to the organization
of the Reserve Force.
THE AFP
ORGANIZATION

THE COMMANDER IN
CHIEF

SEC OF NATL
DEFENSE

CHIEF OF STAFF,
AFP

PHIL PHIL AIR PHIL

ARMY FORCE NAVY

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 E. MAJOR SERVICE COMMANDS:

For operational efficiency and effectiveness, the AFP is presently composed of three (3) Major Service Commands
namely:

 Philippine Army (PA) - conducts ground combat operations;

 Philippine Air Force (PAF) - secures the Philippine air space; and
 Philippine Navy (PN) - secures the Philippine territorial waters

Each service command considers the other services as brothers-in-arms and members of one big family. All AFP services
maintain harmonious and mutually supportive relationship with each other and in other government agencies.

F. MAJOR SERVICES RESCOMs AND AFPRESCOM

Prior to the enactment of the AFP Reservist Act (Republic Act Number 7077) on 27 June 1991, reserve force
development was already an existing phenomenon in the AFP as far back as 1939 when the then General of the Army,
Douglas McArthur was commissioned to the Commonwealth of the Philippines to organize its citizen army. The surfacing of a
new organization that would coordinate and integrate the efforts of the pioneering citizen’s army forces was met with resistance
for decades.

The AFP Reservist Act or RA Nr. 7077 provided for the reorganization of the AFP Reserve Force into four (4) major
components, namely: the Army Reserve, the Navy Reserve, the Air Force Reserve, and the AFP-Wide technical and Affiliated
Reserve Command within one year after its enactment. The urgency of this mandate pushed General Headquarters, AFP to
activate the AFP Reserve Command (AFPRESCOM) from the personnel and facilities of the defunct Metropolitan Citizen
Military Training Command (MCMTC) on 01 April 1993.

1. AFPRESCOM - organized as an AFP-wide support and separate unit on 01 April 1993 pursuant to General Order
No. 22 GHQ, AFP dated 02 March 1993 and Republic Act No. 7077, otherwise known as the Armed Forces of the Philippines
Reservist Act. AFPRESCOM is mandated to provide direction for the development, administration, organization, training,
maintenance and utilization of the Citizen Armed Forces as a base for the rapid expansion of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines in times of emergency. In the performance of its functions, the Command is organized into two (2) major
operational units, namely; the Affiliated Reserve Group (ARG) and the Technical Service Reserve Group (TSRG) which are
tasked to train and develop affiliated reservists and technical service reservists, respectively. The training of these reservists is
directly under the supervision and control of the Reservists Training Center (RTC).

2. Army Reserve Command (ARESCOM) - premised on a dedication to service, faced with the challenge of being in
a constant state of readiness and responsiveness if it is to back up the regular army. Its enduring values of professionalism,
integrity and responsibility to the nation through selfless service must be kept alive to meet the demands of the time.

3. Naval Reserve Command (NAVRESCOM) - tasked to oversee and administer all naval reservists in our country,
in order to provide the navy not only a base for expansion in the event of war, invasion, rebellion, or disaster and calamity relief
but also to assist in socio-economic development of the country. NAVRESCOM has managed to activate eight (8) Naval
Reserve centers throughout the country namely;

a. Naval Reserve Center Northern Luzon (NRCNL) - situated at Bunuan Gueset, Dagupan City and covers all
areas north of NRNCR to Batanes Island.
b. Naval Reserve Center National Capital Region (NRCNCR) - situated at Intramuros, Manila and covers all areas
of National Capital Region.
c. Naval Reserve Center Southern Luzon (NRCSL) - situated at Rawis, Legaspi City and covers areas from
Batangas, Mindoro, Romblon and entire Bicol Region
d. Naval Reserve Center West (NRCW) - Puerto Princesa, Palawan
e. Naval Reserve Center Eastern Visayas (NRCEV) - situated at Cebu City and covers the entire Visayas, Leyte.
Samar.
f. Naval Reserve Center Western Visayas (NRCWV) - situated at Iloilo and covers the whole western Visayas to
include Panay and Negros.
g. Naval Reserve Center Western Mindanao (NRCWM) - situated at Zamboanga City and covers areas from
Cotabato, Zamboanga, Basilan, Jolo and Tawi-tawi.

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 h. Naval Reserve Center Eastern Mindanao (NRCEM) - situated at Davao City and covers entire Davao to Gen
Santos City.

These Centers served as its operating units in far flung areas to ensure that its task of reaching those vast naval
reserve manpower be carried with ease and achieve desired goals.

4. Air Force Reserve Command (AFRESCOM) - is actively involved in the administration and utilization of the air reservist
responding and acting quickly to rescue calls whenever and wherever disaster occurs.

MILITARY COURTESY AND DISCIPLINE

Lesson Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, the student will:
a. Explain the importance of military courtesy and discipline in the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
b. Define military courtesy and discipline.
c. Enumerate the factors that create a climate of discipline.
d. State when and how to salute, who are entitled to a salute, and when not to salute.
e. Identify the different ranks and insignias used in the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

INTRODUCTION:
Many people think that discipline is nothing more than the enforcement of regulations and the corresponding
punishment when one violates them. Others associate discipline with the state of subservience where subordinates blindly
follow the orders of their superiors out of habit or fear. All of these are not true. As a matter of fact, discipline is that condition
wherein men work and get well together for the accomplishment of a group mission. It is that climate of orderliness where
individuals execute commands and follow regulations exactly as a result of intelligent and reasoned obedience.
Just like in the civilian world, the observance of military courtesy serves to smoothen the personal relationship and among
men in the profession of arms and strengthen the bond between them. They must be thoroughly familiar with the different
forms of military courtesy and must be able to confidently practice them.

A. Definition of Terms:

1. Military Courtesy - It is the written, officially prescribed code of deportment for members of the military
establishments. In civilian life, courtesy is an expression of consideration for others. This implies the use of good manners and
polished conduct in dealing with other people.

2. Military Discipline - This term maybe defined as the willingness to accept with conviction and without reservation
the necessity for a common law that rules and coordinates the effort of a group. Obvious, a rather severe but basic type of
discipline is suggested by this definition.

3. Morale - The term maybe defined as the mental state and spirit of an individual or unit.

B. Necessity for Discipline:

Military discipline is necessary to ensure orderly and effective group action, commonly known as teamwork. Teamwork
is particularly important in military operations where its presence or lack of it may very well spell the difference between victory
or defeat.

With discipline, a soldier learns a sense of obligation to himself and to his comrades; to his commander and the entire
organizations. He also realizes that he is a member of a team, organized, trained and equipped for the purpose of engaging
and defeating the enemies of our country. The ultimate objective of military discipline therefore is unit efficiency in battle – to
ensure that a unit performs its role correctly; that it reaches its objectives, accomplishes its assigned mission and helps other
units to accomplish their mission.

C. Creating a Climate of Discipline:

We find ready application of discipline in all aspects of military life. We often hear of “fire discipline”, “water discipline”,
and “supply discipline”. Favorable climate of discipline may be best created in unit by a leader thru the following:

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1. Training - a soldier learns to work with other soldiers; learn to unify their actions into a single effort in order to accomplish
the group mission and also develops the habit of prompt obedience to all orders.

2. Judicious Use of Punishment and Reward - the best kind of discipline is that which exacts obedience by appealing to
reason and that which makes use of the so called “positive incentives” or reward.

3. Instilling a Sense of Confidence and Responsibility - a confident and responsible soldier realizes that he has an obligation
not only to himself but to the other soldier in the organization, and that violation of the rules of discipline will not only reflect on
him as an individual but will also discredit, if not cause irreparable damage to his unit.

D. Military Courtesy in the Service:

Military Courtesy are acts of politeness, civility and respect that personnel in the military organization accord to one
another. Just like in the civilian world, military courtesy serves to smooth the personal relationship among men in the
profession of arms. The following are some of the significant forms of courtesy in the AFP:

1. Salute – is the most important and most common form of all military courtesies. Men of arms have used some form of
military salute as an exchange of greeting since the earliest times. In the Navy, saluting with the left hand is allowed when the
right hand is occupied with something or not available for the execution of the same.

