2nd International Conference on Applied Information Technology (AIT’17) 4-6 October, 2017

AN AUTOMATED ENERGY METER READING SYSTEM USING GSM

TECHNOLOGY
1K. Okokpujie, 2A. Abayomi-Alli, +1O. Abayomi-Alli, 1M. Odusami, 3I. P. Okokpujie
and 4O. A. Akinola
1
Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.
2
Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.
4
Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
Corresponding Author: +olusola.abayomi-alli@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

Abstract: The measurement of the energy consumed by residential and commercial buildings by utility provider is important
in billing, control and monitoring of the usage of energy. Traditional metering techniques used for the measurement of
energy are not convenient and is prone to different forms of irregularities. These irregularities include inaccuracies in billing
due to human error, energy theft, loss of revenue due to corruption and so on. This research study proposed the design and
construction of a microcontroller based electric energy metering system using the Global System for Mobile communication
(GSM) network. This system provides solution to the irregularities posed by the traditional metering technique by allowing
the utility provider have access to remote monitoring capabilities, full control over consumer load, and remote power
disconnection in the case of energy theft. Proteus simulation software was used to model the system hardware and the
software was obtained by using embedded C programming and visual basic. It was observed that the system could
remotely take accurate energy readings, provided full control over consumer loads and execute remote disconnection in
case of energy theft. The system provides high performance and high accuracy in power monitoring and power
management.

Keywords: GSM, Automatic Energy metering, Load Control, Energy Theft.

INTRODUCTION
Energy meters are electronic instruments used to 2012). The conventional electromechanical meters
measure the amount of electric energy used by are being replaced by new electronic meters to
consumers in a circuit within a residence areas, improve accuracy in meter reading. The electronic
industry or business at any given time. They are meters are also being improved and communication
often calibrated in the unit of electric energy, technologies have been incorporated into them to
kilowatt-hour (kWh). Equation 1 shows the make them smarter (NARUC, 2007) which resulted
mathematical expression for the product of the into the Automatic metering system.
power consumed and the period of consumption Automatic metering system is a technology that
while Equation 2 and 3 expresses the relationship gathers data from metering devices and sends it to a
between power, energy and time. master station for billing purposes. These metering
𝑃 =𝐼∗𝑉 (1) devices could be used for energy gas or water
E= 𝐼 ∗ 𝑉 ∗ 𝑡 (2) metering devices. The data from these devices are
E= 𝑃 ∗ 𝑡 (3) obtained remotely without the need to physically
Where; E= Energy in kilowatt-hour, P= Power access the metering device (Hasbullah, 2012).
consumed in kilowatts, t= time in hours. The major Features of Smart Metering Systems include: Time-
challenge encountered in the existing metering based Pricing, Providing consumption data for
system is the energy theft which reduces the consumer and utility, net metering, Failure and
efficiency of electricity transmission in the world. outage notification, Energy theft detection etc.
Since meters are positioned within the electricity (Ramyar et al., 2014).
infrastructure at a key location or node in the Different communication technologies could be
network, distributors, retailers and customers through wired or wireless technologies (Adekunle,
intersect with all potentially having a claim to own 2012). The wired technology includes the use of
the meter (Heather, 2017). In Nigeria, this major Power line carrier, coaxial cables, pilot cables, etc.
factor has both technical and commercial losses in for data transmission from the consumer end to the
the power sector with about 75% loss. However, utility station while the wireless technology includes
large percentage ranging between 50-60% of these the use of Global System for Mobile
losses is attributed to energy theft (Obadote, 2009). Communication (GSM) technology, WIFI, etc.
This theft could be in form of unpaid bill or illegal GSM network is characterized by digital voice
connections in the electrical power system (Nizar communications and support of low-rate data
and Zhao, 2006). Researchers have made continuous services (Le-Bodic, 2005). However, due to its high
effort to reduce these technical and non-technical speed and high transmission range, GSM technology
losses, hence advancing into the development of is suitable for automatic metering system
Electric energy meters in the last decade (Hasbullah, applications (Dhok and Deshmukh, 2014).

