African Journal of Food Science Vol. 4(8) pp.

472 - 476, August 2010

Available online http://www.academicjournals.org/ajfs
ISSN 1996-0794 ©2010 Academic Journals

Full Length Research Paper

some nutrients and antinutrients contents of mango

(Magnifera indica) seed
M. A. Fowomola
Science Technology Department, School of Applied Sciences and Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Offa, Kwara State,
Nigeria. E-mail: moshoodfowomola@yahoo.com.
Accepted 15 April 2009

Proximate composition, amino acid profile and antinutrients contents of mango seed were
investigated. The results of proximate analysis show that mango seed contains (10.06 ± 0.12%) crude
protein, (14.80 ± 0.13%) oil, (2.62 ± 0.02%) ash, (2.40 ± 0.01%) crude fibre, 70.12 ± 1.34%) carbohydrate
and energy content (453.92 ± 4.32 KJ/100 g). The results also show that mango seed is very rich in
glutamate (13.00 g/100 g of protein) while methionine has the lowest value (1.04 g/100 g of protein).
Among the essential amino acids, leucine has the highest value (8.40 g/100 g of protein). This is
followed by arginine which has the value of 5.17 g/100 g of protein. The results of antinutrient analysis
show that mango contains alkaloid (0.01 ± 0.0 mg/100 g), tannins (1.03 ± 0.01 mg/100 g), phytate (1.44 ±
0.01 mg/100 g), cyanide (0 mg/100 g), saponin (0.04 ± 0 mg/100 g) and oxalate (1.49 ± 0.01 mg/100 g). Its
trypsin inhibitor activity was found to be (18.42 ± 2.54 TIU/mg protein). The vitamin analysis showed
that mango seed contained 15.27 (IU) vitamin A; (1.30 mg/100 g) vitamin E; (0.59 mg/100 g) Vitamin K;
(0.08 mg/100 g) Vitamin B1; (0.03 mg/100 g) Vitamin B2; (0.19 mg/100 g) Vitamin B6; (0.12 mg/100 g)
Vitamin B12 and (0.56 mg/100 g) Vitamin C. The result of mineral analysis showed that mango seed
contained sodium (21.0 mg/100 g), potassium (22.3 mg/100 g), calcium (111.3 mg/100 g), magnesium
(94.8 mg/100 g), iron (11.9 mg/100 g), zinc, (1.1 mg/100 g) and copper (0.1 mg/100 g). Therefore, mango
seed is a nutritional promising seed.

Key words: Mango, amino acids, protein, antinutrients.

INTRODUCTION

The present uncertainty in the world food supply and the Mango trees (Mangifera indica) reach 35 - 40 m in height,
expected increase in demand, warrant the search for with a crown radius of 10 m. The leaves are evergreen,
alternative sources of food which will be readily available alternate, simple, 15 - 35 cm long and 6 - 16 cm broad;
for all and sundry by the government planners and when the leaves are young they are orange-pink, rapidly
scientists. Many workers such as Fetuga et al. (1973), changing to a dark glossy red, then dark green as they
Aletor and Aladetimi (1989) and Fowomola and mature. The fruit takes from 3 - 6 months to ripen.
Akindahunsi (2007) had studied nutritional potentials of The ripe fruit is variable in size and color, and may be
lesser known plant seeds as alternative sources of food. yellow, orange, red or green when ripe, depending on the
Mangoes belong to the genus Angifera, consisting of cultivar. When ripe, the unpeeled fruit gives off a
numerous species of tropical fruiting trees in the flowering distinctive resinous sweet smell. In its center is a single
plant family Anacardiaceae. The mango is indigenous to flat oblong seed that can be fibrous or hairy on the
the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia (mango - surface, depending on the cultivar. Inside the seed coat 1
botany-taxonomy, 2008). Cultivated in many tropical - 2 mm thick is a thin lining covering a single embryo, 4 -
regions and distributed widely in the world. It is one of 7 cm long, 3 - 4 cm wide, and 1 cm thick.
the most extensively exploited fruits for food, juice, flavor, Mango is rich in a variety of phytochemicals and nutrients
fragrance and color and a common ingredient in new that qualify it as a model "superfruit", a term used to
functional foods often called superfruits. Its leaves are highlight potential health value of certain edible fruits. The
ritually used as floral decorations at weddings and fruit is high in prebiotic dietary fiber, vitamin C,
religious ceremonies. polyphenols and carotenoids (Nutritiondata.com, 2008).
 Fowomola 473

Table 1. Proximate composition of mango seeds. Table 2. Amino acid profile (g/100 g of protein) of mango seeds.

