HINDUSTHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

Two Marks Questions and Answers

FACULTY NAME: Dr. PRADHAPRAJ. M

SUBJECT CODE NAME: 16AE3201-AERO ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

UNIT I

BASIC CONCEPT AND FIRST LAW

1. What is thermodynamics?
The branch of science which deals with the relation between heat, work and properties
of systems is called thermodynamics.

2. What are the types of properties?

a. Intensive property b. Extensive property

3. Explain intensive property?

The properties which are independent of the mass are called intensive property.

4. Explain extensive property?

The properties which are dependent on mass of the system are called extensive
property.

5. Explain concept of continuum?

It is convenient to consider the atomic nature of the substance and view it as a
continuous homogeneous matter with no holes is called continuum.

6. What are the limitations for continuum?

a. if the mean free path of the molecules is comparable with some characteristic length
of distance in the system where the volume is less than Vc or area less than Ac.
b. if the average time between molecular collision is large.

7. Explain macroscopic approach?

In this approach a certain quantity of matter is considered without the events occurring
at the molecular level being taken into account.

8. Define thermodynamic system?

A thermodynamic system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space on
which the analysis of the problem is concentrated.

9. Name the different types of system?

a. Closed system
b. Open system
c. Isolated system

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DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
10. Explain state?
A system is considered which does not undergo any change. At this point all the
properties can be measured or calculated throughout the entire that completely describes the
condition or the state of the system.

11. Define thermodynamic equilibrium?

If the system is isolated from its surroundings there will be no change in the
macroscopic property then the system is said to exist in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium.

12. Name the types of thermodynamic equilibrium?

a. Thermal equilibrium
b. Mechanical equilibrium
c. Chemical equilibrium

13. Explain thermal equilibrium?

If there is no change in temperature with time in a system, it is said to be in thermal
equilibrium.

14. Explain mechanical equilibrium?

If there is no change in pressure of force with time then the system is in mechanical
equilibrium.

15. Explain chemical equilibrium?

A system is said to be in chemical equilibrium if all possible chemical reactions in the
system have taken place and there is no change of phase with time.
.
16. What is a quasi-static process?
If a process is carried out in such a way that at every instant the system departs only
infinitesimally from the thermodynamic equilibrium state then it is called a quasi-static process.

17. Define path function?

The work done by a process does not depend upon the end of the process. It depends
on the path of the system follows from state 1 to state 2. Hence work is called a path function.

18. Define point function?

Thermodynamic properties are point function. The change in a thermodynamic property
of a system is a change of state is independent of the path and depends only on the initial and
final states of the system.

19. What are the types of processes?

a. Reversible process
b. Irreversible process

20. Explain reversible process?

A process is said to be reversible if it can be performed in the reverse direction exactly in
the same manner as in the forward direction.

HINDUSTHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
21. Explain irreversible process?
A process is said to be irreversible if it cannot be performed in the reverse direction
exactly in the same manner as in the forward direction.22. Explain heterogeneous system
The system consist of more than one phase is called heterogeneous system.

23. Explain the Zeroth law of thermodynamics?

It states that two systems which are individually in thermal equilibrium with the third
one are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.

24. Define specific heat capacity?

It is defined as the quantity required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substance
through 1Kelvin. Where, R - Universal gas constant

25. Explain first law of thermodynamics?

It states that the amount of heat energy supplied to a system is equal to the sum of the
change in internal energy of the system and the work done by the system.

HINDUSTHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
 UNIT II

SECOND LAW AND ENTROPY

1. What are the limitations of first law of thermodynamics?

a. According to first law of thermodynamics it is impossible to transfer heat from lower
temperature to higher temperature
b. It does not give any information regarding change of state or whether the process is
possible or not.

2. Explain source?
It is the thermal energy reservoir from which the heat is transferred to the system
operating in a heat engine cycle is called source.

3. Explain sink?
It is the thermal energy reservoir to which the heat is rejected from the system during a
cycle is called sink.

4. Define Kelvin – Planck statement?

It is impossible to construct a heat engine to produce net work in a complete cycle if it
exchanges heat from a single reservoir at single fixed temperature.

5. Define Clausius statement?

It is impossible to transfer heat from low temperature reservoir to high temperature
reservoir without the aid of any external device.

8. What is a heat pump?

It is a device which is operating in a cycle maintains a body at temperature higher than
that of its surroundings.

10. Define heat engine?

Heat engine is a machine which is used to convert the heat energy in to mechanical
work in a cyclic process.

