SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT

What is Subject–Verb Agreement?

Key : The subject of the sentence and the verb of the sentence must agree with each other
in number. If the subject is a plural noun, then the verb must match the plural noun. If the
subject is singular, then the verb must match the number of subject (singular). That’s why we
call it agreement. Perhaps the most critical thing for you to know is that in present-tense, the
third person-singular subject (she; he; it) always goes with a singular verb which ends in
“-s /-es”. While other subject pronouns (I / you / we / they) always go with verb without “-s/-
es” ending. Take a look at these examples:

Masha goes fishing with Miskha.

In this sentence, the subject is Masha (she / a third person singular subject), so that the verb
must be singular verb with “-s /-es” ending. Since the base word verb is ended with “o” -sound,
the verb is then ended with -es.
Most Students in my classroom are diligent.

Most Students in my classroom go fishing with Miskha.

In this two sentences, the subject is most students (they / a plural subject), so that the verb must
be in plural verb form “are” or without “-s /-es” ending “go”.

Therefore, in order to support your understanding of Subject and Verb agreement, you need
to know both subject and predicate makers. In these following tables are presented kinds of
subjects, kinds of verbs, and the summary of basic grammar rule to support your Subject &
Verb Agreement skill.

Common Terms Used in Structure:

Word ( Kata) Pronoun (Kata ganti orang/Benda)
Phrase ( kelompok Kata) Adjective (Kata sifat)
Sentence (kalimat: S + V) Adverb (Kata Keterangan)
Clause (Anak Kalimat, SV) Preposition (Kata Depan)
Subject (Subjek/Orang) Conjunction (Kata Hubung)
Verb /predicate (kt. kerja/Predikat) Object of a preposition ( Prep + N ¹ S)
Noun (Kata Benda) Appositive (Informasi tambahan adj & N)

Table a. Subject Makers .

(1) Noun (Kata Benda), (2) Pronoun (kata ganti org/benda),

(3) Noun Phrase (kelompok kata benda), (4) Gerund, (5) To Infinitive (To + V1),
(6) Clause (anak kalimat)

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Subject Makers Examples Sentence Examples
1. Noun A Car, Masha, people a Masha buys a car
(can function Cow, love, sadness, S P O
as a Subject or an water, length, news Water in our village is abundant.
Object) Government, etc. S P
I; You; She; He; It • We love Masha very much.
We; You; They • Every student is taking online
2. Pronoun One, Each, every, few, courses.
a little, a number of, • Each of my students is here.
(Kata ganti org, some, Whoever,… • Both Dewi and Desi are medical
benda/binatang) (See table skill #15 for doctors.
definite pronouns ) • A number of people are infected.

Pronoun (Kata Ganti Benda/org)

Jane/mother/woman/Girl/Lady/auntie/grandmother/sister/niece/(satu perempuan)-------------- SHE
Budi/father/man/Boy/guy/policeman/uncle/grandfather/brother/nephew (satu org laki-laki) -----HE
Jane and Budi/ the cats/books/people/ all plural noun (jamak/lebih dari satu) -----------------THEY
Jane and I / the children and I / People and I / ---------------------------------------------------------- WE
Jane and you/ they & you; ... & you; -------------------------------------------Kalian ---------------- You
A cat/a car/an apple / one marble / an office/ A company/ a book ------------------------------------ IT
Semua benda yang Tidak bisa dihitung (e.g., water, money, milk, dll) selalu dianggap tunggal -IT

Table f. Indefinite Pronouns & Always Singular Words

SUBJECT / VERB AGREEMENT AFTER CERTAIN WORDS
These words These words
Always singular words
Always take singular verb Always take plural verb
Selalu IT (Tunggal)
(SHE / HE / IT : menyesuaikan) Selalu THEY
Everybody (person) Both Information,
Somebody (person) Many advice,
Anybody (person) others leisure,
Nobody (person) Several (PN) architecture,
Everyone (person) A variety of (PN) assistance,
Someone (person) Various + PN mail,
Anyone (person) A number of (PN) blame,
No one (person) A total of (PN) luggage,
baggage,
Everything (thing) Few
clothing,
Something (thing) A few recreation,
Anything (thing) Those news,
None These courage,
No one There are enjoyment,
Nobody There were traffic,
Nothing No + PN evidence,
No + SN / No + UCTN furniture
A / An fame, pride,
One prestige,
Each + singular Noun (SN) trouble,
Every + singular noun (SN) music,
Each of PN (Plural Noun) relaxation,
Every of PN (Plural Noun) research,
One of (PN) reliability,
Lots of sadness,
Much + Uncountable Noun (UCTN) safety,

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 Another + singular CTN scenery,
An amount of (UCTN) significance,
A little / Little (UCTN) software,
wealth,
wisdom, etc.

*Dalam sebuah kalimat, Jika 2 kata benda (subject) di hubungkan dengan OR / NOR, maka Kata
benda/ subjek yang terletak paling dekat dengan posisi PRDIKAT (Verb) – lah yang dihitung
sebagai Subject kalimat tersebut.
e.g. (+) John or my sisters are in the living room now.
(?) Is John or my sisters in the living room now?

Exercise Pronoun. Please write down the pronoun of these following words or phrases.

Word Phrase Pronoun Word / Phrase Pronoun

1. Cats and horses They 16. A ladybug
2. Jack and I 17. An amount of sand
3. You and Dave 18. mice
4. Cheese 19. My sadness
5. Marrying you 20. A spectacular show
6. Children 21. Shopping in Alfamart
7. A Bicycle 22. Our Father
8. Sugar 23. The dogs’ cage
9. To watch a movie 24. None of the women
10. One of the boys 25. Consuming sugar
11. Each of the birds 26. Both Paula & Rufina
12. Few monkeys 27. Our economic growth
13. Every student 28. My marriage status
14. A number of cats 29. To learn English
15. The cheapest car 30. None of boyfriends

e.g., One of our female teachers has been teaching in this School for more than 30 years.
S must Agree with its V

a. A good student • A good student reads module

b. Beautiful girls regularly.
3. Noun Phrase c. A Washing machine • Beautiful girls were coming to
(Kelompok kata benda) d. A fried chicken party.
can function • A washing machine needs to be
as a subject or an Object) fixed.
• A fried chicken is yummy.

Singing, Reading, • Swimming is my hobby.

swimming, loving, • Loving you requires a lot of
4. Gerund Leaving, etc. money, so
A verb which functions as a • Leaving you is the best solution.
Noun.(Verb1+ing) • Learning English needs a lot of
efforts.
Pronounnya = IT (tunggal) • Doing regular practices makes
perfect.

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 To + Verb1 • To swim in Sungai Kapuas may be
5. To Infinitive and as a Subject or dangerous.
A noun infinitive which is
• To make mistakes is human.
located at the beginning. a Subject Complement • My main goal is to graduate this
Pronounnya = IT (tunggal) year.

• Noun Clause • What our president said makes

sense.
6. Clause • Adj. Clause using • Someone who has a lot of friends
A unit of grammatical subject- relative is lucky.
organization next below the
sentence in rank,
pronoun. • Whoever comes to my house must
traditionally it consists of a eat.
Subject and a predicate. • That clause • That Corona Virus is so dangerous
makes a global panic.

Table b. Predicate Makers (Kinds of Verbs)

(1) To Be, (2) Auxiliary Verb (kata kerja bantu),

(3) Linking Verb, (4) Action Verb/ Verb Word, (5) Modal (s)

Predicate Makers Structure Patterns Sentence Examples

1. To Be Subject + To be + adjective • She is beautiful.
Subject + to be + noun • Jane was a teacher 2 years ago
Is / am / are Subject + to be + V-ing (Sedang) • We are taking online classes.
Was / were Subject + to be + V3 (passive) • Shane was elected a president.
Subject + to be + OP (obj of • Now, he is in White House J.
prep.)
2.Auxiliary Verb *Present Tense (S + Verb1) • (+) Jane eats an apple everyday.
Do / Does / Did (she/He/it—V1 +-s/-es) (-)She does not eat an apple.
Have /Has / Had (?) Does she eat an apple?
Auxiliary:
She/He/it -- Does • (+) Jane ate an apple.
I /You/They/We – Do (-) Jane did not eat an apple.
(?)Did Jane eat an apple?
*Past (S + Verb2) all Sub. – DID
• (+) She has eaten five apples.
*Present Perfect Tense (+)We have eaten five apples.
She/He/It + has + V3 (?) Had you eaten five apples?
I/you/They/We + have + V3

