DESIGN OF 325MW,220KM TRANSMISSION LINE

Economic Voltage Calculation

The most economic voltage is given by the following empirical formula:

Economic Voltage (V eco) = 5.5 *

where, Lt = Length of transmission line = 220

P = Power to be transmit 325
Cos ø = Power factor = 0.95
Nc = Number of circuit

For Nc =1 For Nc =2
V eco1 = 270.4636816 V eco2 = 196.6087206
Nearest Standard Voltage = 220 Nearest standard voltage = 220

Checking Technical Parameters

From table, we have,

Length (km) 80 160 240 320 400

mf limit 2.75 2.25 1.75 1.32 1

0
So, for L = 220 km, from interpolation:
mf limit = 1.875

For Nc = 1, For Nc = 2,
Surge Impedance Loading = Surge Impedance Loading =
= 121 = 242
(mf)1 = 2.685950413 (mf)2 = 1.342975207

since margin for double ckt is less , 220 KV double circuit is economic.
Air Clearance Parameters Calculation for single circuit tower configuration:
a = minimum distance (clearance) from a line conductor to any earthed object, and is given as

a= inch

98.81719734
= inch
2.509956813
=
Now, Tower width (b) = 1.5 * a = 3.764935219
String length (L) = a sec (ɸ) = 3.549613
Cross arm length (CL) = a *(1+tanɸ) = 5.019913625
Vertical distance between two adjacent line conductor (y) =

where, 0.25 ≤ (x/y) ≤ 0.333

= 6.500799518
Horizontal distance betn adj. conductor = (b + 2C L) = 13.80476247
Height of earth wire (d) = = 8.694745448

Calculation of Insulation Disc

For the calculation of number of insulation disc, we consider following values of different factor:
FOWR = Flashover Withstand Ratio = 1.15
NACF = Non Atmospheric Condition Factor = 1.1
FS = Factor of Safety = 1.2
Earth Factor (EF) = 0.8

1)      Number of Insulation Discs Required for the temporary O/V:

Equivalent temp Voltage (Vov) = SQRT(2) * Earth Factor (EF) * Maximum System voltage *
FOWR * NACF * FS
= 415.61586994
From standard table, number of insulation disc required to withstand above voltage (N 1) = 11
 2)      Number of Insulation Discs Required to withstand continuous operating voltage:
a)      Voltage level for dry condition
Vdry = Equivalent dry 1 min voltage * FOWR * NACF * FS
where, Equivalent dry 1 min voltage is taken from standard table = 435
Equivalent Voltage level in KV = 660.33
From standard table number of insulation disc required to withstand above voltage (N 2a) = 12

b)      Voltage level for wet condition

Vwet = Equivalent wet 1 min voltage * FOWR * NACF * FS
where, Equivalent wet 1 min voltage is taken from standard table = 395
Equivalent Voltage level = 599.61
From standard table number of insulation disc required to withstand above voltage (N 2b) = 16

3)      Number of Insulation Disc required for Switching Over Voltage:

Equivalent FOV = Max. System Voltage * SQRT(2/3)* SSR * SIR * FOWR * NACF * FS
where, SSR = Switch to Surge Ratio 2.8
SIR = Switch to Impulse Ratio 1.15
Equivalent FOV = 965.82263591
From standard table number of insulation disc required to withstand above voltage (N c) = 11

4)      Number of Insulator Disc required for over voltage due to Lightening:
From standard table, equivalent voltage for the given system voltage (BIL) = 950
Voltage Level = BIL * FOWR * NACF * FS
= 1442.1
From standard table number of insulation disc required to withstand above voltage (N d) = 17
Hence, from above table the required number of insulation discs to withstand all types of
voltage level in all condition for given system voltage = 17.
Electrical Parameters Calculation:
Selection of AACSR Conductor:
Line current is calculated as:
Line current (IL) =

= 448.8967404
Comparing this value with the current carrying capacity from the given standard ACSR conductor table,
Conductor LYNX is selected.

For LYNX conductor, from ACSR conductor table,

Resistance at 200C (R20) = 0.1589
Coefficient of resistivity (α20) = 0.004
0
So, Resistance at 65 C (R65) = 0.187502 Ω/Km

Transmission Efficiency Criterion:

Power loss in conductor (PL) = 3 *
= 49.873832158

Transmission Efficiency (η) =

= 84.65420549
Since, efficiency criterion is not fulfilled this conductor canot be used.
hence we have to go further upto MOOSE conductor and follow the above process.

