Symmetry of Compliance and Stiffness

y
 Let a composite be under a stress condition
as shown
2 below:
2
 12
L F
1 1
 12 2 L
F L
The strain components are given by
W = (½)F  L
 1   S11 S12 0   1 
    S 0   2 
= (½) (A) (L)
 2   21
S 22 (1)
 12   0 0 S 66   12  = ½  V

The strain energy stored is given by

1
W   1 1   2 2   12 12 V
2

Dr Md Afsar Ali ME Dept BUET

 Symmetry of Compliance and Stiffness
Strain energy per unit volume is
W 1
w   1 1   2 2   12 12 
V 2

1
w  1 ( S11 1  S12 2 )   2 ( S 21 1  S 22 2 )  S 66 122 
2
1
w  S11 12  ( S12  S 21 ) 1 2  S 22 22   122 S 66  (2)
2
 We will recover the stress-strain relation by differentiation of this
energy term:
w 1
1   S11 1   2 ( S12  S 21 )
 1 2 (2a)
w 1
2   S 22 2   1 ( S12  S 21 ) (2b)
 2 2

Dr Md Afsar Ali ME Dept BUET

 Symmetry of Compliance and Stiffness
Since Eqs. (2a) and 1(a) are equivalent, we have
1
S11 1   2 ( S12  S 21 )  S11 1  S12 2
2
1 1
  S12   S 21
2 2
S12  S 21 (3)

Now the compliance matrix becomes

 S11 S12 0
S    S12 S 22 0 (4)
0 0 S 66 


This shows that the compliance matrix is symmetry.

Dr Md Afsar Ali ME Dept BUET

 Symmetry of Compliance and Stiffness
 Stiffness:
 1   Q11 Q12 0   1 
 2   Q21 Q22 0   2  (5)
   0  
 12   0 Q66   12 
1
w   1 1   2 2   12 12 
2
1
  1 (Q11 1  Q12 2 )   2 (Q21 1  Q22 2 )  Q66 122 
2
1
 Q11 12  (Q12  Q21 ) 1 2  Q22 22  Q66 122 
2
Now we recover the stress components as
w 1
1   Q11 1   2 (Q12  Q21 ) (6a)
 1 2
w 1
2    1 (Q12  Q21 )  Q22 2 (6b)
 2 2
Dr Md Afsar Ali ME Dept BUET
 Symmetry of Compliance and Stiffness

Now Eqs. (5a) and (6a) are equivalent. Thus, we have

1
Q11 1  Q12 2  Q11 1   2 (Q12  Q21 )
2
Q12  Q21

Now the stiffness matrix becomes

Q11 Q12 0 
Q   Q12 Q22 0 
(7)
 0 0 Q66 


Which is a symmetric matrix.

Dr Md Afsar Ali ME Dept BUET

 Orthotropic Materials
 An orthotropic material has material properties that are different in
three mutually perpendicular directions at a point in the body and,
further, has three mutually perpendicular planes of material
symmetry.
 A similar symmetry condition can be applied to the engineering
constants as shown below:
Q12  Q21  mE1 2  mE 2 1

E1 E2
 (8)
1 2

 Equation (8) is known as Reciprocal Relation between Poisson’s ratio.

 With these symmetry conditions, the number of independent
constants for the on-axis, orthotropic unidirectional composite are
reduced by one from 5 to 4.
Dr Md Afsar Ali ME Dept BUET
 Square Symmetric Materials

 Square symmetric materials have the properties which are equal in

the longitudinal and transverse directions, i.e.

Q11  Q22
S11  S 22 (9)
E1  E2

 For this case, the number of independent constants are three, one less
than the orthotropic material.

 A cross-ply laminate is a square symmetric material in the plane of

the laminate. Many woven fabrics are also square symmetric.