*Past Perfect Tense

All Sub. + had + V3

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 3. Linking Verb A verb that links (connects) the • Ugh! Your voice sounds awful.
subject of the sentence • Well, I can be your date.
Always LV: to information about the subject.
(is/am/are/was/were) • She looked so pretty last night.
(has /have/ had, S + LV + Information about the • Anna proves me wrong.
has/have/had subject (e.g., adjective, noun or
+been), complement). • Susi and Sue now become
e.g. appear, become, feel, grow, friends.
Be, being, been
look, remain, seem, smell, sound,
• The flower smells so fragrant.
stay, taste, turn, prove.
• UPT Bahasa May be open next
summer.
Plus Verb Phrases:
Can be, could be, may be, should
be, etc.
4. Action Verb / A verb that describes an action. Masha cleans her house every
Verb Word e.g., run, jump, eat, cry, walk, morning, but yesterday she woke
smile, think, kick, swim, etc. up late and rushed to school, so she
(penggunaannya menyesuaikan did not clean her house until she
dengan Tenses & bentuk came back from school.
structure)
5. Modals * Modal + Verb1(Murni Tanpa -s) • Our govt will cancel National
Will / would/ can * Modal + be + Verb1 -ing Exam.
Could / must * Modal + be + adjective • She must be sleeping now.
/shall/should / * Modal + be + Noun • We must be aware of the Virus
may/ might. Ought * Modal + be + Object of Prep. spread.
to * Modal + be + Verb3 • This might be love J
• He must be in love.
• Homeless ought to be provided
shelters.

Modal Exercise. Each of the following sentences contains a verb formed with a modal.
Underline the verb. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or
__ 1. You should try to respond politely.
__ 2. Everyone must leaves the rooms immediately.
__ 3. I could sat on the beach for hours.
__ 4. He may lie to you because he is not very truthful.
__ 5. This course will satisfy the graduation requirement.

Table c. Properties of Pronoun and their respective verbs

Subject Auxiliary Verb:
Person

To Be Ob.Pron Poss.Adj Poss.

Pronoun (aux) Have
(whom) (Whose) Pron
(Who) Pres Past Pre. Past Pre. Past
I (Saya) Am Was Do Did Have Had Me My Mine
Singular

You (Kamu) Are Were Do Did Have Had You Your Yours
She (Dia, F) Is Was Does Did Has Had Her Her Hers
He (Dia, M) Is Was Does Did Has Had Him His His
It (B’nda/b’tng Is Was Does Did Has Had It Its Its
Plural ( lebih dari 1)
Plural

We(K’mi/k’ta) Are Were Do Did Have Had Us Our Ours

You (Kalian) Are Were Do Did Have Had You Your Yours
They (Mereka) Are Were Do Did Have Had Them Their Theirs

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Study the following paragraph and find the usage of pronouns properties.

Taylor Alison Swift is an American singer-songwriter. She is known for

narrative songs about her personal life. Her songs always have received
widespread media coverage, and both teenagers and adults are so crazy
about them, due to their crazy lyrics. At age 14, she became the youngest
artist signed by the Sony/ATV Music publishing house and, at age 15,
she signed her first record deal that made her a famous singer.

A. SENTENCE WITH ONE CLAUSE _________ One Subject + One Predicate _____

Skill 1. BE SURE THE SENTENCE HAS A SUBJECT AND A VERB

The most common types of problems that you will encounter in the
Structure section of the TOEFL test have to do with subjects and verbs:
perhaps the sentence is missing either the subject or the verb or both, or
perhaps the sentence has an extra subject or verb.

Exercise 1.a Now let’s look at some simple sentences and underline the subjects once and the
verbs twice in each of these following sentences. Do these following steps:

a. Decide the subject of the sentence, and determine whether it is

singular or plural.
b. Find the verb of the sentence; does it suit the subject?
c. Then, indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I)
is
I 0. My best friend always helpful with problems.
___ 1. The bus schedule have changed since last week
___ 2. Accidentally dropped the glass on the floor.
___ 3. The customer paying the clerk for the clothes.
___ 4. The professor handed the syllabus to the students.
___ 5. That man the one who painted our house last summer.
___ 6. Each of my friends are looking for a part-time employment in Transmart Mall.

Important!
Please take a look at table c. for Properties of Pronoun on page 5, and Make sure that you
correctly determine and use the Properties of Pronoun in a sentence.

• Taylor Alison Swift is an American singer-songwriter. She is known for narrative songs about

her personal life, and most young people love them.

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Exercise 1.b. Please consult with table c.(p.5) for the Properties of Pronoun and write down
the appropriate; verb to have; possessive adjective, and possessive pronoun in each
sentence.

Example: Jane has a doll. Her doll is beautiful. The beautiful doll is hers.

1. I ___ an umbrella. ____ umbrella is yellow. This yellow umbrella is __________ .

2. Bon and you ____ a bicycle. ____ bicycle is Polygon. That Polygon Bicycle is _______.
3. Maria ____ two dogs. _____ dogs are Bonnie & Cipluk. So, Bonnie & Cipluk are ____.
4. Our rich uncle ____ three kids. ____ kids are so naughty. Now they are visiting us and
those naughty kids are _____ .
5. They _____ bananas. These are _______ bananas. Yeah, the bananas are __________.
6. Paula Ureso ______ a coffee shop. ____ shop is named ‘The King’. The coffee shop is
____ .
7. My hen ____ three legs. One of ___ legs is very short and dangling. The extra short, cute
and funny leg is ____ .
8. Betina ____ two goats. _____ goats are healthy. These healthy goats are _________ .
9. My brothers or Roman _____ an expensive car. _____ expensive car is red. The
expensive red car is ____ .
10. Bens and I have six marbles. These are our marbles. These marbles are _________ .

Exercise 1.c. Each of the following sentences contains at least one subject or object pronoun.
Circle the pronouns. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

C 1. John and I saw Steve and Masha at the movie studio last night as we left it after
watching Moana, but they did not call us.
____ 2. Perhaps you would like to go to the seminar with they and their friends.
____ 3. The mother took her son to the doctor’s office because he was feeling sick.
____ 4. I did not know that you and her were working together on the project.
____ 5. Mary and Mark invited theirs parents to see their new apartment.
____ 6. When my roommate paid her half of the rent, I paid mine.

Exercise 1.d. Circle the pronouns, object of pronouns, and possessives. Draw arrows to the
nouns they refer to. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

I 1. If a person really wants to succeed, they must always work hard.

___ 2. If you see the students from the math class, could you return their exam papers to
him?
___ 3. Some friends and I went to see a movie, and afterwards we wrote a critique about them.
___ 4. If you have a problem, you are welcome to discuss it with me before you try to
resolve them.
___ 5. I know you had a terrible time last week, but you must try to forget about it.
___ 6. Helicopters are being used more and more in emergency situations because of its
ability to reach out-of-the-way places.

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TOEFL EXERCISE 1: Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is
not correct.

1. Superman made their comic debut in 1938 in Action Comics.

A B C D
2. Commercial letters of credit are often used to finance export trade, but them can
A B C
have other uses.
D
3. When children experience too much frustration, its behavior ceases to be integrated.
A B C D
4. On March 30,1981, President Reagan was shot as his was leaving a Washington hotel.
A B C D
5. Although the destruction that it causes is often terrible, cyclones benefit a
A B
much wider belt than they devastate.
C D
6. President Andrew Jackson had an official cabinet, but him preferred the advice of his
A B C D
informal advisors, the Kitchen Cabinet.

7. After Clarence Day’s book Life with Father was rewritten as a play, they ran for six years
Á B C D
on Broadway.

8. Almost half of the Pilgrims did not survive theirs first winter in the New World.
À B C D
9. There was no indication from the Senate that he would agree with the decision made
A B C D
in the House.

10. A baby learns the meanings of words as they are spoken by others and later uses him
A B C D
in sentences.

Skill 2: BE CAREFUL OF EXTRA INFORMATION: OBJECT OF PREPOSITION &

APPOSITIVE

a. Object of Preposition
An object of a preposition is a noun or a pronoun that comes after a preposition.

OP = Preposition + Noun, where an OP ¹ a subject.

Near, inside, throughout, concerning, regarding, by, , in, at, of, to, by, behind, on, under,
between, beside, in front of, by, up, about, after, from, for, during, including, around, as,
out, into, onto, over, before, upon, beyond, within, with, without, against, down, according
to, relate to, in accordance with, with regard to, with respect to, because of, …
The car with many riders was speeding around the curve.
S OP V OP

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The first thing you need to do is to find the subject of the sentence, a subject should be
independent/free (no preposition that comes before the subject).