11. What are the assumptions made on heat engine?

a. The source and sink are maintained at constant temperature
b. The source and sink has infinite heat capacity
12. Explain irreversibility?
The mixing of two substances and combustion also leads to irreversibility. All
spontaneous process are irreversible.

13. What are the causes of irreversibility?

a. Lack of equilibrium during the process, b. Irreversibility due to dissipative effects.

14. State carnot theorem?

No heat engine operating in a cycle between two constant temperature heat reservoirs
can be more efficient than a reversible engine operating between the same two reservoirs.

HINDUSTHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
15. What are the processes present in a carnot cycle?
(i) Two frictionless isothermal process, (ii) Two frictionless adiabatic process

16. What is thermodynamic temperature scale?

It is also the absolute scale or the Kelvin scale. In this scale, the zero degree corresponds
to -273 degree in centigrade scale.

18. What is meant by reversible process?

A reversible process is one which is performed in such a way that at the conclusion of
process, both system and surroundings may be restored to their initial state, without producing
any changes in rest of the universe.

19. What is Clausius inequality?

For all the cycles whether reversible or irreversible the cyclic integral of (dQ/T) ≤ 0.This
is known as clausius inequality.

20. What are the types of irreversibility?

a. Internal irreversibility, b. External irreversibility

21. Explain internal irreversibility?

It is caused by internal dissipative effects like friction, turbulence, electrical resistance,
magnetic hysterisis, etc within the system.

22. Explain external irreversibility?

It is occurred at the system boundary like heat interaction with the surroundings due to
a finite temperature gradient.

23. Explain entropy?

It is an important thermodynamic property of the substance. It is the measure of
molecular disorder. It is denoted by S.

24. What is absolute entropy?

The entropy measured for all perfect crystalline solids at absolute zero temperature is
known as absolute entropy.

25. Explain the significance of entropy?

a. the change in entropy represents the maximum amount of work obtainable per
degree drop in temperature.
b. The change in entropy may be regarded as a measure of the rate of the availability of
heat for transformation into work.

26. Explain third law of thermodynamics?

The entropy of all perfect crystalline solids is zero at absolute zero temperature.

HINDUSTHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
 UNIT III
POWER CYCLES

1. What is available energy?

It is the maximum part of thermal energy which can be converted in to useful work
under ideal condition.

2. What is unavailable energy?

The remaining part which cannot be converted into work is known as unavailable
energy.

3. Define availability?
The maximum useful work obtained during a process in which the final condition of the
system is the same as that of the surroundings is called availability of the system.

4. What is thermal energy reservoir?

It is defined as a large body of infinite heat capacity, which is capable of absorbing or
rejecting an unlimited quantity of heat without suffering appreciable changes in its co-
ordinates.

5. What do you understand by the entropy principle?

The entropy of an isolated system can never decrease. It always increase and remains
constant only when the process is reversible.

6. What are the important characteristics of entropy?

a. If the heat is supplied to the system then the entropy will increase.
b. If the heat is rejected to the system then the entropy will decrease.
c. The entropy is constant for all adiabatic frictionless process.

7. What is PMM 1?
It is a device which delivers continuous work without input. It violates first law of
thermodynamics.

8. What is PMM 2?
It is called perpetual motion machine of kind 2. it is a machine which draw heat is
converted into work and produces 100 x efficiency.

9. What is Carnot heat engine?

It is the hypothetical heat engine which is operated by reversible Carnot cycle. It is also
the most efficient heat engine permitted by first law and second law of thermodynamics.

10. What is reversed Carnot heat engine? What are the limitations of Carnot cycle?
a. No friction is considered for moving parts of the engine.
b. There should not be any heat loss.

HINDUSTHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
11. Differentiate availability and available energy?

Sl.
Availability Available Energy
No.
The maximum useful work
The maximum thermal energy which can be
1. obtained during a process
converted into the useful work under ideal
condition.
The final condition depends
2. upon the system and
It depends upon the parameters of the system.
surrounding.
12. What is meant by SI engine? Why it is called so?
SI engine means spark ignition engine. In SI engine air fuel mixture is ignited by spark
plug hence it is called spark ignition engine. It is also called as petrol engine.

13. Give four major difference between two stroke and four stroke IC engine.

Sl.
Two stroke cycle engine Four Stroke cycle engine
No.
1 One cycle is completed in two stroke of One cycle is completed in four
the piston or one revolution of the crank stroke of the piston or two
shaft. revolution of the crank shaft.
2 For the same speed, twice the number For the same speed, half of the
of power strokes are produced than 4 number of power strokes are
stroke engine. produced than 2 stroke engine.
3 Turning moment is more uniform and Turning moment is not uniform and
hence lighter flywheel is used. hence bigger flywheel is used.
4 It contains ports which is operated by It contains valves which is operated
the piston movement. by valve mechanism.