Further calculations are done as:

Resistance Resistance Power Loss

Conductor at 200C at 650C (PL) efficiency (η)
WOLF 0.1844 0.217592 57.877499268 82.19153869
LYNX 0.1589 0.187502 49.87383207 84.65420552
PANTHER 0.1375 0.16225 43.157029009 86.72091415
LION 0.1223 0.144314 38.386215621 88.18885673
BEAR 0.1102 0.130036 34.588397068 89.35741629
GOAT 0.08989 0.1060702 28.213711546 91.31885799
SHEEP 0.07771 0.0916978 24.39078345 92.49514355
DEER 0.06786 0.0800748 21.299170826 93.44640898
ZEBRA 0.068 0.08024 21.343112528 93.43288845
ELK 0.0611 0.072098 19.177414345 94.09925712
MOOSE 0.05517 0.0651006 17.316169385 94.67194788

since ELK conductor satisfies eff. Criteria we can proceed

Impedance and Susceptance Calculation:
For ELK conductor,
Overall Diameter (D) in m = 0.0315
Radius (r) ( in m) = 0.01575

GMR of Inductance (GMRI) =0.7788r = 0.0122661

GMR of capacitance (GMRC) = r = 0.6684483282

From air clearance calculation,

Air clearance from earth (a) = 2.5099568125
Tower width (b) = 3.7649352188
Cross arm length (CL) = 5.0199136251
Vertical distance between two adj. line conductor (y) = 6.500799518
Horizontal distance between two adj. line conductor =(2C L+b) = 13.80476247
Now,
m= 15.25882896 n= 18.963466041
Dab= Dbc=y= 9.959647982 Dca = 13.39716337
So,
GMD = 10.99428381

Resistance of conductor (R) = 15.86156

Inductance of conductor (I) = * length of transmission

= 299.12482173 Mh

Capacitance of conductor = * length of transmission

= 1.9013120045 μF

Now,
Impedance of the line (Z) = R + j wL = 15.86156+93.972834246325i
= 95.302060114 ∟ 80.41941671

Susceptance of the line (Y) = j Wc = 0.000597314782544853i

= 0.0005973148 ∟ 90

A, B, C, D Parameters and Stability Criteria:

A = 1+(YZ/2) = 0.971934318473517+0.00473717213111105i
= 0.9719458628 ∟ 0.279255311
B = Z = 15.86156+93.972834246325i
= 95.30206011 ∟ 80.41941671

Given, Receiving end Voltage Vr = 127017.05922 ∟ 0

Receiving end Current Ir = 448.8967404 ∟ -18.1948723
= 371.7785831-122.1977085i
Now,
Sending End Voltage Vs = A*Vr + B * Ir
= 140832.492197878+33600.5425538754i
Since, 144785.3146 ∟ 13.4190593
0
δ < 30 , it satisfies stability criteria.
% Voltage Regulation:
Vr at no load = (|Vs|/|A|) = 148964.38179
% Voltage Regulation = 17.27903535 > 12%
Since, voltage regulation > 12% this conductor cannot be used. To get lower voltage regulation
we proceed in the same way as done above and calculate %V regulation up to MOOSE conductor.

Condr Diam GMD GMR of L GMR of C Ind. L Capa. C R Z Y

ELK 0.0315 10.99428381 0.0122661 0.668448328 1.901312004 0.00059731478254
Err:502 15.86156 Err:502 4853i
MOOSE 0.03177 10.99428381 0.012371238 0.670352731 1.903245678 0.00059792226401
Err:502 14.322132 Err:502 094i

Condr Z magnitude Z angle Y magnitude Y angle A magn A angle B magn B angle

ELK Err:502 Err:502 0.0005973148 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
MOOSE Err:502 Err:502 0.0005979223 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502

Condr Vr Ir Vs magn Vs angle Vs/A % V reg.

127017.0592 371.778583- Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502

ELK 122.197708i
127017.0592 371.778583- Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
MOOSE 122.197708i

since none of the conductor satisfied % regulation criteria. We know go for bundle conductor.

Bundle Conductor:
For bundle with 2 sub-conductors;
Line conductor (Ib) = 224.4483702
Comparing this value of current with the current carrying capacity from the given
standard ACSR conductor table, Conductor MINK is selected.