The subject of the first sentence is “The car” while many riders is the object of preposition
with, and the curve is the object of preposition around.

The windows of that house need to be repaired soon.

S OP V

While, In the second sentence, “The windows” is the subject of the sentence, and that house is
the object of preposition of. Briefly, one noun cannot be both a subject and an object at the
same time.

Exercise skill.2.a. Please determine the subject (S), predicate (P), and Object of Preposition
(OP) of each sentence. Indicate if each sentence is correct (C) or incorrect (I).

___ 1. To Mr. Jose Mujica his Blue VW Beetle a symbol of his humble lifestyle.
___ 2. The leader wanted to offered $1m for the humble car.
___ 3. Laundry outside the house are strung next to Mr. Mujica’s small garden.
___ 4. The water comes from a well in a yard, overgrown with weeds.
___ 5. In his house only two police officers and a dog keeps watch outside.

*Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
6. One of the many cultures studied by anthropologists__ Indians.
A. are the Kwakiutl
B. the Kwakiutl
C. is the Kwakiutl
D. Kwakiutl

7. This group of Indians __ in the

Canadian Coast.
A. living
B. Lives
C. Live
D. is live

*Please Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.
8. No one of all of the singers in town give finer lessons.
A B C D
9. The former President of Uruguay dubbed ‘the world’s poorest president.
A B C D
10. Mr. Mujica donate a huge chunk of his salary to charity while maintaining a small portion
A B
just enough to live by.
C D

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b. Agreement After a Prepositional Phrase.

A prepositional phrase is a group of words consisting of a preposition, its object, and

any words that modify the object. ... The object can be a noun, a gerund (a verb form ending
in “-ing” that acts as a noun), or a clause.

The key (to the doors) are* in the drawer.

Singular plural

The keys (to the door) is* in the drawer.

Plural singular
(* indicates an error)

In the first example you might think that doors is the subject because it comes directly in
front of the verb are. However, doors is not the subject because it is the object of the
preposition to. The subject of the sentence is key, so the verb should be is. In the second
example you might think that door is the subject because it comes directly in front of the
verb is. You should recognize in this example that door is not the subject because it is the
object of the preposition to. Because the subject of the sentence is keys, the verb should be
are.
The following chart outlines the key information that you should understand about
subject/verb agreement with prepositional phrases:

SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT AFTER PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

Subject (Prepositional Phrase) Verb

When a prepositional phrase comes between the subject and the verb, be sure that the
verb agrees with the subject. This rule is similar to the use of object of a preposition in
skill 2.

Exercise 2.b. Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.
___ 1. To the Kwakiutl, one of the copper pieces equal a thousand cedar bark blankets.
A B C D

___ 2. The exhibit of the artist’s paintings were very interesting.

A B DC D
C
___ 3. Some Polynesian divers in Hawaii descends almost forty-five feet without special
A B C D
equipment.
___ 4. The special effect in the movie were particularly original.
A B C D
___ 5. The girls from Sungai Jawi is arriving early for English 101 class.
A B C D

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b. Appositive (Extra Information)

An appositive is a noun that comes before or after another noun and has the same meaning
or functions as the explanation and extra information. It can be in a form of a word or a
phrase and it should be in correct structure form. If a word or phrase is an appositive, it is NOT
the subject. An appositive is generally set off from the noun with:

a. Commas , ___, : Masha, the most beautiful girl in her village, is very naughty.
b. Parenthesis ( ___ ): Masha (the most beautiful girl in her village) is very naughty.
c. Hyphens –xxxx– : Masha – the most beautiful girl in her village– is very naughty.
Examples:

Tom, a really good mechanic, is fixing the car.

S Appositive (App) V
A really good mechanic, Tom is fixing the car
App. S V
Tom is fixing the car, a really good mechanic.
S V App

Exercise 2.3. Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.

1. ____, George, is attending the lecture.

(A) Right now.
(B) Happily
(C) Because of the time
(D) My friend

2. The tetracyclines, ____antibiotics, are used to treat infections.

(A) are a family of
(B) being a family
(C) a family of
(D) their family is

*Please Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.

3. South Korea, which previously has the second biggest infectant number, have used mostly
A B
PCR-based testing to aggressively trace and isolate infected patients.
C D
4. Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence, were educated.
A B C D
5. The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, have been globally spread since the end of December
A B C D
2019.

Skill 3: BE CAREFUL OF PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVE: PRESENT PARTICIPLE

A present participle is the -ing form of the verb (e.g., talking, playing) which functions as an
adjective when it is not preceded by a verb to be (is/am/are/was/were). Verb-ing can be
either a part of the verb when it is preceded by verb to be.

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 John is talking to me at the moment. He is my lab partner.
Verb
Ø John talking to me at the moment is my lab partner.
Adj (reduced) V

-ING ADJECTIVE
TYPE MEANING USE EXAMPLE
- ING Subject is Subject does the In 1066, a bright comet appearing in
Active (Subjek action of the verb S adj
bersifat aktif) the sky attracted much attention.
Verb
In this sentence appearing is an adjective and NOT a verb because it is not accompanied by
verb to be (is/am/are/was/were). While the verb of this sentence is attracted. The adjective
“appearing” indicates that the subject “a bright comet” has a character of an active player here
(muncul).
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
A present is the -ing form of the verb. The present participle can be (1) part of the verb or (2)
an adjective. It is part of the verb when it is accompanied by some form of the verb be. It is an
adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of the verb be.
1. The boy is standing in the comer.
S V
2. The boy standing in the corner was naughty.
S adj V

Exercise. 3: Circle the present participles, and label them as adjectives or verbs. Then
indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

___ 1. The crying baby needs to be picked up.

___ 2. For her birthday, the child is getting a talk doll.
___ 3. The ship is sailing to Mexico is leaving tonight.
___ 4. The setting sun creating a rainbow of colors in the sky.
___ 5. Most workers working at the restaurant are friendly but her.

Skill 4: BE CAREFUL OF PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVE: PAST PARTICIPLE.

The past participle often ends in -ed / Verb3. It functions as an adjective, and written without
verb ‘To Be / auxiliary” (is, am, are, have, has, had).

Initial: The earth’s plates meet each other at cracks in the earth. They are called faults.
S V S V(passive)

-ED / V3 as ADJECTIVES
TYPE MEANING USE EXAMPLE
- ED / Subject is Subject receives The Earth’s plates meet each other at
V3 Passive the action of the S V
verb cracks in the earth called faults.
adj

Ø The earth’s plates which are called faults meet each other at cracks in the earth.

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Reduced: The earth’s plates called faults meet each other at cracks in the earth.
S adj V

In this sentence “called” is an adjective and NOT a verb because it is not accompanied by verb
‘have’ or ‘to be’ (is/am/are/was/were). While the verb of this sentence is meet. The adjective
“called” indicates that the subject “The earth’s plates” has a character of a passive object which
is given an action (yang dinamai).
PAST PARTICIPLE
A past participle often ends in -ed but there are also many irregular past participle. For
many verbs, including -ed verbs, the simple past and the past participle are the same and
can be easily confused. The -ed form of the verb can be (1) the simple past, (2) the past
participle of a verb, or (3) an adjective.

1. She painted this picture. 2. She has painted this picture.

S V S V
3. The picture painted by Karen is now in a museum
S adj V

Exercise .4. Past Participle

Circle the past participles, and label them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if the
sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C 1. The food served in this restaurant is delicious.
___ 2. The unexpected guests arrived just at dinnertime.
___ 3. The courses are listed in the catalogue are required courses.
___ 4. The tree was blown over in the storm was cut into logs.
___ 5. The students registered in this course are listed on that sheet of paper.
___ 6. Some Covid-19 rapid test kits were imported from China have poor accuracy rate.

Participial Adjective Exercise Skills. 3 - 4. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice
in each of the following sentences. Then, indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect
(I).

C 1. I do not want to be friend with damaging people. (Orang yang bersifat merusak)
___ 2. The news was damaged to his reputation.
___ 3. Some people find documentary films are boring.
___ 4. The students were annoying by the boring lecture.
___ 5. It seems that the online courses giving by most lecturers are online assignments.
___ 6. The ladies living in the apartment next to my patio is planning to look for another job.
___ 7. My nephews were amusing by the clown.
___ 8. It’ s so frustrated to join an online class when your internet connection does not work
well.
___ 9. I think her new idea is absolutely fascinating.
___10. The film was so depressed! There was no happy ending for any of the characters.