1.1 Who are entitled to the Salute:

a. Commissioned Officers (both male and female) of the AFP, the National Flag and National Anthem.
b. High ranking civilian officials or foreign dignitaries during military honors rendered for them.
c. Officers of the Coast Guard and Geodetic Survey and the Public Service when they are serving with the AFP.
1.2 When to Salute:
a. Aboard ship. When boarding a navy ship where the National Flag is flying, all persons in the naval service step
upon reaching the upper platform of the accommodation ladder or shipboard end of the prow, face the national flag , and
salute. After this, salute the Officer of the Deck (OOD). When leaving the ship, salute first the OOD and then the national flag.
All officers, captains of ships, and officers senior to themselves salutes each other on every occasion of meeting, passing near,
or when being addressed.
b. In Boats.
1) Men seated in boats where there are no officer, petty officer or acting petty officer in charge, rises and salute all
officers passing near. When there is an officer, petty officer or acting petty officers in charge of the boat, he alone renders
the salute.
2) Officers seated in boats rise in rendering and returning salutes when a senior enters or leaves the boat or when
acknowledging a gun salute.
3) Coxswain in charge of boats rise and salute all officers entering or leaving the boat. All members of the crew when
the boat is not underway and not carrying an officer aboard stand and salute when an officer comes alongside, leaves the
side, or passes near them. If the boat awning are spread, the men sit at attention and render the hand salute without rising.
4) When Ashore. Same general rules of saluting apply as on board navy ship. Salute the Captain and all officers
senior to you on all occasions salute other officers on first meeting during the day. The salute also rendered indoors during
ceremonies honoring the flag and in court martial.
5) In a group. If officers and enlisted men are standing together not in formation, and a senior approaches, the first to
perceive him shouts “ATTENTION” and all faces him and salute. When in formation, cautions his unit to attention before
executing the appropriate salute.
6) Accompanying women. When escorting women both officers and men will render the customary salute. When
seated with women, junior officers if covered rise and salute when senior officers approach.
7) Overtaking and Accompanying a Senior
a) Overtake and pass senior officer only upon his permission. When it become necessary to walk
past a senior officer, pass his left side, and salute when you are abreast and ask, “BY YOUR LEAVE SIR?” When the officer
returns the salute you can continue pass him.
b) When in company with a senior, you always walk on his left or put him on your right. This also
applies aboard any vehicle.
8) Reporting. When reporting on deck or outdoors ashore, one is covered and salute accordingly. When reporting in
an officer, he uncovers upon approaching the senior, salute and states his business.
9) Seated. An enlisted man being seated and without particular occupation rises upon the approach of an officer,
faces him and salutes, if covered. If both remain in the same vicinity, the salute need not be repeated.
10) Seniority unknown. Officers will know the relative seniority of those with whom they are in frequent contact. The
safest way and the best rule is to salute when in doubt.

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 11) Sentries. Sentries at gangway salute all officers going or coming over the side and when passing or being
passed by officers close aboard in boats.

1.3 How to Salute:

a. When not walking render the salute in the position of a soldier at attention. When walking, continue and render the
salute within a recognizable distance (5 paces).
b. Hand salute is rendered smartly and done in the following manner. The forearm should be inclined 45 degrees.
The tip of the fore finger should be slightly touching above the eyebrow of the right eye, the thumb and fingers must be
extended and joined. The upper arm is parallel to the deck with elbow forward. Hand and wrist in the straight line. The palm is
slightly inward.
c. The salute is made whether headgear is worn or not.
d. Rifle salutes are used in place of the hand salute when carrying a rifle. They are used when executing present
arms, when you give rifle salute at order arms and rifle salute at shoulder arms.

1.4 When NOT to Salute

a. When troops are at work.
b. Indoors, except when reporting to an officer
c. When carrying articles with both hands, or being so occupied as to make saluting impracticable
d. When serving as a military prisoner

C. Identification of ranks, Insignias in the AFP

All officers in the AFP are commissioned into the service and are given ranks by the President of the Republic of the
Philippines. They hold such rank for a certain time in grade until they are promoted to the next higher grade.

AFP Officers Ranks and Insignia

Enlisted personnel (EP) are likewise given ranks by their respective services as well as rates and ratings depending on
the level of their occupational field on a certain job classification. For the PN, an EP is given a promotional examination
(PROMEX) before he/she can be promoted to the next higher grade.
PN Rank Classification
 
The ranks, rates and ratings of officers and enlisted personnel in the Philippine Navy differ in name from that of the
other branches of service of the AFP including the Philippine Marines. They are almost a universal tradition for all navies of the
world and the difference lies only on the various uniform insignias, badges, markings and devices.

Rating - is the term used in the Navy to identify an occupational specialty that is based on the aptitude, training,
experience, knowledge and skills of an individual. Examples of ratings are: Quartermaster (QM), Boatswain mate (BM),
Electronic Technician (ET), Engineman (EN), Damage Control man (DC), etc.
 

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 Rate - is the term used to identify the level of achievement and expertise within the individual's rating. Rate may also be
called pay grade within a rating. a level of aptitude, training, experience, knowledge, skill and responsibility within the rating of
occupation.

Rank - is the combined rate and rating of the individual. Examples of enlisted ranks are: Radioman, Third Class
(RM3), Electrician's Mate, First Class (EM1), Seaman First, Hospital Corpsman (S1HM), Gunner's Mate Chief (GMC), etc.

Unrated or non-rated/ unclassified - a term used to identify an individual who has not yet been classified for a particular
rating. His rank would carry an initial (UN). Examples are: ASN(UN), SN1(UN), PO3(UN), etc.
Striker - a term that applies to an individual in the pay grade E-1 to E-3. 
Petty Officer - a term that applies to an individual in the pay grade E-4 to E-7.
 
Naval Enlisted Job Classification (NEJC) -a system of classifying jobs of enlisted personnel that identifies and describes their
special and technical knowledge and skills including the duties and responsibilities to be undertaken by each within the various
ratings.
It determines where an individual will work and what an individual will do.
  Officers are graded according to rank, Enlisted Personnel according to pay grades, and are also spoken as having
rates.

Rating - a rating pertains to occupation in the navy which requires basically related aptitudes, training, experienced,
knowledge and skills. Each rating has its own special symbol worn by all men properly qualified.

INTERIOR GUARD DUTY

Lesson Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson the student will:
a. Explain interior guard system and its elements
b. State the objectives of interior guard duty in a
command
c. Explain the functions of the members of interior guard
duty.
d. Enumerate and memorize the eleven (11) general
orders.

GENERAL
An interior duty guard system is installed by Commanders of all military installations to preserve order, protect property,
and enforce military regulations. Security is part of the commander’s responsibility; therefore, he prescribes the composition of
the interior guard system. Separate units are responsible for posting interior guards in their area.

The elements of the interior guard system are classified according to their purposes. These include the main guard and
special guards. The latter category consists of park, train, boat guards and others detailed for specific purposes. Generally, the
interior guard consists of a system of patrols and fixed posts.

Normally, an interior guard system is composed of the following: one (1) Field Officer of the Day (FOD), one (1) Officer of
the Day(OD); one or more Commanders of the Guard (COG), one or more Sergeants of the Guard (SOG), a relief commander
for each relief; and sentinels of the guards. The number of sentinels needed for the routine daytime duty is ordinarily much
smaller than the number required at night or on Sundays and Holidays.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

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 1. Countersign- consists of a secret challenge and reply to aid the guards/sentinels in the scrutiny of persons who apply to
pass the lines or it may be defined as a secret challenge and the secret password.
2. Challenge- the command, “HALT, WHO IS THERE?” given by a sentry is used to cause an unidentified person or party
to halt and be identified.
3. Password- word or a distinctive sound used to answer a challenge, identifies the person or party desiring to enter or
pass and is always a secret.
4. Interior Guard- the guard detailed by a commander to preserve order, protect property and enforces regulations within
the jurisdiction of the command.
5. Relief- those members of the guard who, under the supervision of and including a corporal of the guard, have the same
watch; the procedure whereby posted member of the guard.
6. Sentry- an enlisted man assigned to duty as member of the guard, to keep watch, maintain order, protect person or
property, or warn of any attack.
7. Watch- a period of time during which a member of a guard performs the prescribed duties, beginning from when he is
posted and terminates when he is relieved by proper authority.
8. Relieve- to direct any member of the guard to cease performance duties.
9. Post- the place or area where a sentry is stationed or the place where a member of the guard other than the sentry is
required to be when not performing duties elsewhere.
10. Patrol Post- a post within a sentry - a prescribed route within specified limits for the guard to patrol.
11. Fixed Post- a post within the limits of which a sentry is required to stay for the performance of his duty.
12. Guardhouse- a building, tent or other location designated as the headquarters of the guard.