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 2nd International Conference on Applied Information Technology (AIT’17) 4-6 October, 2017

The motivation of this study is based on the fact that technology to build up home area networks of
Nigeria still has challenges at automating connected metering devices. Although, Knauth et al.
completely our energy systems, therefore there is a (2008) reduces manpower requirement but it still
need in developing an intelligent energy metering requires the consumers to deliberately take pictures
system which will compact existing energy metering of the energy meter in their premises. It also requires
limitations such as: Inaccuracies in generating ZigBee networks to be installed at different
billing information due to corruption or human locations in the country due to its short range
error, difficulty in accessing home energy meters, (<10m) and a low data speed. Hence, requires
high level of theft resulting in loss of revenues, different ZigBee networks to be deployed across a
inaccuracies in meter reading activities and also specific geographical region (Dhok and Deshmukh,
difficulties in preventing unwanted use of energy 2014). However, the use of GSM based AMRS can
and controlling peak time load. Therefore, a more counter the limitations posed by the ZigBee based
automatic and accurate metering system is required AMRS since GSM provides large range and high
to successfully and accurately read a metering data speed as compared to ZigBee technology. The
system, transmit the energy readings to a utility shortcomings of this study include: the great
station through a suitable communication intervention of consumers to take pictures of meter
infrastructure. In addition, developing a real-time reading before it can be monitored remotely and it is
monitoring system for generating billing information capital intensive to build a ZigBee network rather
with a security feature for theft detection and remote than using the existing networks.
disconnection of meters is hereby proposed (Prachi,
2014). This study aims at designing an automatic ZigBee-GSM Based Automatic Metering System
energy metering system with the capacity to transmit (Quan-Xi, 2010; Primicanta et al., 2010) presented a
energy meter readings from meters to a utility GSM and ZigBee based Automatic Meter Reading
provider and remotely disconnecting power in case System. The system proved to correctly take electric
of energy theft. energy reading of large power consumers while
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The (Arun and Naidu, 2012; Dongre and Rathkanthiwar,
literature review and related work is presented in 2014) adopted a GSM technology using the SIM300
section 2. Section 3 presents the methodology for GSM modem. It utilizes power saving techniques of
the study while section 4 gave a detailed discussion current consumption as low as 2.5mA. The strength
on the system implementation and result obtained. of the work reduces the cost of using only ZigBee
The study is finally concluded with recommendation network by using GSM technology with the ZigBee
for future research work in section 5. modules. This therefore reduced cost in meter
reading and provides efficient services to their
REVIEW OF EXISTING WORK consumers. Limitations include slow communication
This section reviews some related works on process for many users since ZigBee transfers
Automatic Energy Metering (AEM) system and information at low data rate as compared to GSM
divides them into categories like: Radio Frequency- technology which can make the communication
based AEMs, ZigBee-based AEMs, ZigBee-GSM process slow for many users
based AEMs and Bluetooth-based AEMs.
Bluetooth-Based Automatic Metering System
Radio Frequency-Based Automatic Metering However, like the ZigBee technology, distance is a
System major setback in the Bluetooth based Automatic
RF based automatic metering system was the most Metering System (Newbury and Miller, 2002)
common types of metering systems some of which because Bluetooth technology can only work
include the handheld, mobile and fixed network effectively in close range and sends data at a very
(Chu and Hogg, 2000; Prachi, 2014). Despite the low speed.
advantages of using RF technology such as reduced
meter reading time however, Ali et al., (2012) GPRS-based Automatic Metering System
highlighted the inherent limitations to the RF based Kumar et al. (2013) developed a GPRS based
automatic metering system which include: reduced Automatic Metering System using the advancement
range of radio signals, susceptibility to interferences in the mobile communication technology to reform
from weather conditions, difficulty in receiving from electricity market. This technology measures the
some specific areas shielded by structures (e.g. energy reading from a meter regularly. The data
mountains). EPRI (2010) states that RF exposure obtained are sent to the utility centre through SMS.
may be hazardous to consumers therefore; this However, GPRS based AMRS in this paper was
technology is not suitable for meter reading. mainly for monitoring purposes and generation of
the appropriate billing information at the required
ZigBee-Based Automatic Metering System period. It has no system set up to detect energy theft
Shang-Wen, 2009; Joongwong, 2007; Knauth et al., and has no remote disconnection capability.
2008) presented an AMR that utilized ZigBee