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B. SENTENCE WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES (Common pattern ‘CSV’)

S + P Connector S + V or Connector S + P, S + P

She will sign the check before you go

S V Con S V
John loves wild animals, but his sister dislikes them.
S V Con S V

Many sentences in English have more than one clause. (A clause is a group of words
containing a subject and a verb.)

• Whenever you find a sentence on the TOEFL test with more than one clause, you
need to make sure that every subject has a verb and every verb has a subject.
• Next you need to check that the various clauses in the sentence are correctly joined.
There are various ways to join clauses in English.

Skill 5: USE COORDINATE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY

When you have two clauses in an English sentence, you must connect the two clauses
correctly. One way to connect two clauses is to use Conjunction Connectors: FANBOYS
(For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) between the clauses.

Tom is tall , but Paul is short. Tom must write the letter, or Paul will do it.
Clause con. Clause
Clause(s)
Tom told a joke, so Paul laughed. Tom is tired, yet he is not going to sleep.

In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with a coordinate
conjunction and, but, or, so, or yet, and a comma (,). Coordinate Conjunction only can be
placed in the middle between clauses.

EXERCISE 5: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the
subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are
correct ‘(C) or incorrect (I).

___ 1. The lawn needs water every day, or it will turn brown.
___ 2. The book was not long, it difficult to read.
___ 3. It was raining, so decided not to go camping.
___ 4. The material has been cut, and the pieces have been sewn together.
___ 5. The patient took all the medicine, he did not feel much better.

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SKILL 6. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb. That is, the
entire clause modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. As with all clauses, it contains
a subject and predicate, though the subject as well as the (predicate) verb may sometimes be
omitted and implied. There are some types of Adverbial clause as listed in this following table.

6.A. USE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME CONNECTORS CORRECTLY

Types of Clause Connectors

Time (to answer the question When) After, before, as, as long as, once, as soon as,
Show how ideas are related in time. just as, whenever, by the time, when, while,
Until, till, since, every time, …

Examples: I took a long vacation after we broke up.

Main Clause time clause

As soon as you trust yourself, you will know how to live.

Time clause Main clause

Exercise 6.a. Read each question and answer choice carefully and choose the ONE best
answer
1. I always take a bath ____ go 4. Do not disturb me __ I am busy with
to bed. my work.
(A) after (A) after
(B) I as (B) before
(C) before (C) when
(D) before I (D) until

2. Will you wait here ____ ready? 5. As soon as she finished that project, __
(A) before I working on the next.
(B) until (A) started
(C) until I am (B) she started
(D) until I (C) after that she started
(D) once she started
3. I was not at home when __ to see me.
(A) he came 6. Whenever __ of this global pandemic,
(B) he my eyes get misty.
(C) came (A) I
(D) after he came (B) I think
(C) think
(D) every time I think

15
6.B. USE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CAUSE & REASON CONNECTORS CORRECTLY

Cause & Reason ( to answer the question why) Connectors:

(Show that one idea is a cause, effect or as, because, since, now that,
consequence of another) for, so, inasmuch as

Example: Because the study sample is small, additional research is needed.

Teresa went inside because it was raining

Exercise 6.b. Please Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not
correct.

1. As it raining again we will have to cancel going to Pasir Panjang beach .

A B C D
2. Aming had not paid the bill, the electricity was cut off.
A B C D
3. Since we have to study from home due to Covid-19, get a long three-month-break from
A B C
studying on campus
D
4. As don’t live in London anymore, I can’t see Tower Bridge from small bedroom window.
A B C D
5. The epidemic since has been entering the second month, the White House has issued
A B C
specific social distancing guidance.
C

6.C. USE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF PLACE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY

Place Connectors:
(to answer the question Where) Where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere
Examples: Wherever I go, I always see McDonald’s.
I am not sure where she lives.
The government will track COVIC-19 infected people wherever they go.

Exercise 6.c. Read each question and answer choice carefully and choose the ONE best
answer
1. The beach __ a small villa two years 2. Pulau Padar, Labuan Bajo,___
ago is Pantai Kura-Kura. destinations where tourists can do
(A). family built photo-shooting, snorkelling and diving.
(B). my family built (A) the only oceanic
(C). where my family (B) to be the only oceanic
(D). where my family built (C) is one of the best oceanic
(D) one of the best oceanic

16
3. Windsor Castle is a royal residence 5. Hundreds of people come to Wisma
where __ Easter along with other Atlet Jakarta to have a rapid test for
members of her family. COVID-19 __ treated and observed.
(A) the Royal Family usually celebrate (A) where patients positive COVID-19
(B) the Royal Family usually (B) patients positive COVID-19 are
(C) usually the Royal Family (C) patients positive COVID-19
(D) the Royal Family (D) where patients positive COVID-19
Are
4. During this global pandemic there will
be a social distancing banner ___ , and 6. People are gathering in a market close
you need to obey it. to my house where some traders ____.
(A) where (A) sell fresh and organic vegetables
(B) whenever you go (B) fresh and organic vegetables
(C) wherever you (C) they sell fresh and organic
(D) wherever you go vegetables
(D) sell fresh and organic vegetable

*Please Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.

7. He later established a private paediatric practice, taught at medical school and volunteered
A B
at a hospital where comforted parents of dying children.
C D
8. Known for its exceptional beauty, moderate climate, adventure activities New Zealand is
A B
one of dream countries I plan to live after my retirement.
C D

6.D. USE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CONTRAST/CONCESSION CONNECTORS

CORRECTLY

Contrast / Concession Connectors:

Although, Even though, Though, While, Whereas,
Nevertheless, Nonetheless, However.
Example: Although the tests were done in a Wuhan lab, the findings should be applicable
to the real world.

Pak Saloy speaks French and Arabic fluently whereas his wife is not good at
languages at all.
Exercise 6.d. *Please Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not
correct.
1. The parents left a phone number with the baby-sitter in case a problem with the children.
A B C D
2. The director is ready to start the meeting not all of his staff members is in the room.
A B C D
3. Whereas most of the students ready to study, the teacher still has not come to campus yet.
A B C D
4. It is impossible for the airplane to take off while is snowing so hard.
A B C D
5. We did not go out to dinner tonight even though would have preferred not to cook.
A B C D

17
*Read each question and answer choice carefully and choose the ONE best answer

6. While in reality Alpha Centauri is a triple star,___ to the naked eye to be a single star.
(A) it appears
(B) but it appears
(C) appears
(D) despite it

7. ____creation of such a community was a desirable step, the requisite political upheaval had
to be accepted.
(A) Since the
(B) The
(C) Later, the
(D) It was the

8. Although thunder and lightning are produced at the same time, light waves travel faster
_____, so we see the lightening before we hear the thunder.
(A) than sound waves do
(B) do sound waves
(C) than sound waves are
(D) sound waves
9 . Some snakes lay eggs, but others _____ birth to live offspring.
(A) give
(B) giving
(C) they give
(D) to have given

10. While responding to the protests most guard members__, and it was largely
impossible to maintain any social distancing.
(A) not wearing masks
(B) was not wearing masks
(C) they were not wearing masks
(D) were not wearing masks

6.E. USE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CONDITION CONNECTORS CORRECTLY

Condition Connectors:
It shows that something will occur if certain If, In case, Unless, Providing / Provided,
conditions are met. Provided that, whatever, whether
Example: You will get a high TOEFL score provided you study hard.

Unless you practice frequently, you will fail the exam.

I will cook for dinner if you are home this evening.

Please don’t hesitate to call me in case you have a problem with the machine.

18
Exercise 6.e. Part 1. Please Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is
not correct.

1. Cold air hovers near the earth because is heavier than hot air.
A B C D
2. Now that Masha finally caught up on her work, can go on vacation and visit her cousin.
A B C D
3. Because our TV set is broken, cannot watch the breaking news on COVID-19 update, so
A B C
we then listen to the news on the radio.
D
4. Many young people move to the cities in search of employment since there few jobs
A B C
available in their kampongs.
D
5. Ahmad can propose Amina for a marriage as soon he graduates and gets a settled job.
A B C D

*Read each question and answer choice carefully and choose the ONE best answer!