Dr Md Afsar Ali ME Dept BUET

 Isotropic Materials

 For isotropic materials, we have only two independent

constant because there is another relation among the three
remaining constant, i.e.,

Q11  Q12
Q66 
2
S 66  2( S11  S12 )
(10)
E
G
2(1   )

Dr Md Afsar Ali ME Dept BUET

 Transformation of Stress
 Sometimes we need to determine the stress field for the on-axis
orientation from the known stress field in the off-axis orientation.
This can be realized by using the stress transformation equation.
y   12

2 1 y
 xy  1

+ x
2

x  x

 xy y 2
1
 12
 1  c 2 x  s 2 y  2cs xy
where
 2  s 2 x  c 2 y  2cs xy (1) c = cos
s = sin 
 12   cs x  cs y  (c 2  s 2 ) xy  is positive counterclockwise

Dr Md Afsar Ali ME Dept BUET

 Transformation of Stress
 In matrix form, it can be written as

 
 1   c 2 s 2 2cs   x 
 2    s 2 c 2  2cs   y (2)
    cs cs c 2  s 2   
 12   xy 

 1   x 
 2   T   y  (3)
   
 12   xy 

where T is called transformation matrix and is given by

 c2 s2 2cs 
T    s c 2 2cs2 
2 2
(4)
  cs cs c  s 
Dr Md Afsar Ali ME Dept BUET
 Transformation of Stress
Equation (3) is used to convert off-axis stresses into on-axis stresses.

By inverting Eq. (3), one can find

 x   1 
 
 y   T   2 
1
  (5)
 xy   12 

where 2 2
1
c s  2cs  (6)
T   s 2 c2 2cs 
cs  cs c 2  s 2 
Equation (5) is used to convert on-axis stresses into off-axis stresses.
 Equation (2) is the transformation equation in terms of second
power of sines and cosines. We can rewrite these equations
using double angle trigonometric identities as follows:
Dr Md Afsar Ali ME Dept BUET
 Transformation of Stress

2 21 1
c  cos    cos 2
2 2
2 2 1 1
s  sin    cos 2 (7)
2 2
2cs  2 cos  sin   sin 2
c 2  s 2  cos 2
Substituting these identities into Eq. (2), one obtains

1 1
 1  ( x   y )  ( x   y ) cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
1 1 (8)
 2  ( x   y )  ( x   y ) cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
1
 12   ( x   y ) sin 2   xy cos 2
2
Dr Md Afsar Ali ME Dept BUET
 Transformation of Stress

 Now we introduce a notation commonly used in photoelasticity:

1 1
p  ( x   y ) , q  ( x   y ) , r   xy   s
2 2
(9)
1 1
or p  ( 1   2 ) , q  ( 1   2 ) , r   12   6
2 2

 The over bars refer to the on-axis orientation. Using the notations in
Eqs. (9), Eq. (8) can be rewritten as

 1  1 cos 2 sin 2   p
 2   1  cos 2  sin 2   q  (9)
  0  sin 2
 12  cos 2   r 
 
Dr Md Afsar Ali ME Dept BUET
 Transformation of Stress
First Order Invariant
From equation (9), we have
 1  p  q cos 2  r sin 2
 2  p  q cos 2  r sin 2
1   2  2 p
1
( 1   2 )  p
2
p p
I  p p (10)
 I is the first order invariant for stress transformation. The sum of
the two normal stress components remain constant, independent of
the angle of rotation or ply orientation.
Dr Md Afsar Ali ME Dept BUET
 Transformation of Stress
2nd Order Invariant
It can be shown that
1 (11)
q  r  ( 1   2 ) 2   122
2 2

4
From Eq. (9), one have
 1  p  q cos 2  r sin 2
 2  p  q cos 2  r sin 2
 1   2  2[ q cos 2  r sin 2 ]
1 (12)
( 1   2 ) 2  q 2 cos 2 2  r 2 sin 2 2  2 qr cos 2 sin 2
4
From Eq (9), one can write
 122  q 2 sin 2 2  r 2 cos 2 2  2 qr sin 2 cos 2 (13)

Dr Md Afsar Ali ME Dept BUET

 Transformation of Stress
From Eqs. (11)-(13), one can find

q 2  r 2  q2  r 2

 R2  q 2  r 2  q2  r 2 (14)

 R is the 2nd order invariant.

 The transformation equation can be written in terms of the
invariants as

Dr Md Afsar Ali ME Dept BUET