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 2nd International Conference on Applied Information Technology (AIT’17) 4-6 October, 2017

GSM-Wed Services based Automatic Metering However, our proposed system was designed to
System mitigate the following limitations as identified by
Xiaoliang et al. (2010) designed a GPRS and web existing literatures:
based automatic metering system. The system (1) Reduces management, maintenance, and start-
utilizes the internet and GSM modules to monitor up cost significantly.
electricity consumption. The strength of the work is (2) Incorporating energy theft detection system
the ability to obtain real time data from energy through remote disconnection.
meters and its supports for wide coverage area (3) Effective data transfer speed with better
communication and easy maintenance. The system coverage when compared with Bluetooth and
is however, capital intensive due to the cost of ZigBee technology.
managing and maintaining a web services. (4) Reduces design complexity and easy to deploy
when compared with the microprocessor based
Automatic Metering System Based on WIMAX AMS.
Technology
Ahmed et al. (2011) developed a WIMAX MATERIALS AND DESIGN
technology based Automatic Metering System. The This section describes the detailed system, the
system was divided into four units and the strength modelling, simulations and every other detail
include: high performance, high data rate and high required for the successful design and construction
coverage area. The WIMAX technology provides of the proposed system.
AMRS process with good efficiency and reliability,
however it is complex to implement and capital The Automated Energy Metering System using
intensive. GSM Technology (AEMS_GSM)
This section presents a simple and detailed overview
Power Line Carrier-Based Automatic Metering of the design of the automated metering system
System using GSM technology. This section is divided into
Poonamborle et al. (2013) developed a PLC-based four major subsections which are:
automatic metering system which allows data from (1) Metering Circuits;
energy meter to be sent over existing electric power (2) Power supply;
lines. The strength of the system is the usage of (3) The Communication section;
limited cables for communication since it allows the (4) PIC Micro-controller.
use of existing electric power cables. Therefore,
controlling, monitoring, and transfer of consumers Figure 1 depicts the functional block diagram of the
energy data is made possible via existing power Automatic Metering System using GSM
lines. The major disadvantage of PLC technology is (AEMS_GSM). The diagram shows how the
signal interference and the inability to transmit data different sections of the metering system are
on high voltage side of a power system (Cogency, connected for full functionality.
2014).

TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER REGULATOR DISPLAY

WIRELESS
GSM
COMMUNICATION RELAY
MODEM
DRIVER
MICROCONTROLLER
INTERFACE
GSM MODEM RELAY

ENERGY
UTILITY METER
S
COMPUTER
C PROGRAM

LOAD

Figure 1: Functional block diagram of the AEMS_G

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 2nd International Conference on Applied Information Technology (AIT’17) 4-6 October, 2017