6. If it rains, __ to swim in the beach. 9. We cannot travel abroad __ .

(A) we going (A) unless if this global pandemic ends
(B) we will not (B) If this global pandemic ends
(C) will not go (C) unless this global pandemic ends
(D) we will not go (D) this global pandemic ends

7. Masha will come to your ___ you invite 10. We will have plenty to eat during this
her. city lockdown due to COVID-19
(A) if birthday party pandemic___ sacks of rice, five boxes of
(B) to birthday party Indomie and three kilo grams of dried
(C) birthday party if fish.
(D) birthday party (A) that we buy ten sacks of rice,
(B) we buy ten sacks of rice,
8. You will never pass this test unless __ (C) provided that we buy ten
hard and practice frequently. (D) provided that we
(A) you study
(B) to study
(C) if you study
(D) you to study

17
6.F. USE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF MANNER CONNECTORS CORRECTLY

Manner Connectors:
show us how something happens As though; As if;
As; In that; like
Examples: Seolah-olah & seperti

a. She looked as though she was in pain. (yakin memang itu yang terjadi/dilakukannya)
b. Icha walked past as if she hadn’t seen us. (guessing/tak yakin benar/tidak begitu)
c. She treated me like I was a child. (seperti)
d. Our government first responded to Covid 19 as if it would not spread to our country.

Exercise 6.f. Place the appropriate connector word in the gap using the words provided in the
box.
as, in that, as though, as if, like

1. During my vacation I spent my money as if I was a millionaire.

2. The secretary typed the letter _____________ it was requested by the manager.
3. When you have a lot of money, you may do ___________ you are the owner of this globe.
4. We do not like when she treats us _______________ her slaves.
5. The salesman behaved ___________________ he owned the company.
6. The plastic flowers looked ___________they were real. I had to touch them just to be sure.
7. You need to do ____________ she says and stop arguing with her, or she will cut you off.
8. We watched in amazement when the strong man carried the heavy box _____________ it was
empty.
9. Why do you look at me _____________________ I was someone else?
10. Jakarta coronavirus death toll increases _______________ cases spike.

6.G. USE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF DEGREE of COMPARISON CONNECTORS

CORRECTLY. (This topic will be discussed further in Skill #19)

Degree of Comparison Connectors: As,

Answer the question How much, how As … as
little, how many. So… as
Than
Correlative comparison: The … the
Examples:
a. I love her very much as you do.
b. Masha is as intelligent as she is beautiful. ( as adjective / adverb as)
c. During this lockdown I am so bored as you (are).
d. Nobody loves you better than I do.

20
 e. She is older than
f. The older you grow the wiser you become.

*In adverb clauses of degree or comparison, the verb is often understood and not expressed.

It is obvious that Dini is more beautiful than Sue (is).

Exercise 6.g. Read each question and answer choice carefully and choose the ONE best answer.
3. You will regret what you did to me since
1. New York State has more COVID-19 ___ than I do.
cases ___ in that country. (A) no one loves
(A) any states (B) no one loves you
(B) than any states (C) no one loves you best
(C) any states than (D) no one loves you better
(D) instead than any states
4. Masha, the most famous girl in her
2. I think Queen Elizabeth II ___ looks. village, is ___ is active.
(A) is older than she (A) as naughty she
(B) she is older than (B) as naughty as she
(C) older than she (C) naughty as she
(D) older than she is (D) she as naughty as

5. The bigger your salary is, __ you spend

on things you sometimes do not really
need.
(A) more bigger
(B) the more
(C) the most
(D) more

*Please Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.
6. I always come home from Campus early than my brother does.
A B C D
7. Saffron has been linked to health benefits, such as improved mood, libido, and sexual
A B
function, as well reduced PMS symptoms and enhanced weight loss.
C D
8. As many 36 prisoners in Iran are feared dead after security forces used lethal force to
A B C
control protests triggered by fears of Covid-19.
D
9. Life is a journey, the more mistakes we make, than more we learn.
A B C D
10. The number of Coronavirus victims in Italy is not as many it in the US.
A B C D

21
 Notes to remember:
• Subordinators and coordinators connect clauses within a single sentence.
• A connector is always followed by One subject and One predicate (à CSV).
• Subordinators join two clauses and de-emphasize the clause they are attached to.
• Coordinators (e.g., but, yet) : Join two independent clauses and give equal emphasis
to the idea they join. A comma should be placed before the coordinator.
The study’s design has some flaw, but the results are promising

EXERCISE. skills 5-6 : Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the
following sentences. Circle the connectors. Then, indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or
incorrect (I).

___ 1. Until the registrar makes a decision about your status, you must stay in
an unclassified category.
___ 2. Or the bills can be paid by mail by the first of the month.
___ 3. The parents left a phone number with the baby-sitter in case a problem with the
children.
___ 4. The furniture will be delivered as soon it is paid for.
___ 5. Whenever you want to hold the meeting, we will schedule it.
___ 6. The government was overthrown in a revolution, the king has not returned to his
homeland.
___ 7. Whereas most of the documents are complete, this form still needs to be notarized.
___ 8. Trash will be collected in the morning, so you should put the trash cans out tonight.
___ 9. It is impossible for the airplane to take off while is snowing so hard.
___ 10. We did not go out to dinner tonight even though I would have preferred not to cook.

SKILL 7: USE NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY

A noun clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun.

Because the noun clause is a noun, it is used in a sentence as either
an object of a verb, an object of a preposition, or the subject of the
sentence. Noun clauses often begin with relative pronouns,
subordinating conjunctions, or other words. The introductory
word generally has a grammatical function in the sentence.

Relative pronouns: that, which, who, whom, whose, what

Indefinite relative pronouns: whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever, whether, if
Subordinating conjunctions: how, if, when, whenever, where, whether, why

How to identify a Noun Clause in a sentence:

- NC Pattern: Introductory word/ WH-word + S + V
- It Contains a subject and a verb.

22
 - NC is a Dependent clause, and It functions as a noun (S/O/OP)
- It begins with words (e.g., what, when, that, …) as listed in this following table.

Table d. Noun clause introductory words and Use

Intrd.Words Examples
What What you did last summer was terrible. (NC as a subject )
Whatever You can buy whatever you need. (NC as a direct Object )
How How the waitress behaved was very polite. (NC as a subject)
When We all asked when you will get married. (NC as a direct Object)
Where I know where you went on your last vacation.(NC as an Object of Verb)
Whether We don’t know whether (or not) this pandemic ends in July.(NC as dirt.O)
Which Which car is yours is not important, I need a ride soon! (NC as a Subject)
Whichever You may sleep in whichever bed you like. (NC as an OP)
Who It is who we are. (NC as a Subject complement)
Whoever I will tell whoever will listen to my love story.(C/S, NC as an indrect.Obj)
Whomever My love life is a business between you and with whomever I’m. (NC—OP)
Why That is why most kids adore Barbie. ( NC as a Subject complement)
That I didn’t realize that the directions were wrong ( NC as an Object)
The fact that The fact that we were late to class really upset the teacher. (NC as a Subj.)

• Lots of these words are flexible. They do different things in different sentences.
• Noun Clause Connector / Subject (In this case a connector also functions as a
subject). Wh-word + Verb
a. I know what is in your mind. (*What functions as a connector and a subject in
the same time.)
b. Whoever comes to my party must bring a gift.
S/C
c. We know who stole our cats.
S/C

Exercise 7.1. Instruction: Please identify each noun clause. Is it used as a subject, a direct
object, an indirect object, a subject complement, or an object of a preposition?

You know that the telephone uses electricity.

S V NC / O (direct object)

1. Basically, this is how a telephone operates.

2. What you said on the phone to my parents creates chaos.
3. An electric current carries the sound to whoever is listening.
4. You can talk to whomever you like and say whatever you think.
5. Campaign workers use whatever helps them to win the election.

23
Exercise 7.2. Please Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not
correct.

1. I know what it happened yesterday in front of UPT Bahasa Untan between the girl and you.
A B C D
2. She is prepared for what that will happen with her household after she caught her husband
A B C
red-handed cheating on her with their maid.
D
3. We finally found out which what are her favorite things, and we know what to buy
A B C
for her birthday.
D
4. Jane saw what in the box inside my closet, a doll, which I have prepared for her B-day gift.
A B C D
5. I knew who she came to my room last night, and I could not recognize her, a woman
A B
with apparently long hair, since it was so dark
C D

*Read each question and answer choice carefully and choose the ONE best answer.