For MINK conductor, from ACSR conductor table,

Resistance at 200C (R20) = 0.4565
Coefficient of resistivity (α20) = 0.004
0
So, Resistance at 65 C (R65) = 0.53867 Ω/Km

Transmission Efficiency Criterion:

Power loss in conductor (PL) = 3 * 2*
= 35.820334141

Transmission Efficiency (η) =

= 88.978358726
Since, efficiency criterion is not fulfilled this conductor cannot be used.

Resistance Resistance Power Loss

Conductor at 200C at 650C (PL) efficiency (η)

MINK 0.4565 0.53867 35.820334141 88.97835873

BEAVER 0.3841 0.453238 30.139299767 90.7263693
RACCOON 0.3656 0.431408 28.687654243 91.17302946
OTTER 0.3434 0.405212 26.945679615 91.70902166
CAT 0.302 0.35636 23.697132334 92.70857467
DOG 0.2745 0.32391 21.53928088 93.37252896
LEOPARD 0.2193 0.258774 17.207884506 94.70526631
COYOTE 0.2214 0.261252 17.37266589 94.65456434
TIGER 0.2221 0.262078 17.427593018 94.63766369
WOLF 0.1844 0.217592 14.469374843 95.54788466
LYNX 0.1589 0.187502 12.46845804 96.16355137
PANTHER 0.1375 0.16225 10.789257271 96.68022853
LION 0.1223 0.144314 9.5965539222 97.04721418
BEAR 0.1102 0.130036 8.6470992823 97.33935407
GOAT 0.08989 0.1060702 7.0534278991 97.82971449
SHEEP 0.07771 0.0916978 6.0976958732 98.12378589
DEER 0.06786 0.0800748 5.3247927159 98.36160224
ZEBRA 0.068 0.08024 5.3357781415 98.35822211
ELK 0.0611 0.072098 4.7943535948 98.52481428
MOOSE 0.05517 0.0651006 4.3290423539 98.66798697

Conductor Diameter GMD GMR of L GMR of C Ind. L Capa. C Resist R Z Y

LEOPARD 0.01584 10.99428381 0.006168096 Err:502 #DIV/0! 56.93028 Err:502 #DIV/0!

0.00055220749346
COYOTE 0.01586 10.99428381 0.006175884 0.531777921 Err:502 1.757731044 57.47544 Err:502 3995i
0.00055469638343
TIGER 0.01652 10.99428381 0.006432888 0.539054392 Err:502 1.765653427 57.65716 Err:502 7454i
0.00056045813870
WOLF 0.01813 10.99428381 0.007059822 0.556026097 Err:502 1.783993663 47.87024 Err:502 8206i
0.00056515360146
LYNX 0.01953 10.99428381 0.007604982 0.569984863 Err:502 1.798939786 41.25044 Err:502 5267i
0.00056981106510
PANTHER 0.021 10.99428381 0.0081774 0.583941049 Err:502 1.813764953 35.695 Err:502 5279i
0.00057360659767
LION 0.02226 10.99428381 0.008668044 0.595393781 Err:502 1.825846508 31.74908 Err:502 4072i
0.00057704198935
BEAR 0.02345 10.99428381 0.00913143 0.605819884 Err:502 1.8367817 28.60792 Err:502 4531i
0.00058389589772
GOAT 0.02597 10.99428381 0.010112718 0.626786871 Err:502 1.858598367 23.335444 Err:502 7692i
0.00058888179370
SHEEP 0.02793 10.99428381 0.010875942 0.642174248 Err:502 1.874468967 20.173516 Err:502 6843i
 0.00059360668858
DEER 0.02989 10.99428381 0.011639166 0.656857575 Err:502 1.889508775 17.616456 Err:502 2023i
0.00059057324990
ZEBRA 0.02862 10.99428381 0.011144628 0.647419512 Err:502 1.87985304 17.6528 Err:502 5546i
0.00059731392331
ELK 0.0315 10.99428381 0.0122661 0.668445636 Err:502 1.901309269 15.86156 Err:502 8342i
0.00059792140911
MOOSE 0.03177 10.99428381 0.012371238 0.67035005 Err:502 1.903242957 14.322132 Err:502 6876i