Metering Circuits AC voltage output is converted to pulsating DC

This phase consists of voltage and current sensing voltage by the bridge diode. Capacitor C2 is used
circuits which is used to sense the voltage and to filter the pulsating output of the bridge
current consumed by the load. For this research rectifier. The 7805-voltage regulator is used to
study, the sensing circuits are used to reduce the maintain a constant output voltage of 5V. The
cost of constructing an energy meter. The input voltage of the regulator should not exceed
potential transformers and the current 35V as stated in the device datasheet. From
transformers are both used to sense voltage and Equation 5, the condition is met since 𝑉𝐿(𝐷𝐶) =
current reading in the load. The Analysis of the 9.913V. Capacitors C1 and C3 are decoupling
voltage and the Current sensing circuits for this capacitors used to prevent electromagnetic
study is listed described below. interference from interfering with the supply to
the microcontroller. Typical values of 100µF and
Voltage Sensing Circuits: For this research study, 100nF is used. The LED acts as an indicator lamp
a step-down transformer was used to step down to show that the power supply is functioning. The
240VAC supply from the mains to 12VAC. resistor R1 acts as a current limiting resistor for
Therefore, turning the ratio of the transformer the LED to reduce the current passing through the
used to 20:1. Equation 4 depicts the Transformer LED.
ratio while equation 5 gave a mathematical
expression for calculating voltage divider circuit. Communication Section
The communication section of the study is
Analysis of The Voltage Sensing Circuit: responsible for bi-directional communication
Transformer ratio of potential transformer used, between the meter and the remote PC. It sends
240/12= 20/1 (4) and receives information such as disconnection
Using the voltage divider circuit, signal and meter readings from the PC and the
𝑉_(𝑂𝑈𝑇) = (𝑉_𝐼𝑁 × 𝑅_2)/(𝑅_1 + 𝑅_2) (5) energy meter, respectively. The main device that
𝑉𝐼𝑁 = 12V, 𝑅1 = 10K, 𝑅2 = 1K is responsible for communication between the
𝑉_(𝑂𝑈𝑇) = (12 × 103 )/(104 + 103 ) =1.0909V meter and the PC is the GSM modem which sends
To protect the microcontroller from high voltage, and receives data through radio waves over a
the maximum amount of voltage that would be wireless network.
sensed by the ADC port of the controller is The GSM modem at the PC side is made up of a
1.09099V. The values read by the ADC port of the P16F873A microcontroller and a USB to TTL
microcontroller is multiplied by as scaling factor converter. The converter retrieves data from the
to obtain the actual voltage value read by the PC and sends it to the microcontroller. The
potential transformer. microcontroller then processes this data and sends
it to the GSM modem which sends the data to the
Current Sensing Circuits: The measurement of energy meter. The converter also accepts data
alternating electric current is done by using a from the GSM modem and sends it to the
current transformer which was used to observe converter which processes the data and sends it to
the flow of current by reporting the accurate the PC.
current usage and phase angle to the
microcontroller. The current sensing circuit was Microcontroller Section
designed in such a way that it connects to the The microcontroller section is responsible for
microcontroller at the output and in series to the computing power calculations and displaying the
load at the input. value obtained on the LCD. The controller is also
used to automate the meter reading process by
Analysis of the Current Sensing Circuit: Current interfacing a GSM modem. The GSM modem is
transformer is rated 1V/Amp, therefore, at 5A responsible for communications between the
current for standard current transformer, 5V is energy meter and the remote PC. The PIC
induced at the secondary winding. microcontroller used in the development of this
Using the voltage divider circuit, work is the PIC18F452 which is a 40-pin high
performance microcontroller. Table 1 shows the
V_(OUT)=(V_IN×R_2)/(R_4+ R_5) (6) algorithm for the automatic energy metering
V_IN= 5V, R_4 = 100K, R_5 = 10K system using GSM.
V_(OUT)=(5×104)/(105+104)= 0.4545V (7)
IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING
Design of the Power Supply Unit This section discusses the implementation and the
For this study, the power unit supplies 5VDC to testing phase involved in this study. The
the PIC microcontroller, GSM module and the implementation phase entails purchasing the
LCD. The mains voltage 240VAC is supplied to required hardware and the different softwares.
the transformer which steps it down to 12VAC. However, in the testing phase, different parts of

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 2nd International Conference on Applied Information Technology (AIT’17) 4-6 October, 2017

the project were tested using various methods to boarded to ensure that all the components are
ensure they perform as required; a load is also functioning properly.
used to test the functionality and accuracy of the It was also done to ensure that the circuit diagram
energy meter. designed for the project is correct without
Implementation necessarily soldering the components on the Vero
The implementation of this system is divided into board permanently.
two (2) main categories:
(1) Hardware implementation Mounting and Soldering of Components: After
(2) Software implementation the bread boarding stage, the components were
mounted appropriately and soldered on a Vero
Hardware Implementation board to ensure permanent connection between
This subsection phase of this study entails the the components. This was properly done to avoid
following: bridging, short circuit or open circuit problems.
(1) Bread boarding of components
(2) Mounting and soldering of components Packaging: After the mounting and soldering of
(3) Packaging various components, the project was packaged
within a plastic case with the LCD projecting
Bread Boarding of Components: Prior to the from the top of the casing.
construction of the project, the various
components used for the project were bread