13. Detain- the action of any person so authorized used to secure the custody of an illegal offender.

FUNCTIONS AND GENERAL DUTIES OF PERSONNEL

1. Field Officer of the Day (FOD) - A field grade officer detailed, as FOD is the Commanding Officer’s personal representative.
His primary concern is the supervision in the proper performance of duty of the interior guards.

2. Officer of the Day (OD)- The OD is responsible for the proper performance of duty by the main guards. He is responsible in
executing all orders of the commanding officer relating to interior guard.

3. Commander of the Guard (COG)- He is responsible for the instruction, discipline, and performance of the guards. Being
senior in rank, the commander of the guard is responsible for proper action in case of emergency.

4. Sergeant of the Guard (SOG)- The SOG is the overall supervisor over the other NCO and sentinels of the guards. He takes
over as commander of the guards in case no one else is detailed as such.
5. Relief Commander- The commander that give instructions to the members of his relief as to their orders and duties, and
makes certain that each sentinel understands them. He also familiarizes himself with the special duties of members of his
relief.

6.. Sentinel of the Guards- They must memorize, understand, and comply with the general orders for sentinels. In addition,
they must understand and comply with the specific orders applicable to their particular posts, including the use of countersigns
if they are in effect.

ELEVEN (11) GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD:

Sentinels of the guard are governed by both general and special orders. General orders apply to all sentinels, while
special orders apply to particular posts and duties. These special orders may also contain instructions on the use of signs and
countersigns.

1. To take charge of my post and all government property in view.

2. To walk my post in a military manner, keeping always on the alert and observing everything that takes place within
sight or hearing.
3. To report all violations of orders I am instructed to enforce.
4. To repeat all calls from posts more distant from the guardhouse than my own.
5. To quit my post only when properly relieved.
6. To receive obey and pass to the sentinel who relieves me all orders from the Commanding Officer, officer of the Day,
Commissioned and Non-Commission Officers of the guard only.
7. To talk to no one except in line of duty.
8. To give alarm in case of fire and disorders.

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 9. To call the Commander of the Guard in any case not covered by instructions.
10. To salute all officers, and all colors and standard not cased.
11. To be especially watchful at night during the time for challenging and to challenge all persons on or near my post and
not to allow no one to pass without proper authority.

MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE

Lesson Objectives:
Upon completion of this topic the student will:
a. Define military correspondence and its purpose.
b. State six (6) characteristics of military correspondence.
c. Identify the different forms of military correspondence, their construction and elements.

Introduction

Correspondence is defined as a written form of communication which has two purposes, to convey information and to
foster goodwill with its intended reader. In this form of communication, the writer primarily intends to transmit information and
in the process, he also tries to build harmonious relationship with his reader. The second purpose of correspondence is often
obscured in military correspondence because of the “command tone” that it always carry. Nevertheless, the creation of a
sense of goodwill is still necessary to ensure that the reader will promptly and favorably react to the correspondence.

A. CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE CORRESPONDENCE

For a military correspondence to be effective, it has to possess the following characteristics:

1. Simplicity. The correspondence must be organized in simple form and style. The words used must be plain, properly
chosen and easily understood. Clarity. Ideas must be presented clearly and must not be subject to misinterpretation.
2. Conciseness. This characteristics denotes the writing of short and brief correspondence
3. Coherence. This means that all ideas in the correspondence must be presented in an orderly sequence. There must
be a logical arrangement of essential information to facilitate understanding by the reader.
4. Emphasis. The correspondence must carry with it a certain force or intensity to give its special impression or
importance. This is usually achieved by the use of well selected, exact and concrete words to impress the ideas or information
on the mind of the reader.
5. Completeness. The correspondence must contain all the necessary details of the ideas and “possible avenues”, so to
speak.

FORMS OF MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE

In the military service, time is always important hence, correspondence must be written in uniform format to insure
efficient and prompt processing. Certain styles and organization have to be followed to preclude confusion and
misunderstanding between the writer and his intended reader. Following are the most common forms of military
correspondence:

1. MILITARY LETTER
Military letter is a formal means of communication used by all units of the AFP and to foreign military establishments.
(Prepared in 8 x 10 ½ paper)
NOTE: Correspondence addressed to Army entities including the Air Force, and GHQ, AFP will be prepared in military
form.

CONSTRUCTION
1. Style
a. Should be dignified and direct
b. It should be phrased in a courteous way. In wording the letter, the feeling of the persons to whom the letter is
addressed will be considered at all times.
2. Format - It has the same three elements as that of the civilian letter.
a. Heading
b. Body

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 c. Authentication (Closing)

ELEMENTS

1. Heading - consists of the following:

a. Letterhead - Printed letterhead stationary is normally used on the first page. If letterhead stationary is not
available, a typed letterhead maybe substituted.
b. Initials or Originators Code
c. Office Symbol
d. Subject line
e. Thru (Channel line)
f. To (Addressee line)
2. Body - consists of paragraphs and sub-paragraphs

3. Authentication - consists of :
a. Command or Authority line
Example: BY ORDER OF CAPTAIN CRUZ:
BY ORDER OF LCDR FAJARDO
b. Signature line
c. Enclosures - aligned to signatory line

 Placement of Margin
a. Top, first page (without printed letterhead) typed letterhead, ¾ inch (5 spaces) from the top of the paper.
b. Top, second and succeeding paper, 1 ¼ inches (7 spaces downward)
c. Left Margin - 1.25 inches (15 spaces)
d. Right Margin - ¾ inch (9 spaces)
e. Bottom margin - 1 ¼ inches (7 spaces)

 Spacing (between lines)

a. Letterhead - centered ¾ inch from the top edge.
b. Initials O in line with the second line of letterhead approximately two inches from the right margin.
c. Office Symbol - left side in line with date line, 2 spaces from last line of the letterhead
d. Dateline - right side, 2 spaces from last line of the letterhead (in line with Office Symbol)
e. Subject Line - 2 spaces from Office Symbol
f. Thru Line - 4 spaces from Subject Line
g. To Line - 4 spaces from Thru Line
h. First line of the body of the letter - 5 spaces from To Line and indented 5 spaces from the left margin.
i. Between paragraph and subparagraph - 2 spaces
j. Between lines - single space
k. Command of Authority line - 2 spaces from the last line of the body of the letter
l. Signature Line - 5 spaces from the command or authority line
m. Enclosures - opposite signature line at the left margin

NOTE: A letter of less than nine lines maybe double spaced.

(Sample of a Military Letter Form)

GENERAL HEADQUARTERS
ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES MVA:aqr:554
Camp Murphy, Quezon City

AGM 12 February 1991

SUBJECT: Military Letter

THRU: Flag Officer In Command, PN

13
TO: Commander, NETC
Attn: AC of TS, T1
NSSC, San Antonio, Zambales

1. In making military letter, the initial of the officer dictating the letter (in capital letters), initial of the action clerk (in
small letters), typist or clerk’s initial in small letter, followed by the phone number of the office; or origin shall appear at the right
side of the paper. Office symbol is typed in the upper left corner as shown on this sample.

2. Margins are 1 ¼ (15 inches – elite type) on the left side and ¾ inch (9 spaces) on the right side. The margin is kept as
straight as possible. When no printed letterhead is available, the top margin of the typed letterhead is approximately ¾ inch (5)
spaces from the top of the paper. On the second and succeeding pages, the top margin is approximately 1 ¼ inches (about 7
spaces).

3. Normally, the body of the letter will be single space with a double space between paragraphs, subparagraphs, sub-
division of primary division or any further sub-division. A letter of less than nine lines maybe double spaced if neither reply nor
further action is anticipated.