Condr Z magnitude Z angle Y magnitude Y angle A magn A angle B magn B angle

LEOPARD Err:502 Err:502 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! Err:502 Err:502
COYOTE Err:502 Err:502 0.0005522075 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
TIGER Err:502 Err:502 0.0005546964 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
WOLF Err:502 Err:502 0.0005604581 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
LYNX Err:502 Err:502 0.0005651536 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
PANTHER Err:502 Err:502 0.0005698111 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
LION Err:502 Err:502 0.0005736066 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
BEAR Err:502 Err:502 0.000577042 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
GOAT Err:502 Err:502 0.0005838959 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
SHEEP Err:502 Err:502 0.0005888818 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
DEER Err:502 Err:502 0.0005936067 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
ZEBRA Err:502 Err:502 0.0005905732 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
ELK Err:502 Err:502 0.0005973139 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
MOOSE Err:502 Err:502 0.0005979214 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502

426.4519034
Condr Vr Ir Vs magnitude Vs angle magn Vs/A % V reg.
-
127017.0592 140.1679623
426.4519034
LEOPARD i- #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
127017.0592 140.1679623
COYOTE i Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
 426.4519034
-
127017.0592 140.1679623
426.4519034
TIGER i Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
-
127017.0592 140.1679623
426.4519034
WOLF i Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
-
127017.0592 140.1679623
426.4519034
LYNX i Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
-
127017.0592 140.1679623
426.4519034
PANTHER i Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
-
127017.0592 140.1679623
426.4519034
LION i Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
-
127017.0592 140.1679623
426.4519034
BEAR i- Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
127017.0592 140.1679623
426.4519034
GOAT i Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
-
127017.0592 140.1679623
426.4519034
SHEEP i Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
-
127017.0592 140.1679623
426.4519034
DEER i Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
-
127017.0592 140.1679623
426.4519034
ZEBRA i Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
-
127017.0592 140.1679623
426.4519034
ELK i Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
-
127017.0592 140.1679623
MOOSE i Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502

Again, bundle with two sub-conductor fails the %regulation criteria

we know go for three sub-conductors.
For bundle with 3 sub-conductors;
Line conductor (Ib) = 149.6322468

Comparing this value of current with the current carrying capacity from the given
standard ACSR conductor table, Conductor RABBIT is selected.
For RABBIT conductor, from ACSR conductor table,
Resistance at 200C (R20) = 0.5449
Coefficient of resistivity (α20) = 0.004
So, Resistance at 650C (R65) = 0.642982 Ω/Km

Transmission Efficiency Criterion:

Power loss in conductor (PL) = 3 * 2*
= 19.003042545

Transmission Efficiency (η) =

= 94.152909986
Since, efficiency criterion is not fulfilled this conductor cannot be used.

Resistance Resistance Power Loss

Conductor at 200C at 650C (PL) efficiency (η)
RABBIT 0.5449 0.642982 19.003042595 94.15290997
MINK 0.4565 0.53867 15.92014855 95.10149275
BEAVER 0.3841 0.453238 13.395244377 95.87838635
RACCOON 0.3656 0.431408 12.750068587 96.07690197
OTTER 0.3434 0.405212 11.975857639 96.31512073
CAT 0.302 0.35636 10.532058844 96.75936651
DOG 0.2745 0.32391 9.5730137502 97.05445731
LEOPARD 0.2193 0.258774 7.64794869 97.64678502
COYOTE 0.2214 0.261252 7.7211848608 97.62425081
TIGER 0.2221 0.262078 7.7455969177 97.61673941
WOLF 0.1844 0.217592 6.4308332806 98.02128207
LYNX 0.1589 0.187502 5.5415369213 98.29491172
PANTHER 0.1375 0.16225 4.7952254668 98.52454601
LION 0.1223 0.144314 4.265135088 98.68765074
BEAR 0.1102 0.130036 3.8431552469 98.81749069
GOAT 0.08989 0.1060702 3.1348568525 99.03542866
SHEEP 0.07771 0.0916978 2.710087062 99.16612706
DEER 0.06786 0.0800748 2.3665745468 99.27182322
ZEBRA 0.068 0.08024 2.3714569581 99.27032094
ELK 0.0611 0.072098 2.1308238256 99.3443619
MOOSE 0.05517 0.0651006 1.9240188291 99.40799421