Composition % (Dry weight) Amino acid Quantity

Crude protein 10.06 ± 0.12 Lysine 3.13
Crude oil 14.80 ± 0.13 Alanine 6.40
Ash 2.62 ± 0.025 Histidine 2.31
Crude fibre 2.40 ± 0.01 Cysteine 2.30
Arginine 5.17
Carbohydrate 70.12 ±1.34
Valine 3.80
Energy content 453.92 ± 4.32 KJ/100 g
Aspartate 6.33
Each value is a mean of three determinations ± SEM. Methionine 1.04
Threonine 2.04
Isoleucine 3.23
Mango fruit contains essential vitamins and dietary Serine 2.93
minerals. The antioxidant vitamins A, C and E comprise Leucine 8.40
25, 76 and 9% of the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) in a Glutamate 13.00
165 g serving. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, 11% DRI), vitamin Tyrosine 3.17
K (9% DRI), other B vitamins and essential nutrients such
Proline 3.00
as potassium, copper and 17 amino acids are at good
Glycine 3.50
levels. Mango peel and pulp contain other phytonutrients,
such as the pigment antioxidants - carotenoids and Phenylalanine 4.46
polyphenols - and omega-3 and -6 polyunsaturated fatty
acids.
The edible mango peel has considerable value as a seeds after eating the fruity part of mango fruit as a result
source of dietary fiber and antioxidant pigments (Rocha of scarcity of the information on its nutritional and
et al., 2007; Ajila and Prasada, 2008). Contained within antinutritional potentials. The present study is aimed at
the peel and pulp are rich contents of polysaccharides as providing this information.
fiber sources, especially starch and pectins (Iagher et al.,
2002; Berardini, 2005).
Antioxidants of the peel and pulp include carotenoids, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
such as the provitamin A compound, beta-carotene,
lutein and alpha-carotene (Gouado et al., 2007). Table 1 shows the results of proximate analysis of mango
Mahattanatawee et al. (2006) and Singh et al. (2004) seed. The results showed that mango seed contains
reported that Polyphenols such as quercetin, kaempferol, (10.06 ± 0.12%) crude protein, (14.80 ± 0.13%) oil, (2.62
gallic acid, caffeic acid, catechins, tannins, and the ± 0.02%) ash, (2.40 ± 0.01%) crude fibre, 70.12 ±
unique mango xanthone, mangiferin. Any of which may 1.34%) carbohydrate and energy content (453.92 ± 4.32
counteract free radicals in various disease mechanisms KJ/100 g). The results of proximate analysis show that
as revealed in preliminary research (Percival et al., mango seed is a good source of carbohydrate with
2006). According to Percival et al. (2006) and Rodríguez protein of about thirteen times that of cassava. Table 2
et al. (2006), contents of these phytochemicals and depicts the amino acid profile of mango seed. The results
nutrients appear to vary across different mango species also showed that mango seed is very rich in glutamate
(Rocha et al., 2007). Up to 25 different carotenoids have (13.00 g/100 g of protein) while methionine has the
been isolated from mango pulp, the densest content for lowest value (1.04 g/100 g of protein). Among the
which was beta-carotene accounting for the yellow- essential amino acids, leucine has the highest value
orange pigmentation of most mango species (Chen et al., (8.40 g/100 g of protein). This is followed by arginine
2004). .According to Barreto et al. (2008), peel and which has the value of 5.17 g/100 g of protein. Table 3
leaves also have significant content of polyphenols, depicts the amino acid scores of mango seed.
including xanthones, mangiferin and gallic acid. Phenylalanine/Tyrosine had the highest amino acid value
The mango triterpene, lupeol is an effective inhibitor in while lysine has the lowest value and it is the limiting
laboratory models of prostate and skin cancers (Saleem amino acid in mango seed.
et al., 2004; Nigam et al., 2007; Chaturvedi et al., 2008 Table 4 shows the antinutrients content of mango seed.
and Prasad et al., 2008). An extract of mango branch Table 5 showed that mango seed contained 15.27 (IU)
bark called Vimang, isolated by Cuban scientists, vitamin A; (1.30 mg/100 g) vitamin E; (0.59 mg/100 g)
contains numerous polyphenols with antioxidant Vitamin K; (0.08 mg/100 g) Vitamin B1; (0.03 mg/100 g)
properties in vitro (Rodeiro et al., 2006) and on blood Vitamin B2; (0.19 mg/100 g) Vitamin B6; (0.12 mg/100 g)
parameters of elderly humans (Pardo et al., 2006). Vitamin B12 and (0.56 mg/100 g) Vitamin C. These
In Nigeria, people ignorantly throw away the mango results also showed that mango seed is richer in vitamins
474 Afr. J. Food Sci.

Table 3. Amino acid scores of mango seed (%).