4. List of enclosures is typed in the lower corner in line with the typed name of person signing the communication.

BY COMMAND OF LIEUTENANT GENERAL CRUZ:

2 Incls EPIMACIO V CRUZ

Colonel AGS
The Adjutant General

2. NAVAL LETTER

Naval Letter - is used by all units within the Philippine Navy, and to foreign naval establishments as a formal means of
communication.

Style - the naval letter is prepared in a semi-block style that is without indentions. It has the same three elements like that
of a civilian letter.

Letterhead - like the military letter, printed letterhead stationary is also normally used for the first page. However, if
letterhead stationary is not available, a typed letterhead may be substituted.

In a naval letter, the office or identifying symbols include the initial of the officer signing the draft, action clerk, typist and
telephone number. It shall appear on the right side of the paper in line with the heading’s address and two (2) inches from the
right side of the paper. The serial number is blocked below the office symbols while the date is blocked below the serial
number of the communication. Placement of “From” line is typed seven (7) spaces below the last line of the letterhead. “To” is
placed immediately below the word “From” line. If there is more than one “Via” addressee, each is numbered with an Arabic
numeral enclosed in a parenthesis. The “Subj” line is typed two (2) spaces below either the “To” or “Via” line as the case
maybe. The abbreviated “Subj” is used to introduce a topical statement of the subject of the correspondence. The “Ref” line is
two (2) spaces below the last line of the “Subj” and is used when previously prepared material is cited. References are
designated in small letters enclosed in parenthesis in chronological order and are fully identified as to origin, type, title and
date. “Encl” line is two (2) spaces below the “Ref” line, if any. They are numbered with Arabic numerals enclosed in
parenthesis and are used to introduce a listing of materials that are to be forwarded with the letter.

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 The text of the letter begins two (2) spaces below the last line of the “Encl”, “Ref”, or “Subj” line, as the case maybe. The
letter will be single spaced with a double space between paragraph, sub-paragraph, or sub-division or primary divisions or any
further sub-divisions. A letter of less than nine lines maybe double-spaced, if neither reply nor further action is anticipated.

3. CIVILIAN LETTER

Civilian Letter - is used by naval establishment for correspondence addressed to persons with other governmental
departments, and the Secretary of National Defense.

Non-Military/Naval letter follow the same general style with that of a civilian business letter, using salutation and
complimentary clause. The use of military and/or naval phraseology which is associated with the command function should
be avoided. For the sake of uniformity and in keeping with modern democratic trends in the preparation of official
communication, formal letter should carry the complimentary clause “Very Truly Yours” instead of “Respectfully ”, or
“Respectfully Yours”. However, in letter to religious leaders of the Roman Catholic Church, the Protestant Church, Iglesia ni
Cristo and other religious sect the formal complimentary clause shall be “Respectfully Yours”. As usual, where the letter takes
on a semi-official informal form, the salutation shall be “Dear Mr. ___,” or “My Dear Mr” with the complimentary clause
“Sincerely yours”.

(Sample of a Naval Letter Form)

NAVAL RESERVE CENTER NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION

246th NROTCU, Adamson University
San Marcelino St., Ermita, Manila

18 February 2010

From: Commandant, 246th NROTCU

To: Commanding Officer, MSEG

Subj: Availability of one (1) Instructor

1. This unit will organize a silent drill platoon to compete for a fancy drill competition with other ROTC units AFP wide. The
silent drill platoon will also perform during Foundation Day and in the 7 th National Seafarers’ Day (NSD) this September 2002.
However, this unit lacks qualified drill instructor for this purpose.

2. In this connection, request the availability of one (1) rated drill instructor to assist us in this endeavor.

3. Representative from this unit will coordinate for the details.

RUEL GC NICOLAS
LT PN

(General Style of Civilian Letter)

PHILIPPINE NAVY
HQS NAVAL RESERVE COMMAND
Cabildo St, Intramuros, Manila

January 24, 2010

Honorable Alfredo S Lim

Mayor, City of Manila

15
Dear Mayor Lim:

This is to acknowledge receipt of your letter of appreciation on the conduct of Coastal Clean-Up by the Naval ROTC
units within Metro Manila.

In the name of officers and men of the Naval Reserve Command concerned, allow me to express our heartfelt
gratitude on the recent action taken by that August body.

Conscious of the fact that more responsibilities lies ahead of us, we assure you that we will do our best to justify the
reposed in us.

Truly yours,

RENATO F CASISON
CAPTAIN, PN(GSC)
The Adjutant General

MILITARY JUSTICE
Lesson Objectives:
Upon completion of this topic the student will:
a. State the definition of military justice and its four (4) components.
b. Enumerate the two (2) distinct division of military justice.
c. Identify the corresponding Articles of War given an offense.
d. Enumerate the persons subject to military law.
e. State the types of courts-martial and their respective jurisdiction as to person, offense and punishment.

INTRODUCTION

The military justice system is meant to enable commanders to dispose of personnel problems in their units in the most
expeditious manner. Speedy disposition of cases preserves discipline, promotes justice and enhances the attainment of the
Commander’s mission.
In concept, the military justice system is designed to enforce discipline and administer justice in the military service,
and it is composed of four (4) components:
1. Investigation - is the process of looking into the circumstances of a case for the purpose of verifying and establishing
the facts. It also involves the gathering, handling, protection and preservation of evidence to prevent destruction, loss or
tampering.
2. Prosecution - the accusation of a crime before a legal tribunal.
3. Trial or adjudication - a legal action before a judge and jury.
4. Judgment or decision - punishment given to the accused who committed such crime.

These components permeate two distinct division of the system, namely:

1. Administrative cases - are those that result in decisions not involving penal sanctions and may take such mild
disciplinary or instructive forms as admonition, reprimand and the like. These are usually disposed of by all commanders from
a detached unit to the highest command level. These can also be disposed of by other designated staff officers at certain
command levels.

2. Punitive cases - are those that result in judgment of fine, hard labor, deprivation of liberty or combination of
these whenever guilt of those involved are proven. These are usually higher command level matters.

The type of evidence and degree of proof required are also different for these two categories.

Punitive cases require guilt to be proven beyond reasonable doubt while administrative cases require only preponderance
of evidence to gain positive adjudication.

SOURCES OF MILITARY LAW

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 Our study of military justice should encompass an understanding of military that we call the Articles of War. This set of
laws, known as Commonwealth Act No. 408, was enacted by the Philippine National Assembly on 14 September 1938.
Among others, the Articles of War defines the offenses punishable under the law and prescribes the corresponding
punishment.

Rules governing the conduct of military personnel and providing for a method by which persons be punished are
contained in the Articles of War, the Manual for who break them may Court-Martial, the Constitution of the Philippines and
pertinent laws that brings us to the topic of military jurisdiction.

MILITARY JURISDICTION

Military jurisdiction emanates from several sources, among which are the constitution of the Philippines and
International Law, some specific provisions of the Constitution granting some powers to Congress, and in the authority
vested in the President of the Philippines as Commander-in-Chief of all Armed Forces. But how is military jurisdiction
exercised and what are the agencies through which it is being carried out? Its exercises are carried out by the following
agencies:
1. Court-Martial - General, Special and Summary
2. Commanding Officers in exercising their disciplinary powers under AW 105.
3. Court of Inquiry
4. Military Tribunals or Commission

Let us now consider the classes of individuals who automatically fall under the jurisdiction of Court-Martial. As a
general rule, courts-martial have the exclusive jurisdiction over-all persons subject to military law who commit an offense
penalized by the punitive articles of war.

Persons subject to military law:

1. All officers and enlisted personnel in the regular force of the AFP
2. All reservists from the date of their call to active duty and while on such active duty
3. All trainees undergoing military instructions
4. All cadets of the PMA and PAF Flying School, and Probationary Lieutenants on actual training
5. Retainers to camp and all persons accompanying or serving with the AFP in the field in time of war or when martial
law is declared
6. All persons under sentence adjudged by a court-martial or military tribunal

It would be appropriate to state at this juncture that CAT and ROTC midshipmen are not “persons subject to military
law” because they are not considered as “cadet” as defined by the Articles of War.