14. What is meant by CI Engine? Why it is called so?

CI engine means compression ignition engine. In CI engine the fuel is injected by a fuel
injector in atomized form because of high compressed air it gets ignited automatically. Hence it
is called as compression ignition engine.

15. What is a two stroke engine?

A two stroke engine is an engine in which one cycle of operation is completed in two
stroke of the piston or one revolution of the crank shaft.

16. What is a four stroke engine?

A four stroke engine is an engine in which one cycle of operation is completed in four
stroke of the piston or two revolution of the crank shaft.

17. Name the four strokes of an IC engine?

Suction, compression, power and exhaust stroke.

18. Differentiate petrol and Diesel engines.

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DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
 Petrol or SI engines Diesel or CI engine
1. Combustion of air fuel mixture takes 1. Combustion takes place by high
place by spark produced by sparkplug. compressed air.
2. Carburetor is used to mix the air fuel 2. Fuel injector is used to inject the fuel in
mixture. atomized form.
3. Compression ratio varies from 6 to 8. 3. Compression ratio varies from 12 to 18.
4. It works on Otto cycle. 4. It works on Diesel or Dual cycle.

19. What is meant by cutoff ratio?

Cutoff ratio is defined as the ratio of volume after the heat addition to before the heat
addition. It is denoted by the letter ‘p’

20. What are the assumptions made for air standard cycle?
a. Air is the working substance.
b. Throughout the cycle, air behaves as a perfect gas and obeys all the gas laws.
c. No chemical reaction takes place in the cylinder
d. Both expansion and compression are strictly isentropic
e. The values of specific heats of the air remain constant throughout the cycle.

21. Define Mean effective pressure of an I.C. engine.

Mean effective pressure is defined as the constant pressure acting on the piston during
the working stroke. It is also defined as the ratio of work done to the stroke volume or piston
displacement volume.

22. What will be the effect of compression ratio on efficiency of the diesel cycle?
Efficiency increases with the increase in compression ratio and vice – versa.

23. What will be the effect of cut off ratio on efficiency of the diesel cycle?
Efficiency decreases with the increase of cut off ratio and vice – versa.

24. Define: Specific fuel consumption.

SFC is defined as the amount of fuel consumed per brake power hour of work.

25. What is the difference between otto and Diesel cycle.

Otto Cycle
1. Otto cycle consist of two adiabatic and two constant volume process.
2. Compression ratio is equal to expansion ratio
3. Heat addition takes place at constant volume
4. Compression ratio is less. It is varies from 6to 8.
Diesel Cycle
1. It consists of two adiabatic, one constant volume and one constant pressure
processes.
2. Compression ratio is greater than expansion ratio.
3. Heat addition takes place at constant pressure
4. Compression ratio is more. It varies from 12to 18.

HINDUSTHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
 UNIT IV

REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIO1NING

1. Define a pure substance?

A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout is called a pure
substance.

2. Explain saturation temperature?

The state of water at 100C, 1 atm pressure is called saturated liquid state because in the
same liquid state it cannot hold any further addition of heat. This boiling temperature is known
as saturation temperature.

3. Explain saturation vapor point?

The state at which we have complete steam at saturation temperature is known as
saturated vapour point.

4. What is phase rule?

It may be stated as provided the equilibrium between any number of phases is not
influenced by gravity or electrical or magnetic forces and only by temperature, pressure and
concentration then the number of degrees of freedom of the system is related to the number
of components and phase by the phase rule equation.

5. Give the merits of phase rule?

a. It is applicable to both physical and chemical equilibrium.
b. it requires no information regarding molecular structure, since it is applicable to
macroscopic systems.

6. Give the limitations of phase rule?

a. It can be applied only for system in equilibrium
b. It conditions that all phases of the system must be present simultaneously under the
identical condition of temperature and pressure.

7. Explain dryness fraction?

The fraction of vapour present in 1kg of mixture of liquid and vapour is known as
dryness fraction.

8. What are the thermodynamic properties of the system?

The properties are pressure, temperature, volume, enthalpy, entropy etc.

9. Explain saturation pressure?

The phase change pressure is known as saturation pressure.

10. Explain the degree of super heat?

The difference in saturation temperature and the temperature of the super heated
vapour is called the degree of super heat.

HINDUSTHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
11. What is subcooling?
The difference in saturation temperature and the actual liquid temperature is known as
the degree of subcooling.

12. Give the types of vapour power cycles?

a. Carnot cycle
b. Rankine cycle

13. What are the processes available in a standard rankine cycle?

a. Isentropic compression and expansion
b. Constant pressure heat addition and rejection

14. Why rankine cycle is modified?

The work obtained at the end of the expansion process is very less. The work is too
inadequate to overcome the friction. Therefore the adiabatic expansion is terminated at the
point before the end of the expansion in the turbine and pressure decreases suddenly, while
the volume remains constant.

15. Define specific steam consumption of an ideal rankine cycle?

It is defined as the mass flow of steam required per unit power output.

16. Differentiate between carnot cycle and rankine cycle?

Sl.
Carnot cycle Rankine cycle
No.
1. Lower work ratio Higher work ratio

2. Specific steam consumption Specific steam consumption is

is more for given power lower for given output
output
3. Lower efficieny
High efficiency

17. What are the devices whose working is based on rankine cycle?
Turbine, Boiler, Condenser, Pump and cooling tower etc

18. What should be the properties of working fluid so that rankine cycle approves the carnot
cycle?
The fluid must have small specific heat of liquid. This will render the sensible heat
negligible in comparison to heat added for boiling.
19. Explain isentropic efficiency?
It is defined as the ratio of isentropic work done to the actual work done.
20. What is efficiency ratio?
It is defined as the ratio of actual cycle efficiency to ideal rankine efficiency.
21. Explain overall efficiency?
It is the ratio of mechanical work to the energy supplied in the fuel. It is also defined as
the product of combustion efficiency and the cycle efficiency.

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DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
22. What are the effects of condenser pressure on the rankine cycle?
The cycle efficiency is increased by reducing the condenser pressure. The main
disadvantage is lowering the backpressure increases the wetness of steam.

23. What are the advantages of reheat cycle?

a. It increases the turbine efficiency
b. It increases the heat supply
c. It increases the efficiency of the plant.

24. What are the disadvantages of reheat cycle?

Reheating increases the condenser capacity due to increased dryness fraction, increases
the cost of the plant due to the reheaters.

25. Why ideal regenerative cycle is not practically possible?

a. The reversible heat transfer cannot be obtained in finite time.
b. The moisture content of the steam in the turbine will be high.

26. Why reheat cycle is not used for low boiler pressure?
At the low reheat pressure the heat cycle efficieny may be less than the rankine cycle
efficiency.

27. Define latent heat of evaporation?

The amount of heat added during heating of water upto dry steam from boiling point is
known as latent heat of evaporation.

28. Explain the term superheating?

The dry steam is further heated its temperature raises, this process is called
superheating.

29. Explain critical point?

At a particular point, the water is directly converted into dry steam without formation of
wet steam. This point is called critical point.
30. What is triple point?
The triple point is merely the point of intersection of sublimation and vapourisation
curves.
31. What are the effects of bleeding in regenerative cycle?
a. Hot water is supplied to the boiler
b. Thermodynamic efficiency of turbine is increased.

32. Give the condition for maximum efficiency in a regenerative cycle?

The temperature of the bled steam is approximately halfway between the extreme
temperatures of the primary flow cycle.

33. Explain degree of superheat?

The difference between the temperature of the superheated vapour and the saturation
temperature at the same pressure is called degree of superheat.

HINDUSTHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
 UNIT V

BASICS OF PROPULSION

1. Define Froude efficiency, what is its effect on thrust?

From the propulsion power and the thrust power, we can derive the propulsive
efficiency _prop, also known as the Froude efficiency. It is given by
Propulsive efficiency = Pthrust/Pprop

2. Compare air breathing engine and rocket engine.

Air breathing engine are combustion engines that use the oxygen in atmospheric air to
oxidize ('burn') the fuel carried, rather than carrying an oxidizer, as in a rocket. Theoretically,
this should result in a better specific impulse than for rocket engines. A continuous stream of
air flows through the Air-breathing engine. This air is compressed, mixed with fuel, ignited and
expelled as the exhaust gas. Thrust produced by a typical air-breathing engine is about eight
times greater than its weight. The maximum velocity of Air-breathing engines is limited to 1-3
km/s due to extreme temperature and dissociation of the exhaust gas; however, the maximum
velocity of a hydrogen-breathing engine of the same design is about 4 times higher.