Conductor Diameter GMD GMR of L GMR of C Ind. L Capa. C Resist R Z Y

0.00073466420428
LEOPARD 0.01584 5.17953142 0.006168096 0.531554297 Err:502 2.338508792 36.22836 Err:502 3303i
0.00073479995733
COYOTE 0.01586 5.17953142 0.006175884 0.531777921 Err:502 2.338940908 57.47544 Err:502 9239i
0.00073921349745
TIGER 0.01652 5.17953142 0.006432888 0.539054392 Err:502 2.352989642 57.65716 Err:502 8197i
0.00074948152711
WOLF 0.01813 5.17953142 0.007059822 0.556026097 Err:502 2.385673796 47.87024 Err:502 7382i
0.00075790212205
LYNX 0.01953 5.17953142 0.007604982 0.569984863 Err:502 2.412477382 41.25044 Err:502 4159i
0.00076630184749
PANTHER 0.021 5.17953142 0.0081774 0.583941049 Err:502 2.439214539 35.695 Err:502 7356i
0.00077318217980
LION 0.02226 5.17953142 0.008668044 0.595393781 Err:502 2.461115317 31.74908 Err:502 553i
0.00077943703962
BEAR 0.02345 5.17953142 0.00913143 0.605819884 Err:502 2.481025154 28.60792 Err:502 7655i
0.00079199440725
GOAT 0.02597 5.17953142 0.010112718 0.626786871 Err:502 2.520996496 23.335444 Err:502 0825i
0.00080119551863
SHEEP 0.02793 5.17953142 0.010875942 0.642174248 Err:502 2.550284543 20.173516 Err:502 7583i
0.00080996696178
DEER 0.02989 5.17953142 0.011639166 0.656857575 Err:502 2.578204914 17.616456 Err:502 728i
 0.00080432975324
ZEBRA 0.02862 5.17953142 0.011144628 0.647419512 Err:502 2.560261122 17.6528 Err:502 9864i
0.00081688490250
ELK 0.0315 5.17953142 0.0122661 0.668445636 Err:502 2.600225403 15.86156 Err:502 1867i
0.00081802152169
MOOSE 0.03177 5.17953142 0.012371238 0.67035005 Err:502 2.603843375 14.322132 Err:502 918i

Condr Z magnitude Z angle Y magnitude Y angle A magn A angle B magn B angle

LEOPARD Err:502 Err:502 0.0007346642 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
COYOTE Err:502 Err:502 0.0007348 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
TIGER Err:502 Err:502 0.0007392135 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
WOLF Err:502 Err:502 0.0007494815 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
LYNX Err:502 Err:502 0.0007579021 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
PANTHER Err:502 Err:502 0.0007663018 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
LION Err:502 Err:502 0.0007731822 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
BEAR Err:502 Err:502 0.000779437 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
GOAT Err:502 Err:502 0.0007919944 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
SHEEP Err:502 Err:502 0.0008011955 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
DEER Err:502 Err:502 0.000809967 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
ZEBRA Err:502 Err:502 0.0008043298 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
ELK Err:502 Err:502 0.0008168849 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
MOOSE Err:502 Err:502 0.0008180215 90 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502

Condr Vr Ir Vs magnitude Vs angle magn Vs/A % V reg.

142.1506347
127017.0592 -
46.72265415
LEOPARD i46.72265415 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
COYOTE 127017.0592 i46.72265415 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
TIGER 127017.0592 i46.72265415 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
WOLF 127017.0592 i Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
 46.72265415
LYNX 127017.0592 i46.72265415 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
PANTHER 127017.0592 i46.72265415 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
LION 127017.0592 i46.72265415 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
BEAR 127017.0592 i46.72265415 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
GOAT 127017.0592 i46.72265415 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
SHEEP 127017.0592 i46.72265415 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
DEER 12701.70592 i46.72265415 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
ZEBRA 127017.0592 i46.72265415 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
ELK 127017.0592 i46.72265415 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
MOOSE 127017.0592 i Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502

since every conductor satisfies %regulation criteria we can now move for further analysis.

Corona Inception Voltage (Vci)

for LEOPARD conductor
Corona inception voltage (Vci) = SQRT(3) * 21.21 * r * m * δ *

Where, m = factor of roughness = 0.95

δ = relative density of air = 0.95
r = radius of conductor in cm = 0.792
so, Vci = 59.78231488 > 82.96 KV

Since VCI > VS, corona inception voltage criterion is satisfied and hence we can select
LEOPARD (in bundle with 3 sub-conductors) conductor and go for further process.
A
#DIV/0!
Err:502
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A
Err:502
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