Lysine 47.42
Histidine 88.84
Threonine 47.44
Cysteine/methionine 79.52
Valine 69.10
Isoleucine 70.23
Leucine 93.33
Phenylalanine/Tyrosine 105.97

Table 4. Antinutrients content (mg/100 g) of mango seed.

Alkaloid Tannins Phytate Cyanide Saponin Oxalate Trypsin inhibition (TIU/mg)

0.01 ± 0.0 1.03 ± 0.01 1.44 ± 0.01 0 0.04 ± 0 1.49 ± 0.01 18.42 ± 2.54
Each value is a mean of three determinations. ±SEM. Column values with different superscript letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).

Table 5. Vitamins contents (mg\100g) of mango seeds. The results show that mango contains alkaloid (0.01 ±
0.0 mg/100g), tannins (1.03 ± 0.01 mg/100 g), phytate
Vitamins Amount (mg\100 g) (1.44 ± 0.01 mg/100 g), cyanide (0 mg/100 g), saponin
A 15.27 (IU) (0.04 ± 0 mg/100 g) and oxalate (1.49 ± 0.01 mg/100 g).
E 1.30 Its trypsin inhibitor activity was found to be (18.42 ± 2.54
K 0.59 TIU/mg protein). The absence of cyanide in sherry
B1 0.08 mango seed shows that it is less toxic when compared
B2 0.03 with cassava(Bede,2010). Tannins are aromatic com-
B6 0.19 pounds containing phenolic groups. They interact with
salivary proteins and glycoproteins in the mouth and
B12 0.12
render the tissues astringent to taste (Howes, 1953).
C 0.56
Astringency gives tannin the medicinal value in preven-
ting diarrhoea and dysentery and for controlling hae-
morrhage (Sollman, 1957; Jones, 1965). Furthermore,
tannins protect plant against dehydration, rotting, damage
Table 6. Some mineral contents of mango seeds
by animals and pathogens. When they are polymerized,
insoluble protective barrier is formed which prevents
Mineral Composition (mg/100 g)
microbial attack (Stumpf and Conn, 1981). Therefore they
Na 21.0 can be applied to wounds as protective coating. Bichel
K 22.3 and Bach (1968) had earlier reported that the symptoms
Ca 111.3 of continued intake of tannin include gastritis as well as
Mg 94.8 irritation and edema of the intestine. Glick and Joslyn
Fe 11.9 (1970) have also reported that feeding 0.5% of tannic
Zn 1.10 acid decreased nitrogen retention and caused 5%
Mn 0.04 mortality in rats. It has been reported by Bressani et al.
(1983) that tannins exhibit their toxicity effects by forming
protein tannin complexes through multiple hydrogen
binding between their hydroxyl groups and carboxyl
than cassava (Bede, 2010). Table 6 showed that mango groups of protein peptide bonds of proteolytic enzymes in
seed contained sodium (21.0 mg/100 g), potassium (22.3 the gastrointestinal tract. Savage et al. (1964) reported
mg/100 g), calcium (111.3 mg/100 g), magnesium (94.8 that phytate depressed the growth of chicks fed with
mg/100 g), iron (11.9 mg/100 g), zinc, (1.1 mg/100 g) and phytate-casein diet by forming complex with zinc thereby
copper (0.1 mg/100 g). These results showed that mango making the later unavailable.
seed is a good source of calcium when compared with Omosaiye and Cheryan (1979) also reported that,
that of cassava (Bede 2010). which is almost half of that phytate formed complex with protein by the actions of
of mango seed. cations, usually calcium, zinc or magnesium which act as
 Fowomola 475

a bridge between the negatively charged protein carboxyl human body. In addition, injectable magnesium sulfate
groups and former. The report of Chen et al. (1934), has been extensively used in the treatment of high blood
shown that the minimum lethal dose of hydrogen cyanide pressure, acute heart attacks, chronic cardiovascular
taken by mouth to be between 0.5 and 3.5 mg/kg body disease, heart arrhythmias, diabetes, asthma, chronic
weight. fatigue syndrome and pre-eclampsia and eclampsia of
The symptoms of hydrogen cyanide include peripheral pregnancy.
numbness, light-headedness, mental confusion, stupor,
cyanosis and convulsion were reported by survivors
(Halstrom and Moller, 1945). Oxalate forms complex with Conclusion
calcium thereby making it unavailable when fed into
animals and more so high oxalate diets can increase the The informations obtained from these analysis would
risk of renal calcium absorption (Osagie and Eka, 1988). serve as a guide for the possible utilization of mango
In addition, dietary oxalate has been known to complex seed by animal feed manufacturers as an alternative
with calcium,magnesium and iron leading to the formation source of food ingredient.
of insoluble oxalate salts and resulting in oxalate stone
(Wardlaw and Kessel, 2002). Saponins have been shown
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