6. She had an accident and took her car to 10. __ is long holiday after passing your
the garage. Her husband then asked her exam.
where ___. (A) you need
(A) is her car (B) why you needed
(B) her car was (C) it is needed
(C) her car is (D) what you need
(D) was her car
11. I didn’t understand __
7. The old lady next door must have a lot (A) why he did it
of cats. I don’t know how many __ . (B) why he does it
(A) cats does she have (C) he did it
(B) does she has cats (D) why does he do it
(C) she has cats
(D) cats she has 12. Upik didn’t want to go to the car show.
Her husband insisted that __ with him.
8. Do you know ___ from the earth? (A) she had come
(B) she came
(A) how far the moon is (C) she come
(B) how far is the moon (D) she comes
(C) how the moon is far
(D) how long far is the moon 13. ___ made me angry most was that our
government did not bother to do lockdown
9. Masha is playing her music too loud, our airport for China airplane once the
so Piggy cannot concentrate on what China Coronavirus broke out.
___ . (A) It
(A). is he reading. (B) Which
(B) he is reading. (C)The fact
(C) reading he is (D) What
(D) reading

24
14. __ he learned English in one year was a 15. The fact that a dozen detainees in
great success. Indonesia ___ due to the Corona
(A) What pandemic worried members of the
(B) Who community.
(C) Which A. released from prison
(D) That
B. were released from prison
C. they released from prison
D. they were released from prison

Skill 8 : USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY

An adjective clause is a dependent clause that describes or modifies a noun or a pronoun

providing a description or further information. It does not change the basic meaning of a
sentence but rather clarify the writer’s intent.

Initial Clauses: Masha is filling the glass. She put the glass on the table.
O
Ø Masha is filling the glass that she put on the table.
Adjective Claus

Initial Clauses: The man asked me to be his wife. I met him last night.

Ø The man whom I met last night asked me to be his wife.

In the first example, Masha is the subject of the verb is filling. While she is the subject of the
verb ‘put’. That is the adjective clause connector that joins these two clauses, and the adjective
clause that she put on the table describes the noun glass. The initial sentences for the first
sentence are:

*Essential (restrictive) adjective Clauses

A restrictive adjective clause provides information that is necessary for identifying the word
it modifies.
I don’t like the children who eat ice cream with their hands.

The person whom I called last night is my mother.

*Non-essential (non-restrictive) adjective clause
It gives extra or additional description that is not strictly required to understand the writer’s
intent.
Example:

Bang Lapok, who was the oldest member of our gang, finally got married yesterday.

The adjective clause gives extra information, but it isn’t necessary to get the gist of the sentence
about Bang Lapok getting married, if you remember skill #2, it has a similar pattern as an
Appositive set in the middle by commas (,).

The house on the left, which belongs to Jamila, is up for sale.

25
(Which belongs to Jamila is a nonessential adjective clause. It contains the subject which and
the verb belongs. The clause modifies the noun house, providing additional, nonessential
information about it.)

Table e. Adjective Clause Relative words & Patterns to remember J

Relative Structure
Function Examples
Words Pattern
Yang,
Jane is my sister. she has 2 babies
Who Kata ganti orang
Who + verb
(Relative untuk Subjek.
Ø Jane who has 2 babies is my sister
Pronoun) (she/he/they …)
adj. clause
Whom Yang, Jane is a singer. I like her
(Relative Kata ganti orang Whom+ S+P Jane whom I like is a singer.
Pronoun) Untuk Objek adj. clause
(her/him/them…)
Whose Yang … -nya, Jane is a singer. Her voice is hoarse.
(Relative Kata ganti untuk Whose + Noun Ø Jane whose voice is hoarse is a
Pronoun) kepunyaan singer
(her/his/its/their,…)
That Yang, The house stands firmly. It is built on
(Relative Kata ganti that + verb the cliff.
Pronoun) orang/benda untuk
Or Ø The house that is built on the cliff
Subjek/Objek That + S + P
stands firmly.

Which Yang mana A white house, which is built on the

(Relative (spesifik) Kata which + verb cliff, belongs to Jo. (Non-restrictive)
Pronoun) ganti benda Or
Untuk Objek / which + S + P A house which Jo bought last year is
subjek built on the cliff.
Where Dimana (a) Waikiki is next to DH.
(relative (2) I always spend my free time in
Adverb) Kata ganti untuk Waikiki / there.
tempat where + S + P
Ø The Waikiki beach where I always
(there / here) spend my free time is next to
Diamond Head.

When Waktu/ ketika The baby woke up when her mom

(Relative Adding detail about turned on the lamp.
adverb) When + S + P
the noun &
pronoun, using I can remember when you proposed
adverb of time) me for a marriage.
Why (mengapa) (a) I want to buy Urus SUV Lambo.
(Relative The clause modifies (b) The reason is you.
adverb) the noun reason. Why + S + P
Ø The reason why I want to buy
Urus SUV Lamborghini is you.

26
Note: Things to remember about An adjective clause:

• It is positioned directly after the noun or pronoun that it describes.

• It is dependent or subordinate clause that contains a subject and a verb or verb phrase
but does not express a complete thought.
• It cannot stand alone as a sentence.
• An adjective clause begin with words such as , who, whom, whose, that, which,
and why, when, where.
• Adjective Clause Connector/Subject
Some Adjective Clause’ relative words can act as a Connector or a Subject in the same
time.(C/S), if the pattern is Wh-word + Verb

Examples:
Initial Sentences: The notebook has four sections. It is on the table.
S S
Adjective clause: The notebook which is on the table has four sections.

In this sentence notebook is the subject of the verb has, and which is the subject of the verb
is. Which is also the connector that joins the two clauses.

Initial Sentences: The boy is a travel agent. He is checking some tickets.

Adjective clause: The boy who is checking some tickets is a travel agent.

Exercise 8.1 (Skills 8): Circle the connectors. Put boxes around the clauses. Then, indicate if
the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

____ 1. No one explained to me when was coming to my house.

____ 2. The part of the structure that has already been built needs to be torn down.
____ 3. The girl who she just joined the Softball team is a great shortstop.
____ 4. I was shopping when I caught Bob red-handed cheating on me.
____ 5. Café Alibaba is the place where I first met him there.

Exercise 8.2. Please Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not
correct.
1. I don’t know a girl in pink gown who you invited to our wedding party last night,
A B C
can you give me an explanation?
D
2. The gardener’s wife who she has been married for six years has just had her third baby last
A B C D
night.
3. The man whom daughter you fall in love with teaches at our university, and he is strict
A B C
and demanding.
D

27
4. Implanting Microchips in humans has gained some popularity in Sweden who already has
A B C
a robust digital society.
D
5. The newspapers who were piled up on the front porch were an indication that the residents
A B C
had not been home in some time.
D
Exercise 8.3.Read each question and answer choice carefully and choose the ONE best
answer.

1. I didn't know __, and I was too 6. Do you know the reason ___ there are no
confused to penguins at the North Pole?
decide. (A) where
(A) which job I (B) why
(B) job I wanted (C) whose
(C) which job that I (D) what
(D) which job I wanted
7. The students__ names are not on the live-
2. Dini whom Sue __ is the smartest presence list will be considered absent.
student in her class. (A) whose
(A) that she bullies everyday (B) where
(B) she bullies everyday (C) that
(C) that bullies everyday (D) why
(D) bullies everyday
8. Most of people __ I know will be invited
3. Due to Coronavirus pandemic students to my wedding party, but you!
___ have online class. (A) who
(A) who enrol TUTEP Training will (B) what
(B) who they enrol TUTEP Training (C) whom
will (D) where
(C) whom enrol TUTEP Training will 9. Can you find the girl __ you talked to last
(D) whose enrol TUTEP Training will night? Hmm..I think I like her J
(A) who
4. I visited my granny __ lives in a different (B) what
city. (C) which
(A) who (D) whom
(B) which
(C) when 10. Some countries reported that COVID-
(D) which 19 Rapid test-kits ___ are imported
from China are some damaged and
5. The movie … we saw last night in Mega infected by the virus itself.
Mall XXI won three awards. (A) that
(A) who (B) who
(B) when (C) where
(C) which (D) whose
(D) where

28
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1 – 8):
Choose the letter of the words or group of words that best complete the sentence.