Table 1: The Algorithm for Automatic Energy Metering System using GSM
ALGORITHM FOR THE AUTOMATIC ENERGY METERING SYSTEM USING GSM
(AEMS_GSM)
Input: {system clock Timer (C), LCD, Microcontroller unit (MCU), GSM modem;
Load ADC production calibration constant, Load gain calibration constant;
Energy reading on utility PC (ERUP), Energy reading on the consumer meter (RCM)};
Output: {Meter Tampering Signal (MTS), Billing Information};
Initialize Clock Timer C = 0;
Process:
Step 1: ∀ Timer 𝜖 {Load ADC calibration, Load gain calibration constant};
Step 2: Count Pulse C to obtain energy usage;
Step2: Calculate the basic parameters for energy usage:
i. Vr.m.s and I r.m.s
ii. Apparent power
iii. Active power and Energy Time using Equation 1, 2 and 3.
iv. Power factor demand
v. Frequency from timer count
Step 3: Display reading on LCD;
Step 4: Enable GSM modem application to:
i. Obtain data from modem
ii. Display energy reading on utility PC;
Step 5: Check for meter tampering signal;
Step 6: if (ERUP != RCM) {
Step 7: Do these:
i. Send meter tampering signal
ii. Send disconnect signal to MCU
iii. MCU activate relay unit
iv. Alert delegate to start investigation
Step 8: }
Step 9: Else if (ERUP==RCM) {
Step 10: Do these:
i. Generate billing information based on amount of energy consumed
ii. Send billing information to consumer
Step 11: }
Step 12: Stop

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 2nd International Conference on Applied Information Technology (AIT’17) 4-6 October, 2017

Software Implementation and resistors were also tested to ensure that they
This subsection entails the coding of the were functioning properly.
PIC18F452 microcontroller using MikroC and the
GUI on the personal computer using Visual basic. Power Supply Unit Testing: The power supply
After compiling the program for the unit consists of the step-down transformer, the
microcontroller, it was converted into a .hex file bridge diode, capacitors and voltage regulator.
which was then loaded into the microcontroller The tests were carried out at different outputs of
using a PIC programmer. these components to ensure that the required
wave form and AC or DC voltage levels are
Testing obtained.
In this section, different tests were carried out to
monitor and verify the operations and Communication Unit Testing: The
performance of the metering system. The key communication unit consists of transistors, the
tests used in this research study include: GSM module, potentiometer and the PC. All tests
1) Unit Testing were carried out at various outputs to ensure that
2) Integration Testing the required results are obtained.
3) System Testing
Integration Testing
Unit Testing To evaluate the interaction between separate
The metering system consists of different units modules of the project, the integration testing was
which were coupled together to obtain the whole carried out. This was important because the
system. Tests on units independent of one another project involves the integration of several
were carried out such as the resistance and components to obtain a complete system. The test
capacitance values before circuit connections. The was about connecting the power supply unit, the
transformer was tested to ensure that it provides microcontroller, metering section and the
the necessary voltage levels when it is connected communication section together.
to the mains. The diodes, transistors, capacitors

Table 2: Various voltage flow

Expected values Practical values
S/N Outputs/Inputs (V) (V)
1 Output at Power Supply Unit 5.0 5.01
2 Output at Current sensing unit 0.45 0.5
3 Output at Voltage sensing unit 1.09 1.3
4 Output at step down transformer 12.0 13.05
5 Input at GSM modem 4.2 4.0

Figure 2: Graphical representation of voltage flow

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 2nd International Conference on Applied Information Technology (AIT’17) 4-6 October, 2017

Table 2 depicts the various voltage flows obtained technology. International Journal of Engineering
at different outputs of the study where the Technology, 8(3):800-807.
maximum, the voltage entering the ADC port is Ali, N. A., Razali, N. H., and Saad, N. V. 2012.
0.4545V. The expected values obtained during the Implementation of Automatic Metering Reading
system design and the practical values obtained (AMR) using Radio Frequency Module. IEEE
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representation of the voltage flow at different Arun, S., and Naidu, S. 2012. Design and
outputs and inputs in this project. From Figure 2, Implementation of Automatic Meter Reading
the practical values obtained in this study was System using GSM, ZigBee through GPRS.
very close to the expected values. International Journal of Advanced Research in
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metering system. This involves the complete Economical way of GPRS based Fully Automated
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ZigBee and GSM based Wireless Meter with
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