SELECTED PUNITIVE ARTICLES OF WAR & RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIVIL-MILITARY COURTS

As gleaned from historical records, the Articles of War were promulgated effective September 14, 1938 when the
unicameral Philippine National Assembly enacted Commonwealth Act No. 408 which became the basic law that gave the
guidance and operations of the country’s Armed Forces, then known as the Army of the Philippines. Then as now, there are
120 Articles, most of which are lifted from US Uniform Code of Military Justice. It is for this reason that our articles of war had
the same substance as the American Military Code of 1928 which was found applicable to Philippine conditions. Of the 120
Articles of War, 52 are considered as the punitive, because they specify what punishment is to be imposed for each military
offense committed. Articles of War 54 to 105, inclusive, are the punitive articles. There are two (2) broad categories of crimes
or offenses that are similarly within the contemplation of the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines two offenses that are
strictly classified as purely military.

PUNITIVE ARTICLES :

1. Article 54 - Fraudulent Enlistment

2. Article 55 - Officer Making Unlawful Enlistment

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3. Article 56 - False Muster
4. Article 57 - False Returns or Omission to Render Returns
5. Article 58 - Acts to Constitute Desertion
6. Article 59 - Punishment for Desertion
7. Article 60 - Advising or Aiding Another to Desert
8. Article 61 - Entertaining a Deserter
9. Article 62 - Absence Without Leave
10. Article 63 - Disrespect Toward the President, Vice President, Prime Minister, Chairman of the National Assembly or
Minister of National Defense
11. Article 64 - Disrespect Toward Superior Officer
12. Article 65 - Assaulting or Willfully Disobeying Superior Officer
13. Article 66 - Insubordinate Conduct Toward Non-Commissioned officer
14. Article 67 - Mutiny or Sedition
15. Article 68 - Failure to Suppress Mutiny or Sedition
16. Article 69 - Quarrels, Frays and Disorders
17. Article 70 - Arrest or Confinement
18. Article 71 - Charges, Action Upon
19. Article 72 - Refusal or Receive and Keep Prisoners
20. Article 73 - Report of Prisoners Received
21. Article 74 - Releasing Prisoner of Without Proper Authority
22. Article 75 - Delivery of Offenders to Civil Authorities
23. Article 76 - Misbehavior Before the Enemy
24. Article 77 - Subordinate Compelling Commander to Surrender
25. Article 78 - Improper Use of Countersign
26. Article 79 - Forcing A Safeguard
27. Article 80 - Captured Property to be Secured for Public Service
28. Article 81 - Dealing in Captured or Abandoned Property
29. Article 82 - Relieving, Corresponding with or Aiding the Enemy
30. Article 83 - Spies
31. Article 84 - Military Property, Willful or Negligent Loss
32. Article 85 - Waste or Unlawful Disposition of Military Property Issued to Soldiers
33. Article 86 - Drunk on Duty
34. Article 87 - Misbehavior of Sentinel
35. Article 88 - Personal Interest in Sale of Provisions
36. Article 88A - Unlawfully Influencing Action of Court
37. Article 89 - Intimidating of Persons Bringing Provisions
38. Article 90 - Good Order to be Maintained and Wrong Redressed

Courts-martial and other military tribunals generally exist to assist commanders in the administration of military justice.
Specifically they are established to enforce discipline in the military establishment and to serve as deterrents to military crimes
and offenses. And, by the very nature of the conduct of trial, these courts-martial and other military tribunals hasten the
administration of military justice. Let us look into the jurisdiction as to person, offense and punishment of each of the three (3)
types of courts-martial to substantiate the contention just cited. Courts Martial are classified as follows:

A. GENERAL COURTS MARTIAL

Consist of any number of members not less than five (5) and by whom may be appointed by the following: the
President, Chief of Staff of the AFP and when empowered by the President, the Commanding Officers of major commands or
task forces, division regional commands, the Superintendent of the Philippine Military Academy, Commanding Officers of
separate brigades or body of troops.

Appointing authority shall detail as member of the general court martial a member of the bar, who may be an officer of the
Judge Advocate General to be qualified for such appointment. A general court martial has a jurisdiction over all commissioned
officers and other persons subject to military law who commit an offense capital in nature and whose possible sentence or
punishment includes death, dismissal or dishonorable discharge from the service, total forfeiture of pay and allowances, or
confinement at hard labor.

In the PN, a general court martial can impose the following: deprivation of liberty on shore, solitary confinement not
exceeding thirty days, and solitary confinement on diminished rations not exceeding thirty days. Thus, we can see that since

18
officers are triable by a general court martial, this thought alone construes a more tedious legal process to serve the ends of
justice. This is compounded by the nature of the offense and the probable punishment to be meted out.

B. SPECIAL COURTS-MARTIAL

Consist of any number of members not less than three (3). The following may appoint special court martial:
Commanding Officers of major commands, task forces, regional commands or divisions and when empowered by the
President, Commanding Officer of a garrison, camp, brigade, regiment, detached battalion or other detached command or
commissioned vessel. However, when subject Commanding Officer is the accuser or prosecutor, the court shall be appointed
by superior authority.
A special court martial on one hand, has the exclusive jurisdiction to try all other persons subject to military law, except
the officers, for offenses not capital in nature and whose probable sentence includes confinement not exceeding six (6)
months, forfeiture of 2/3 pay per month not to exceed six (6) months per months, restriction to limits, hard labor without
confinement not exceeding three (3) months, and reprimand, admonition and demotion in rank. The proceedings so conducted
are not as tedious as those for a general court martial.

C. SUMMARY COURTS MARTIAL

An entirely different case would be the trial by a summary court martial where its proceedings are much faster than
those of the other types of courts martial. Since it has at least one member who sits as president, trial judge advocate (TJA),
and defense council at the same time, and since its jurisdiction as to person, offense, and punishment is limited, a summary
court martial can dispose of a certain case in the most expeditious manner.

It shall have the power to try any person subject to military law, except an officer, a midshipman, a flying midshipman or
probationary second lieutenant, for any crime or offense not capital but punishable by these articles. However, no non-
commissioned officer shall be tried in a summary court-martial without the authority of the officer competent to bring him to trial
in a special court-martial. It can impose judgment as follows: confinement for one month, restriction to limits for three (3)
months and forfeiture or detention of 2/3 pay for one month.

D. MILITARY COMMISSIONS OR TRIBUNALS

The commission or tribunal plays the same role as court-martial. During martial law, which was in effect throughout
the country from 1972 to 1981, these commissions or tribunals tried cases referred to them in the same expeditious way. Even
civilians who committed offenses not triable by courts martial fell under the jurisdiction of these special bodies whose
proceedings were in accordance with procedural law. Mention must be made here that that a Chinese national who was
accused of drug pushing and distribution was found guilty by a military commission and meted out the death penalty thru
musketry. These bodies had helped in the faster dispensation of justice which could have taken years to dispose of under
normal condition.

HUMAN RIGHTS
Lesson Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson the student will:
a. Define human rights and its basic principles.
b. State the classification of human rights according to source,
recipient, struggle and recognition, and derogability.
c. State the provision of human rights under Article III, Bill of Rights

A. HUMAN RIGHTS
Human Rights are the supreme, inherent and inalienable rights to life, to dignity and to self-development. It is the
essence of these rights that makes man human.

B. BASIC PRINCIPLES IN HUMAN RIGHTS

Man has the basic rights to life, dignity and self-development. Society has the basic right to survive, self-determination
and right to develop as a society. The government is created by the society or by the people, for the people, and of the people.
The Philippines adopts the generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law of the land and adheres to the
policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations.