3. Define SFC.Write down its significance.

SFC, is an engineering term that is used to describe the fuelefficiency of an engine
design with respect to thrust output. It allows the efficiency of different sized engines to be
directly compared.
SFC is dependent on engine design, but differences in the SFC between different engines
using the same underlying technology tend to be quite small. Increasing overall pressure ratio
on jet engines tends to decrease SFC.

4. What are the factors affecting thrust?

The Jet engine is much more sensitive to operating variables . Those are:
1.) Engine rpm. 2.) Size of nozzle area.
3.) Weight of fuel flow.4.) Amount of air bled from the compressor

5. Define by pass ratio.

It is defined as the ratio between the mass flow rate of air drawn through a fan disk
which bypasses the engine core (un-combusted air), to the mass flow rate passing through the
engine core which is involved in combustion to produce mechanical energy

6. Mention relative merits of jet engines over piston engines.

1. Simple design with few moving parts, giving a compact engine with low maintenance
costs and reduced frictional losses.
2. The operational flexibility through the variable compression ratio allows operation
optimization for all operating conditions and multi-fuel operation. The free-piston
engine is further well suited for homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI)
operation

HINDUSTHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
7. State Fourier’s Law of conduction.
The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured – normal to the
direction of heat flow and to the temperature gradient in that direction.
dT dT
Q - A Q  - KA where A – area in m2
dx dx
dT
- Temperature gradient in K/m K – Thermal conductivity W/mK.
dx

8. Define Thermal Conductivity.

Thermal conductivity is defined as the ability of a substance to conduct heat.

9. Write down the equation for conduction of heat through a slab or plane wall.
Toverall
Heat transfer Q 
R
L
Where  T = T1 – T2, R  - Thermal resistance of slab
KA
L = Thickness of slab, K = Thermal conductivity of slab, A = Area

10. Write down the equation for conduction of heat through a hollow cylinder.
Toverall
Heat transfer Q  Where,  T = T1 – T2
R
1 r 
R in  2  thermal resistance of slab
2 LK  r1 
L – Length of cylinder, K – Thermal conductivity, r2 – Outer radius, r1 – inner radius

11. State Newton’s law of cooling or convection law.

Heat transfer by convection is given by Newton’s law of cooling
Q = hA (Ts - T)
Where
A – Area exposed to heat transfer in m2, h - heat transfer coefficient in W/m2K
Ts – Temperature of the surface in K, T - Temperature of the fluid in K.

12. What is meant by radiation shape factor?

The space factor is defined as the fraction of the radiative energy that is diffused from
one surface element and strikes the other surface directly with no intervening reflections. It is
represented by Fiji. Other names for the radiation shape factor are view factor, angle factor,
and configuration factor

13. Define overall heat transfer co-efficient.

The overall heat transfer by combined modes is usually expressed in terms of an overall
conductance or overall heat transfer co-efficient ‘U’.
Heat transfer Q = UA T.

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14.What is critical radius of insulation (or) critical thickness?
1. Critical radius = rc
2. Critical thickness = rc – r1
Addition of insulating material on a surface does not reduce the amount of heat transfer
rate always. In fact under certain circumstances it actually increases the heat loss up to certain
thickness of insulation. The radius of insulation for which the heat transfer is maximum is called
critical radius of insulation, and the corresponding thickness is called critical thickness.

15.Define convection.
Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between a solid surface and a
fluid medium when they are at different temperatures.

16. Give the 3 basic expressions governing the 3 modes of heat transfer.
1) Fourier Law of conduction
Q = - KA dT
dx
where,
A – Area in m2
dT - Temperature gradient in K/m
dx
K – Therma conductivity W/mK

2. Newton’s Law of cooling

Q = hA(Ts - T∞)
Where,
H – heat transfer co – eff in W/m2K
A – Surface Area in m2
Ts – Surface Temperature in K
T∞ - Fluid Temperature in K

3. Stefan – Boltzman Law

Eb = σ T4
Where
σ - Stefan Boltzman constant = 5.669 x 10-8 w/m2 k4
T – Temperature in K

17. Define a black body

Black body is on ideal surface having the following properties.
1. A black body absorbs all incident radiation regardless of wave length and direction.
2. For a prescribed temperature and wave length, no surface can emit more energy than
black body.

18. Given two examples of heat transfer with internal heat generation.
1. Chemical Reaction
2. Nuclear Reaction
3. Combustion Reaction.

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DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
19. Write down the Stefan Boltzman law with its Unit
The total energy emitted by a black body at a particular temperature is given by
Eb = σ T4
Where
σ – Stefan Boltzman constant – 5.669 x 10-8 w/m2k4

Staff In-charge HOD/AERO

HINDUSTHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING