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Physics Paper 6 Important

The document provides guidance for improving the accuracy of physics experiments through controlling variables, reducing errors, and standardizing methods. Some key points include: controlling variables like initial temperature and volume to reduce heat loss; taking multiple readings and calculating averages to improve reliability; using techniques like insulation and stirring to minimize temperature changes; and keeping measurement methods like protractor use consistent to reduce parallax errors. The document also provides examples of specific experiments and variables that should be kept constant, like springs experiments controlling for number of coils and diameter.

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878 views6 pages

Physics Paper 6 Important

The document provides guidance for improving the accuracy of physics experiments through controlling variables, reducing errors, and standardizing methods. Some key points include: controlling variables like initial temperature and volume to reduce heat loss; taking multiple readings and calculating averages to improve reliability; using techniques like insulation and stirring to minimize temperature changes; and keeping measurement methods like protractor use consistent to reduce parallax errors. The document also provides examples of specific experiments and variables that should be kept constant, like springs experiments controlling for number of coils and diameter.

Uploaded by

bruuu.h af
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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#Physics paper 6 important #notes!

micrometer : can measure the thickness of any small thing to 0.01 mm


vernier : can measure the inner and outer wall of anything to 1.05mm
Control Variables
Precautions
Units ( eg.. voltage is V etc. ) cause the units hold 1 mark of the question
Statements & justification
The rest are calculations and measurements

To produce more accurate or reliable results:


• Repeat experiment, to calculate average reading.
• Avoiding parallax error, look perpendicular to the ruler.
• If accuracy in measurement was asked, check for zero error.

Improvements that could be done to the experiment (temp. cooling):


• Same initial temperature.
• Same volume of water.
• Same shape of beaker.
• Beakers of same surface.
• Same room temperature.
• Stirring the water in the beakers.
• Same time intervals.
• Same surface area. (Unless given different containers)
• Adding water or cooling effect at regular intervals.

Heat loss could be reduced by:


• Insulation of beaker.
• Covering beaker with a lid.
For 2 values to be directly proportional,
• The graph of the values must be a straight line from the origin.
• As value 1 increase, value 2 increases.

For images produced from lenses on screens, precautions taken:


• Use of a darkened room for the experiment.
• Avoiding parallax error in measurement, and look perpendicular to the ruler.
• Object and lens at the same height from bench.
• Object/lens/screen is perpendicular to the bench.
To draw an image created from lens:
• Inverted from the original object.
• Sides are multiplied by the magnification.
*If values have difference by 0.1 or 0.01, that is the limit of experimental accuracy, so
answers are about the same.

For spring extension experiment, variables that should be constant in the


experiment:
• Number of coils.
• Diameter of spring.
• Selection of loads.
• Mass of spring.

for improving the accuracy of the results (for experiments):

Minimizing heating effect of a current:


• Lower current
• Increase voltage
• Add a lamp
• Increase resistance of a resistor

To increase accuracy of ray diagrams


• View bases of pins since pins may not be vertical
• Keep pins further apart
• Use more pins
• Avoid parallax, explain action and reason
• Repeats and average

Adjustments made to experiments will be made to increase accuracy

Improvement made to experiments about heating effect and insulation


• Lids
• Repeats
• Stirring
• Record max. Temperature
• Add insulation
• Keep constant room temperature
• Avoid heat loss

How to check if a rule is vertical:


• Protractor
• Use of set square
• Plumb line
• Spirit Level
Precautions taken in experiments about formation of images by a lens
• Use a darkened area
• Meter ruler on bench or clamped
• Object and lens same height on bench
• Mark on lens holder to show center of lens
• Take more readings
• Avoid parallax error, explain action and reason
• Lens\screen perpendicular to bench

Variables in experiments about springs and stretching effect:


• Number of coils
• Length of spring
• Diameter\thickness of spring or wire
• Range of loads
• Length of wire
• Coil spring

Periodic time (T) is measured by timing a number of oscillations, then divide the
time taken for all the oscillations by the number of oscillations

Drawing graphs:
• Label axis
• Choose a proper scale
• Well judged best fit line
• Thin and neat lines

Measuring the gradient:


• Draw a triangle on graph
• Use clear lines
• Triangle must be larger than half the line

Sources of error in calculating circumference by string method:


• Parallax
• Diagonal winding
• Thickness of string

Improvement made to calculating circumference by string method


• Avoid parallax error
• Repeats and average
• Thinner string
• Parallel winding of springs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Centre of mass experiment (with the lamina): How to minimize
inaccuracy when marking the lines : you view the string directly in front of
card.

Why angle i is NOT equal to angle r in ray experiment:

- thickness of pins
-thickness of mirror
-protractor is not precise

In an experiment to do with the cooling of water, there are certain things


which must be kept the same:

- initial temp.
-thickness of test-tubes ( more heat lost when thinner etc.)
-vol. of water
-thickness of cotton wool
-depth of the thermometer in the water
-avoid droughts

Examples of insulators that you can wrap things with:


-bubble wrap
-fiberglass
Styrofoam is a good insulator , however you cannot wrap it around things
as it breaks easily.

inaccuracy of ray box method: thickness of rays.


inaccuracy of pin method: pins not straight, or too close, or thickness of
lines drawn.

Symbol for extension is 'x' or 'e'.

A ruler is called a 'rule'.

ALWAYS ROUND TO 3.SIG.FIGS.

To improve accuracy, put pins in the light ray experiment FURTHER


APART to avoid parallax error. So, I I I is better than I I I (where I is the pins)

Precautions for circuit readings of I and V so that accurate:

For I specifically :
-limit current so that temp. doesn't increase
-use a tapping meter

For I and V: Switch off between readings.

θ this is the symbol for Celsius temp. (theta)


T this is the symbol for Kelvin temp.

In light ray experiment, lengths are in mm.

Fair test for pendelum experiments:


-length of pendulum
-shape of bob
-no. of swings
-amplitude

If a statement is 'directly proportional', the justification would always be ,


''straight line that goes through the origin''.

If you're comparing the extensions of springs of different materials,


certain things have to be the same:
-the cross-section of the springs
-the length of the springs
-the room temperature

How to reduce the heating effect of current:

-Add a variable resistor


-reduce current
-reduce voltage or power
-switch off between readings

Precautions for focal length experiments:


-do it in a darkened room
-clamp ruler to bench
-avoid parallax error when reading the lengths
-make sure that the obejct/lense/screen are all perpendicular to bench.
-and of course, repeats.

A question one came up and asked to draw a diagram of a load on a ruler


on a pivot. Well, this meant that the ruler was unbalanced, and so this
means that when you draw it, you must show that the ruler is tilted.

DON'T FORGET TO WRITE DOWN THE UNITS AFTER EACH ANSWER!!!

An important precaution for spring experiments is to wait for the spring


to stop moving and then record the length.

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