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C. CLASSIFICATIONS OF RIGHTS
Rights can be classified according to the following:
According to source:
a. Natural rights are God given rights, acknowledged by everybody to be morally good. They are unwritten but they
prevail as norms of the society. Example, the right to life, dignity and self-development.
b. Constitutional rights are those rights guaranteed by the Constitution.
c. Statutory rights are those enacted by Congress. Put together, constitutional rights and statutory rights are
sometimes referred to as legal rights.
According to recipient:
a. Individual rights are those rights being accorded to individuals.
b. Collective rights are rights of the society, those that can be enjoyed only in company with others. Example, right
to peaceably assemble, right to peace, right to development.
According to the aspects of life:
a. Civil rights are those that that the law will enforce at the instance of private individuals for the purpose of securing
to them the enjoyment of their means of happiness, example, right to a name, right to form a family, right to security of
persons, papers and effects, right against unreasonable searches and seizures.
b. Political rights are those rights which enable us to participate in affairs of the government – either directly or
indirectly. Example, right to vote, right to information on matters of public concern, right to initiative and referendum.
c. Economic and social rights are those which the law confers upon the people to enable them to achieve social and
economic development, thereby ensuring them their well-being, happiness and financial security, like right to property,
education, promotion of social justice.
d. Cultural rights are those rights that ensure the well-being of the individual and foster the preservation, enrichment,
and dynamic evolution of national culture based on the principle of unity in diversity in a climate of free artistic and intellectual
expression.
According to struggle and recognition:
a. First generation, the first kind of rights that people clamored and fought for these are the civil and political
rights.
b. Second generation of rights are the economic, social and cultural rights.
c. Third generation of rights are collective rights.
According to its derogability:
a. Non-derogable or absolute rights can’t be suspended or taken away even or extreme emergency, like the
rights to life and dignity. Derogable or relative rights can be suspended or taken and limited depending on circumstances.
Example, right to freely move maybe limited through the imposition of curfews. However, three conditions should be present
before a right can be limited/curtailed namely:
1) It is only publicly announced or legislated, it is not by official’s whim only;
2) There is a state of emergency which requires the urgent preservation of the public moral, public safety
and public good and;
3) There must be a time limit

ARTICLE III: BILL OF RIGHTS

Constitutional Guarantees to Human Rights
Sec. 1 No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any
person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
Sec. 2 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against
unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or
warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under
oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched
and the persons or things to be seized.
Sec. 3 (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or
when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law.
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any
proceedings.
Sec. 4 No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the
people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances.
Sec. 5 No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free
exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No
religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.

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 Sec. 6 The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except
upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public
safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.
Sec. 7 The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access to official
records, and to documents, and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government
research data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be
provided by law.
Sec. 8 The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to form unions,
associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.
Sec. 9 Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.
Sec. 10 No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.
Sec. 11 Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any
person by reason of poverty.
Sec. 12 (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his
right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot
afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the
presence of counsel.
(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will shall
be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited.
(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be
inadmissible in evidence against him. The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as well as
compensation to and rehabilitation of victims torture or similar practices, and their families.

Sec. 13 All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is
strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sureties, or be released on recognizance as maybe provided by law. The right
to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be
required.
Sec. 14 (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law.
(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is
proved, and shall enjoy the right so be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation
against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process
to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may
proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused provided that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is
unjustifiable.
Sec. 15 The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in case of invasion or
rebellion when the public safety requires it.
Sec. 16 All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial,
or administrative bodies.
Sec. 17 No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
Sec. 18 (1) No person shall be detained solely be reason of his political beliefs and aspirations.
(2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party
shall have been duly convicted.
Sec. 19 Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or in human punishment inflicted. Neither
shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for
it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.
Sec. 20 No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.
Sec. 21 No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If an act is punished by
law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under Either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act.
Sec. 22 No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.

TERRORISM AND COUNTER-TERRORISM

Lesson Objectives:
Upon completion of this topic the student will:
a. Define terrorism and counter-terrorism.
b. Enumerate the different goals of terrorism.
c. Enumerate known terrorist activities.
d. Distinguish broad and specific goals of terrorism.

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 e. Identify the three (3) types of strategy to counter terrorism.

INTRODUCTION

The key to defeating terrorists is awareness, education and intelligence in order to deny, deters, delay and detect
terrorist acts. Rapid coordination between agencies, military units, local police and foreign agencies concerned are essential in
denying terrorist, targets and refuge.

A. Definitions

Terrorism - is the unlawful use of force or violence against individuals or property to coerce or intimidate governments or
societies often to achieve political, religious or ideological objectives.

Terrorist Incident - is a violent act dangerous to human life in violation of the criminal laws of the Philippines to coerce or
intimidate government or societies to achieve political, religious or ideological objectives.

Terrorist - an individual who uses violence, terror and intimidation to achieve a result.

B. Goals of Terrorism

1. Broad Goal
To project uncertainty and instability in economic, social and political arenas.

2. Specific Goals
a. Short-term terrorist goals
1) Gaining recognition
2) Reducing government credibility or showing government incompetence.
3) Obtaining funds and equipment
4) Disrupting communications
5) Demonstrating power
6) Delaying political process
7) Eliminating opposition leaders
8) Reducing the government economy
9) Influencing elections
10) Demoralizing and discrediting the security force
11) Intimidating a particular group
12) Causing a government to overact
13) Elevate social anxiety

b. Long-term goals
1) Topple government
2) Influence top-level decisions
3) Gain legitimate recognition for their cause

3. Terrorist Activities
a. Bombings/Explosive
b. Arson
c. Skyjacking/Hijacking
d. Seajacking/Marjacking
e. Ambush
f. Kidnapping
g. Hostage-taking
h. Robbery and Extortion
i. Assassination
j. International Narcotic Support
k. Thefts

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4. Types of Terrorism according to location of incident
Domestic Terrorism – involves groups or individuals who are based and operate within the territorial jurisdiction of the
Philippine Island and are directed at elements of our government or population.
International Terrorism – involves groups or individuals who are foreign based or directed by countries or groups outside
the Philippine territory or whose activities transcend national boundaries.

5. Terrorist’s Targets
Non-combatant target
1) Persons – diplomat as symbol of government
- business executive as symbol of economic imperialism
- foreign/political leaders
- innocent civilian
2) Facilities – communication facilities/installation
- power plants/lines

The exact location and interrelationship of such permanent objects as roads, buildings, trees, forests, rivers, bridges,
railroads.

The description and position of movable and temporary objects as tables, chairs, dishes, vehicles, tools, etc.

The positions of people or vehicles in movement which are part of the incident and subject to immediate and continuous
change after the incident, including the paths followed in their movements.

Complete descriptions of clues or leads left on the incident scene. Clues or leads may be removable or destructible items
such as fingerprints, footprints, bloodstains, paper fragments, wearing apparel, cigar or cigarette butts, ashes, excrement, etc.

3) Negative Facts. The absence of any conditions, materials, or objects which might reasonably be expected on the
scene in view of the nature and circumstances of the incident is termed as negative fact. The absence of fingerprints,
sabotage devices, tool marks, ejected shells, blood (blood stains), etc., from the incident scene where their presence would be
appropriate is a negative fact of value in analysis and solution of the case.

C. Strategy to Combat Terrorism

1. Prediction
a. Combating terrorism requires intensive knowledge of the
goals, intentions and capabilities of the terrorists.
b. Active Intelligence program exploiting military, civilian and foreign information.
c. Inter-agencies' coordination and corporation
d. EEI’s regarding terrorists
 Organizational structure, size, composition
 Identify and locations of terrorists
 Modus Operandi
 International and national support sources and personalities
 Motivations
 Logistics
 Training and Tactics
 Intel capabilities
 Probable targets

2. Prevention
a. Physical Security – preventing unauthorized access to equipment facilities, materials and documents in offices,
quarters and installations. regular conduct of physical survey

b. Personnel Security – measures taken to reduce the vulnerability of an individual for attack;
1) Awareness and strict compliance of SOPs is going to high-risk places alone.

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 2) Proper education and training to personnel regarding terrorist counteractions to encourage vigilance and
enhance further studies for more effective counteractions.
3) Total public cooperation – immediate reporting of sighting of suspicious persons and activities.

3. Deterrence
a. Strict and hard line policies/laws against terrorism
b. Sanctions to be imposed to states sponsoring terrorism
c. Quick and effective tracking worldwide of terrorists through good inter-agencies cooperation and
coordination
d. Non-acceptance of terrorism as an act to achieve a certain goal
e. Media as a responsible tool to disseminate exact, complete and correct information to avoid panic to the
public or else a very effective tool of terrorist to convey their cause.

Nature of insurgency

Introduction

Insurgency aims to seize political power by inciting the populace to over the government. It is a conscious effort of an
organized group to seize political power by inciting the population to overthrow the existing government thru illegitimate and
coercive means. The motivations of the insurgent group may vary depending on the issues popular to the target masses of a
given country. It is for this reason that most insurgencies are cloaked as nationalistic and religious struggles.

A. CAUSES OF INSURGENCY

The insurgency problem is widely believed to be spawned by ills in the social and political order, wherein the government
in unable to satisfy the expectation of the populace.
Some however believed that the Philippine insurgency is an “ exported” struggle, a cultural or ideological imperialism
wherein foreign communist countries impose communist philosophy upon our people. The ultimate objective of this type is the
violent overthrow of the existing democratic government .Even if the government succeeds in solving the issues presented, the
communists will always find other issues, which they could use to agitate the masses. Our government’s strategy has always
been focused in eliminating the root- causes of insurgency among the vulnerable population and in the defeating the insurgent
organization.
The following are the commonly accepted factors that give rise to insurgency:

1. VULNERABLE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT

Insurgents constantly strive to destabilize the government. The following social and political conditions that may exist in
developing countries adversely affect their government’s ability to satisfy the wants of their populace and make them fertile
ground for any form of insurgencies to thrive.
a. Population rate is much higher than economic growth.
b. Low educational level and inadequate skills and technological know-how of the citizenry, resulting to high rate of
unemployment.
c. Inefficient, corrupt and unpopular government distrusted by the people.
d. Lack of investment capital and control of nation’s capital assets by foreign nations.
e. Primitive and inadequate technology for agriculture and lack of raw materials for local industries
f. Small or non- existent industrial base.
g. Inequitable distribution of wealth, land and other means of production.
h. Unwillingness of the political elite that rule the country to share or give up power..

2. POPULAR CASE
A popular case is the driving force or the fuel that sustain an insurgency movement. It is an important requisite for
insurgency with which the masses could emotionally identify themselves. This cause is normally broad and vague enough such
that each man can supply his own interpretation to serve his own wants and expectations in life. Abstract themes such as land
reform, freedom of self- determination, equal opportunities, human rights and others, are often exploited by the insurgents to
win adherents to their cause.

3. UNDERGROUND POLITICAL INFRSTRUCTURE

The objective of this requisite for a successful insurgency is to provide leadership and direction for the struggle of the
masses. This organization aims to establish a system of dual power, wherein a subversive shadow government competes with
duly constituted government for authority and control. Generally, an insurgent infrastructure is established in two parts:

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 a. Underground Political Organization. The insurgent political organization is normally created down to the levels of
municipalities and barangays, and serves to provide leadership and support base for the military guerilla units.
b. Military Guerilla Units. This is the underground political infrastructure that consists of the armed group, which carry
out the military objectives of the political organization in the early stage of insurgency. The rest of the organized masses will
form the main bulk of the military guerrilla units during the part of the struggle.

B. CATEGORIES OF INSURGENCY

Insurgents groups aim to seize political power by inciting the local populace to overthrow the existing government thru
illegitimate and coercive means. They normally adopt strategy or technique that suit the nature of their struggle and realized
their objective of eventually overthrowing the government. Regardless of the distinct strategies they may pursue, insurgency
movements generally fall under the following categories:

1. POLITICAL ORGANIZED INSURGENCY. In this category, an extensive and complex political structure is the first
developed before any military operation against government forces are initiated. Generally, the main objective of a politically
organized is to establish an effective shadow government to determine the authority of the existing regime.

2. MILITARY ORGANIZED INSURGENCY. Characterized by small, decentralized armed insurgents groups serving as
catalyst for mobilizing opposition against the government. The insurgents hope to focus on the disaffected population and
destruction of the legitimacy of the regime through military action.

3.TRADITIONALLY ORGANIZED INSURGENCY. Utilizes the existing tribal or religious organizational structures.
Insurgents do not follow a unique strategy to attain their objective, but may adopt any of the strategies of the other types. The
recruitment of members is done mainly on the basis of ethnic exclusivity. In traditionally organized insurgencies ,leadership
conflicts are common and their leaders often lack sufficient motivation, experienced as insurgents and political discipline.

4. URBAN INSURGENCY. The organizational structure for this category of insurgency is the cellular structures operating
under conditions. Under this type, the insurgents threaten the legitimacy of the government thru the conduct of urban
disruption operations.

C. WEAPONS OF INSURGENCY
The communist visionary Mao Tse Tung wrote that in order to manipulate the inherent conditions in the society to
overthrow the existing social order, the insurgent movement should use the following weapons: The PARTY- to provide the
brain ; The ARMY- to provide the military force ;and the United Front- to provide the shield to protect the party and the army
against their enemies.
1. PARTY. It is the core of disciplined, dedicated and professional revolutionaries, which lead the revolutionary cause
forward .
2. ARMY. It is always necessary for an armed struggle to take place for any form of insurgency movement to succeed.
The insurgent army exist to ensure that the party will have absolute authority over the members and be able to impose their will
over the populace.
3. UNITED FRONT. The United Front is created to allow the insurgent leadership to expand its influence. It is the mass
support base of the movement and the proverbial “sea” where the insurgent “fishes” thrive in Mao Tse Tung’s popular dictum.

D. PHASES OF INSURGENCY
Insurgency is a social stage- by- stage process. The growth of the insurgency movement involves initially the unnoticeable
and graduated increase of the insurgent forces and their activities.

1. PHASE 1- STRATEGIC DEFENSIVE. During this early stage of this insurgency, the Party, The Army and the United
Front slowly grow from small and weak into a big and strong underground organization. This phase is mainly devoted to
organizing, consolidating and preserving the incipient insurgent mechanism. It is during this stage that dedicated revolutionary
cadres are recruited, social investigations are conducted, and intelligence are collected as the basis for formulation of
revolutionary campaign plans and propaganda objectives.

2. PHASE 2- STRATEGIC STALEMATE. The insurgent movement at this phase goes through progressive expansion to
solidify mass support and to bring continuous pressure on the government forces. It is now usually a period of terror, sabotage
and active guerrilla war, as the balance of forces between the government and the guerrilla forces has become more or less
even. As insurgent activities increase, hostilities generally escalate in strategic towns, cities and larger areas and the contest
for popular support between the government and the insurgent forces has become more pronounced.

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 3. PHASE 3 -STRATEGIC OFFENSIVE. During this advanced stage of the insurgency, the balance of forces has tilted in
favor of the insurgents who have gained moral supremacy and popular support over the government forces .The institution
of government has greatly been wakened and has substantially been isolated from the support of the people. The
government is now forced to go on strategic defensive as the insurgents become more active in their activities.

E. COUNTER –INSURGENCY OPERATIONS

In studies of successful counter-insurgency operations all over the world, some common principles have been found to
have been present or have been effectively employed by government forces. The techniques in applying this factors vary from
one campaign to another, primarily due to the peculiarities in the nature of insurgency, the weather and terrain, as well as the
economic, cultural and political considerations prevailing in a country. The following are the principles of a successful counter-
insurgency operation:

1. UNITY OF EFFORT. The principle of unity of effort should be applied at all levels of command of the counter-
insurgency forces. This should include the effectiveness utilization and coordination of all military, economic, political and
psychological resources in a common effort to defeat the insurgency movement. Overall unity of effort requires the creation of
a unified command of all operating forces in the field.

2. TOTAL ISOLATION OF INSURGENT AREA. Outside support from sympathetic countries and organizations in most
cases, have largely been contributory to the insurgents successes. Thus, it is an extreme operational necessity for counter-
insurgency forces to be able to be completely isolate the areas where the insurgents operate.

3. EFFECTIVE INTELLIGENCE. The most important problem faced by the commander of a counter- insurgency unit is
how to locate the enemy. Under this principle, Commanders at all levels must exploit all possible sources of information, both
civil and military, in order to have basis for effective counter – insurgency operations. One of the best sources of intelligence
that could be exploited is the sympathetic population in the area.

4. SECURITY. The factor of security is even more important in the conduct of counter- insurgency operations than in the
conduct of conventional warfare. The guerrillas generally rely on the element of surprise when they strike against government
forces. Commanders therefore, should always adopt strict security measures to protect his unit from espionage, observation,
sabotage, harassment and other hostile insurgent actions.

5. DENIAL OF INSURGENT SANCTUARIES. Under this principle, adequate measures should also be undertaken to deny
the insurgents the opportunity to seek the refuge in sanctuaries inside the country or outside. As long as the guerrillas enjoy
freedom of movements and the government forces, the effort to defeat them will be unsuccessful. Thus, all guerrilla bases and
sanctuaries should immediately be destroyed.

6. SUPERIOR MOBILITY. In order to be successfully, counter insurgent force should possesses marked superior mobility
over guerrillas, to be able to be effectively seek, locate and destroy them. In order to be able to close in with the enemy
achieve the element of surprise to destroy him, it is necessary for commanders to train their forces to effectively move swiftly
and silently on foot in all terrain and weather conditions.

7. QUALITATIVE AND NUMERICAL SUPERIORITIES. Generally, a marked numerical superiority is required to

effectively defeat a guerilla force. Since actual presence of troops are necessary to negate the freedom of action of the
insurgents. The degree of numerical superiority varies and primarily depends on the inherent fighting capability of the guerillas
and the amount of support they receive from external and internal sources to attain the required density of contingency troops
in an area, civilian volunteers may be train as para-military forces. These “force multipliers” should be properly organized,
trained and equipped by a quality force composed of highly disciplined and specially trained troops.

8. POPULATION AND RESOURCES CONTROL. Commanders should undertake measures to effectively control the
population and the other resources that are coming inside his area of operation. This is necessary to be able identify and
segregate the insurgents from the other law-abiding local population and to control the passage of material support to them. An
effective control measures is the adoption of a pass and identification system and other methods of keeping track of the
activities and movements of individuals and resources in the insurgent controlled area.

9. POPULATION SUPPORT. Insurgents continuously wage psychological warfare and are quick I identifying with the
wants and popular aspiration of the people. Hence the government should adopt programs that would directly address the
fundamentals causes of discontent of the masses and thereby make the propaganda line of the insurgents less attractive to
them. Through discipline military forces, who may reach the remotest part of our country during operations, the government
must convince the people that viable peace and development program actually exist and that it is sincerely concerned with

26
their welfare. However, before such social, economic and political reform programs could be carried out, a reasonable
semblance of law and order must first be stablished.

10. PRESSURE ON INSURGENTS. Base on the principle of the offense, the main objective of all counter insurgency
operation should be to promptly locate the guerrilla force, and from that point onward to maintain constant and relentless
pressure on it .Also, when the enemy attempts to disengage, vigorous pursuit operations should be conducted with the clear–
cut objectives of destroying the entire guerrilla force. Mere disperse when engaged with a superior force. prompt action against
any discovered guerrilla organization build- up should immediately be undertaken. This immediately action can normally
reverse a deteriorating situation since at this point, the movement is still weak at its incipient stage. An escalating insurgency
becomes increasingly difficult to defeat.

11. CLEAR, HOLD AND CONSOLIDATE. Counter-insurgency operation should provide for the conduct of an effective
clearing operation that will significantly eliminate insurgents in a given area. This principle requires the adoption of effective
means on how to hold a given area once it has been cleared. The operation should also provide for the restoration of the local
government, and the immediate bringing in of essential government services and functions, This will enable the population to
return productive status faster and in more efficient manner.

F. STRATEGY FOR COUNTER- INSURGENCY

1. GOVERNMENT POLICY OF NATIONAL RECONCILIATION. Under this concept, the government adapts measures
to reach out to dissidents of different persuasions to return to the folds of the law and be re- integrated in to the mainstream of
the society. This policy is also aimed to encourage and assist them and to become law – abiding and productive citizens.
2. ONE – ON –ONE DEPLOYMENT. Counter – insurgency units are organized and deployed on a one- on –one basis
to address a specific guerrilla unit operating in a single geographical area of responsibility. Under this concept, all participating
units are placed under the operational control of a single military commander whose AOR encompasses the areas of a
prioritized guerrilla front.
3. HARNESSING PEOPLE‘S LOVE FOR PEACE. The government thru its agencies , as supported by the members of
the armed forces m, should effectively organized all sectors of the society, to include the working class , peasantry, students,
businessman, professionals, media and others , into a broad United Front to wage a peaceful People’s War for Democracy’.
4. CONDUCT OF WAR OF RAPID CONCLUSION. In order to effectively end the insurgency, the AFP must move fast and
decisively defeat the insurgent force in the shortest possible time before they attract more adherents and become fully strong.
The movement is much easier to defeat at its incipient stage. If the conflict will be allowed to drag on, The AFP’s limited
resources will be dissipated and the resolved and morale of the operating troops will be weakened, as the insurgents steadily
gain strength as they wage a “protracted war”. “
5. GRADUAL CONSTRICTION OPERATION. Under this concept, the AFP progressively operates in a manner such that
the areas surrounding the identical insurgent sanctuary or strong points are cleared of their influence. Here, The Barangay
and village defense forces should be organized starting from the outskirts of the insurgent controlled areas, gradually moving
towards the center of the broad guerrilla front . Thru the use of combined intelligence, combat and military operations, the
AFP slowly moves into the affected areas neutralizes the insurgent political infrastructure and eventually destroy the main
enemy force.
6. PRIORITY ON SECURITY AND DEVELOPMENT. Lawlessness and poverty are among the causes of insurgency is to
solved . The government should give high priority on its policy on providing an atmosphere of peace and security for the
people, and in bringing in development in their communities. After the military forces have cleared the formerly insurgency-
affected areas of winning back the loyalty of the people. The government agencies should now come to the area and pave the
way for the bringing in the of the needed services for the people. The Department of Social Welfare and Development for
example should now establish workable livelihood projects to help then people improved their quality of life thru self- help. On
the other hand , the military unit in the area will should now organize and train the people to form their permanent local security
force to maintain peace and order for the members of the community. This will allow them to continue improving their lives
without being molested by the insurgents. Development will only come to a locality after peace and order have been restored
and when the security of the people is assured.
7.EXTENSIVE INTELLIGENCE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS. This strategy involves the conduct of non-military
actions of both military and civilian sectors of the government to determine the plans and detect the presence of insurgent
forces in order to neutralized and eventually destroy the insurgency movement by undermining the political will of its leaders
and the ideological; commitment of it’s leaders.

G. RULES AND BEHAVIOR DURING COUNTER-INSURGENCY OPERATIONS

Here are some practical rules of behavior that you and your men should follow during conduct of counter-insurgency
operation:

1. Respect the rights of the people be tolerant of their culture, custom and traditions

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 2. Do not take anything from the people . Pay fair price from anything you buy from them, Return all the things you
barrowed to the people who awn them. Pay fair compensation to the owner if things you barrowed are damaged.
3. Do not be burden to the people letting them “entertain” you at their expense when you visit their Barangays. Always
pay for the meals you eat and drinks you take. Also when traveling, take care not to damage any shelter or crops of the people.
4. Ensure that tour drivers observe road courtesy and discipline. They should drive carefully when passing through
populated areas. Pay a fair price for live stock that may be hit by you vehicles.
5. Do not drink alcoholic drinks in places exposed to the public, especially when in uniform. Never get drunk when invited
in civilian social activities.
6. Be friendly and helpful to the local people in the area. Remember that you are a visitor in their Barangay and you are
there to be their protector and to help them to solve their problems. Do not be arrogant an act in an overbearing manner with
them. Do not intimidate, scold or hurt anyone.
7. Do not liberties with the women in the locality. This will cause extreme resentment among the people.
8. Always act in accordance with the local tradition, customs and tradition, custom and culture. Do not do anything that
will interfere with the exercise of the peoples rights or liberties. Take extra care not to cause suffering to the people and not to
instill hatred in their hearts.
9. Pay particular respect to the women and to the old people, as well as the local leaders, such Barangay Captain, Tribal
Leaders, Teachers, Priest, and others.
10.Actively participate in Barangay activities and try to help the people in their self help projects. Provide the people the
needed leadership and technical assistance in the execution of their community projects.
11.Always treat detainees and suspected guerillas humanely.

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