1. ____ loom high above the north and 5. A total of 470 boxes of surgical masks
north-eastern boundaries of the ___ stolen from Pagelaran General
expanding city of Tucson. Hospital in Cianjur, West Java.
(A) The Santa Catalina mountains A. have reportedly been
(B) Because the Santa Catalina B. has reportedly been
mountains C. reportedly been
(C) The Santa Catalina mountains are D. They have reportedly been
(D) That the Santa Catalina mountains
6. _____in the first draft of the budget will
2. The benefit_____the study is that it not necessarily be in the final draft.
provides necessary information to (A) Although it appears
anyone who needs it. (B) It appears
(A) of (C) What appears
(B) which (D) Despite its appearance
(C) that
(D) house
7. If a food label indicates that a food is
3. The same symptoms that occur_____ mostly carbohydrate, it does not mean
occur with cocaine. ____is a good food to eat.
(A) amphetamines can (A) and it
(B) with amphetamines can (B) and
(C) so amphetamines (C) that it
(D) with amphetamines they (D) when

4. If a food label indicates that a food is 8. Radioactive_____provides a powerful

mostly carbohydrate, it does not mean way to measure geologic time.
____is a good food to eat. (A) it
(A) and it (B) dates
(B) and (C) dating
(C) that it (D) can
(D) when

29
SKILL 9. COMPARATIVE DEGREES

9.a. Comparative and Superlative

The problem with some of the comparative and superlative sentences on the TOEFL test is
that the comparative or superlative is formed incorrectly. You should therefore understand
how to form the comparative and superlative to answer such questions correctly.
The comparative is formed with either -er (for short adjective) or More (forlong
adjective) and than. While in the superlative is formed with the, either -est or most, and is
followed by in, of, or a that- clause.
Upin is strong. (adjective)
Mas Jarwo is Stronger than Upin. (Comparative)
Miskha is the strongest of all. (superlative)
Miskha is the tallest man in the room.
Mas Jarwo is the most handsome of all the men at the Gym.
The spider over there is the largest one that I have ever seen.
The fastest runner wins the race. (No in, of, or that-clause)

The following chart outlines the possible forms of comparatives and superlatives:
THE FORM OF COMPARTIVES AND
SUPERLATIVES
COMPARTIVE
(it is used to compare More + (long adjective)
Than (dari)
two equal things.) (short adjective) + -er

SUPERLATIVE
(it is used to show which one of many Most + (long adjective)
(more than two) is in some way the most The in / of / that- clause.
outstanding) (Short adjective) + -est

However, there are some adjectives which take irregular forms for both comparative and
superlative, for example, Masha is a good swimmer, but PingPing is better.

Table f. Irregular Comparison

Positive Comparative (+ than) (The +) Superlative
Good (adj) Better Best
Well (adv, health) Better Best
Bad (adj) Worse Worst
Many (CTN) More Most
Much (UCTN) More Most
Little (adj/adv, size) Littler / more little Littlest / most little
Little (amount) Less Least
Late Later Last
Far (adj/adv, extent) Further Furthest
Far (distance) Farther Farthest

30
The comparative and superlative also have different uses, and you should understand these
different uses to answer such questions correctly. The comparative is used to compare two
equal things. Take a look at this following example:

(a). The Math class is 30 M2, (b) The History class is 422, (c) The English class is 48 M2

à The history class is larger than the math class, but the English class is the largest of all.

à The history class is smaller than the English class, but the Math class is the smallest of all.
In the first example the history class is being compared with the math class, while the
English class is compared with both Math and History classes and the most outstanding
of all.

Look at this second example, Comparative degrees with long adjective

(a). Sue got a C on English 101 class;
(b) Dini got an A on English 101 class;
(b) Bar got an A+ on English 101 class.

Ø Dini is more intelligent than Sue, but Bar is the most intelligent of all.
Ø Dini is more unintelligent than Bar, but Sue is the most unintelligent of all J.

The superlative is used when there are more than two items to compare and you want to
show the one that is the best, the biggest, or in some way the most outstanding.

The history class is the largest in the school.

Mary is the most intelligent of all the students in the class.

Exercise 9. 1: Circle the comparatives and superlatives in the following sentences.

Then, indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. The coffee is more stronger today than it was yesterday.
___ 2. The tree that was struck by lightning had been the tallest of the trees we had in
the yard.
___ 3. He will buy the most fuel-efficient car that he can afford.
___ 4. Cheetahs run more faster than any other animals.
___ 5. The business department is bigger of the departments in the university.
___ 6. Urus SUV Lamborghini is expensive than Lexus RX.

9.b. Use the Correlative comparison/Double Comparative

The comparative, The comparative Structure Correctly.

A double comparative structure that has been appearing frequently on the TOEFL test
consists of two parallel comparatives introduced by the. Double comparatives
are phrases commonly used in English to express increasing or decreasing returns, see the
patterns in the following table and the examples below. (Semakin …., Semakin ….)

31
 THE -ER, -ER STRUCTURE

-er -er

This type of sentence may or may not include a verb.

The harder he tried, the further he fell behind.

The older the children are, the more their parents expect from them.
The first example contains the two parallel comparatives the harder and the further.
The second example contains the two parallel comparatives the older and the more.
In this type of sentence, correlative comparison can be followed by any structures.
(a) The more children you have, the bigger the house you need.
S V S V
the comparative – the comparative

In the first example, the more is followed by the noun children and the subject and
verb you have, while the bigger is followed by the noun the house and the subject and verb
you need.
(b) The harder you work, the more you accomplish.
In the second example, the harder is followed by the subject and verb you work,
while the more is followed by the subject and verb you accomplish.
(c) The greater the experience, the higher the salary.

In the third example, the greater is followed only by the noun the experience, while
the higher is followed only by the noun the salary. You should note that this last example
does not even contain a verb, yet it is a correct structure in English.

Exercise 9.2. Circle the comparatives and superlatives in the following sentences. Then,
indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

___ 1. The more we expect the situation to get better, the worst it turns.
___ 2. The closest it gets to summer, the longer the days are.
___ 3. The later it got, the colder it became.
___ 4. The best the car is, the more expensive it is.
___ 5. The more I practice, the easy I understand the lesson.

9.c. Comparison of Equality (… as … as…; the same … as… )

Ø If two things are equal in some ways, we can use a comparison with as…as … The
comparison may involve adjectives (adj) or adverbs (adv) after the first as, and noun
phrases after the second as.

32
Examples:
He has grown so much, he is as tall as his father now. (adj + Noun phrase)
You are still as beautiful as you were 20 years ago. (adj + clause)
The second game did not go as well as the first one. (adv + noun phrase)
Jane’s company is not performing as successfully as she did when she was still my GF.
(adv + clause)
The figures for May are more or less the same as the figures for June.

Ø When the second part of the comparison is a clause, the clause is often a reduced clause.
If the sales figures are as bad as predicted, the company will probably go bankrupt.
(… as bad as economists have predicted …)

Ø If we use as …as .. with a noun phrase, we must use much or little with uncountable noun
or many or few with Plural Noun.
o I have as much money as I need right now and don't want to do anything, I
just want to lie in my bed.
o During this Covid-19 quarantine, I will spend as little money as I can.
o There are as many students in 2A class as there are in 2B.

Ø Negative forms.
o He did not run as fast as he did two years ago.
o The company didn’t pay as much tax this year as last year because it earned less.
o You don’t love her as well as I do.

TOEFL Exercise Skill 9 *Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words
that is not correct.

___ 1. Peter Abelard, a logician and theologian, was the controversialist teacher of his age.
A B C D
___ 2. Protein molecules are the most complex than the molecules of carbohydrates.
A B C D
___ 3. Good quality socks are almost important as your running shoes
A B C D
___ 4. Tonight’s dinner was delicious than last night’s.
A B C D
___ 5. The sooner the exam is scheduled, the little time you have to prepare.
A B C D
___ 6. My grandma’s cakes still taste exactly the same when I was a child.
A B C D

33
* Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.

7. The speed of light is___ the speed of 9. ___in Stevenson’s landscapes, the
sound. more vitality and character the paintings
seem to possess.
(A) faster (A) The brushwork is loose
(B) faster than (B) The looser brushwork
(C) the fastest
(D) as fast C) The loose brushwork is
(D) The looser the brushwork is
8. The speed of light is___ the speed of
sound. 10. The grizzly bear, which can grow up
(A) faster to eight feet tall, has been called ____
of North America.
(B) faster than (A) a dangerouser animal
(C) the fastest (B) a more dangerous animal
(D) as fast (C) the dangerousest animal
(D) the most dangerous animal

SKILL 10. AGREEMENT AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

A particular agreement problem occurs when the subject is an expression of quantity, such
as all, most, or some, followed by the preposition of. In this situation, the subject (all, most,
some, half, either, and neither) can be either singular or plural, depending on a Noun that
follows the preposition of.

All (of the book) was interesting.

SINGULAR
All (of the books) were interesting.
PLURAL
All (of the information) was interesting.
SINGULAR

The following chart outlines the key information that you should understand about
subject/verb agreement after expressions of quantity:

SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

All
Most
some Of the Object (sing./plural) Verb (adapted to the Obj)
half
either
neither
When an expression of quantity is the subject, the verb MUST agree with the number
(either singular/plural) of the Noun/ object following of.

34
Exercise 10. Please determine the subject (S), predicate (P), and Object of Preposition (OP) of
each sentence. Indicate if each sentence is correct (C) or incorrect (I).
___1. Some of the water in West Kalimantan are impure or contaminated by Mercury.
___2. Either Mrs. Smith or her kids were at my wedding party, I am so happy for their coming.
___3. Oops! Half of the cakes is frosted, we need to put it in the microwave.
___ 4. All of the milk in my refrigerator are sour now, I don’t think I can drink them.
___ 5. After stealing some bananas from my kitchen all of the monkeys falls asleep.

SKILL 11. PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS

Parallel structure means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have
the same level of importance. Parallelism, also known as parallel structure or parallel
construction, is a balance within one or more sentences of similar phrases or clauses that have
the same grammatical structure.
Some coordinate conjunctions such as and, but, or, can join together nouns, verbs,
adjectives, phrases, or clauses as long as they are in the same structure, meaning what is on one
side of the sentence must be parallel to what is on the other side.

PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS

Ø Here are examples of two or more nouns joined by a coordinate conjunction:

I need to talk to the manager or the assistant manager.

She is not a teacher but a nurse.
You can choose from activities such as hiking and kayaking.
Ø Here are examples of two or more verbs joined by a coordinate conjunction
He eats and sleeps only when he takes a vacation
She invites us to her home but never talks with us
You can stay at home or go to the movies with us

Ø Here are examples of adjectives joined by a coordinate conjunction :

My boss is sincere and nice
Class can be interesting or boring

Ø Here are examples of object of a preposition / prepositional phrase joined by a

coordinate conjunction :

There are students in the classroom and in front of the building.

The papers are on my desk or in the drawer.
The checks will be ready not at noon but at 1:00.

35
 Ø Here are examples of two clauses or more joined by a coordinate conjunction

What you think is important to express, what you say is important to do, and what
you do needs to be recognized.

Mr. Brown likes to go home early, but his wife prefers to stay late

Exercise 11. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the following
sentences. Then, indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

___ 1. Mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bicycle.

___ 2. The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and
thorough.
___ 3. Eating healthy food during this pandemic will help you feel better, healthier, and
strongly.
___ 4. I don’t care about what you said and how you treated me in the past, let’s move on.
___ 5. In the rain she drives slowly, carefully, and cautiously.

SKILL 12. PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS

Parallel structure must also occur in the use of paired conjunctions both... and;
either… or; neither…nor; and not only ... but also require parallel structure.

I know both where you went and what you did.

Either Mark or Andy has the book.
The tickets are neither in my pocket nor in my purse.
He is not only an excellent student but also an outstanding athlete.

The following is not parallel and must be corrected:

He wants either to go by train or by plane

It is not correct because to go by train is not parallel to by plane. It can be corrected in
several ways.
He wants to go either by train or by plane
He wants either to go by train or to go by plane

36
Ø When you are using these paired conjunctions, be sure that the correct parts are used
together. The following are incorrect:

I want both this book or* that one.

Either Sam nor* Sue is taking the course.

These sentences are incorrect because the wrong parts of the paired conjunctions are used
together. In the first example, and should be used with both. In the second example, or
should be used with either.
The following chart outlines the use of parallel structure with paired conjunctions:

PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH PAIRED CONJUNCTIOS

both
either

but also

Exercise 12. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the following
sentences. Then, indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
___ 1. You are either for us or you are against us.
___ 2. Mary is neither a Democrat nor is she a Republican.
___ 3. The show is both enjoyable and it is educational.
___ 4. The author not only wants fame but also wants money.
___ 5. Bert will meet us either at the restaurant or he will be at the taxi stand.

SKILL 13. PAST PARTICIPLES AFTER HAVE

Whenever you see the verb have in any of its forms (have, has, having, had) be sure that the
verb that follows it is in the past participle form. (Refer table b. on page 2for predicate
makers).

They had walk* to school (should be had walked)

cow
We have see* the dhow (should be have seen)
He has took* the test (should be has taken)
Having eat*, he went to school (should be having eaten)

These following patterns are common with the use of participle

Subject + has / have / had + V3 (Active)
Subject + has / have + had + been + V3 (Passive)
Subject + has/have / had + been + Verb-ing (progressive)
Having + been + Past Participle (V3, passive voice)

37
Look at these two examples:

(a) After finishing our work, we may go home;

(b) Having finished our work, we went home.

These two sentences have similar meaning. However, “After finishing” denotes a specific
time depending on what tense comes after. While “Having finished” only tells you for sure
that it was in the past.
Exercise 13. Each of the following sentences contains a verb in the past or a past participle.
Underline the verbs or past participle twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or
incorrect (I).
___ 1. The young girl drunk a glass of milk.
___ 2. Before she left, she had asked her mother for permission
___ 3. Having finished the term paper, he began studying for the exam.
___ 4. The secretary has broke her typewriter.
___ 5. the Installer should have completes the task more quickly.

SKILL 14. DISTINGUISH COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

In English, nouns are classified as countable (dapat dihitung) or uncountable (Tak dapat
dihitung). For certain questions on the TOEFL test, it is necessary to distinguish a countable
and uncountable noun in order to use the correct modifiers with them.

a. Countable noun
Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted. Therefore, it can be singular or plural.
Singular count nouns refer to one person or thing while plural count nouns refer to more
than one person or thing. For most nouns, add –s/-es /-ies to the singular noun. A desk /
desks; a toy / toys; A watch/ watches; an apple / apples, and so forth. Many nouns in English
have irregular plurals. The following chart lists the irregular plurals.

Table g. List of singular-plural forms & Irregular Plurals

Singular / Plural Singular à Plural Singular à Plural
A child / Children A deer / Deer An analysis / Analyses
A mouse / Mice A fish / Fish An Axis / Axes
A man / Men A sheep / Sheep A crisis / crises
A woman / Women A salmon / salmon A diagnosis / diagnoses
An ox / Oxen Offspring / offspring A hypothesis / hypotheses
A foot / Feet A trout / trout A parenthesis / parentheses
A tooth / Teeth A Swine / Swine A synthesis / syntheses
A Louse / Lice An Aircraft / Aircraft A thesis / theses
A goose / Geese A tuna / Tuna An oasis / oases
A leaf / Leaves A bison / Bison
A wolf /wolves A series / Series A bacterium / bacteria
A shelf / shelves A datum / data

38
 A thief / Thieves A radio / Radios A curriculum / curricula
A knife / Knives A Piano / Pianos A phenomenon / Phenomena
A Wife / wives A criterion
criteria / Criteria
A scarf / Scarves An Alumnus / alumni A genus / Genera
A dwarf / Dwarves A bacillus / bacilli A vita / Vitae
A calf / Calves A cactus / cacti
A candy / Candies A fungus / fungi An Apex /Apices
A boy / Boys A nucleus / nuclei An index / Indices
A tomato / Tomatoes A radius / Radii A half / Halves
A watch / Watches A stimulus / stimuli A belief / Beliefs
A Brush / Brushes A syllabus / syllabi
A class / Classes A Focus / Foci /ˈfəʊsʌɪ/
A Box / Boxes
A quiz / Quizzes

The following lists provide examples of some common names for Noun- people created
through suffixation of noun-things.

*Unlike the -er, -or, and -ar, agent suffixes that attach to verbs, the -ist, -ess, and -are / -er/
-eur/ -ier / -or/ -ur suffixes attach primarily attach to other nouns.

Thing Person (-ist) Thing Person (-ian) Verb Person

Art Artist Beauty Beautician Act Actor
Chemistry Chemist Comedy Comedian Teach Teacher
Dentistry Dentist Electricity Electrician Conduct Conductor
Guitar Guitarist Grammar Grammarian Command Commander
Journal Journalist Guard Guardian Create Creator
Linguistics Linguist History Historian Curate Curator
Novel Novelist Library Librarian Execute Executor
Nutrition Nutritionist Magic Magician Sing Singer
Pharmacy Pharmacist Mathematics Mathematician Type Typist
Piano Pianist Music Musician Interview Interviewer /-wee
Psychiatry Psychiatrist Physic Physician Review Reviewer
Psychology Psychologist Politics Politician Paint Painter
Racism Racist Rhetoric Rhetorician Produce Producer
Reception Receptionist Technical Technician Suit Suitor
Science Scientist Vegetable Vegetarian Abduct Abductor
Therapy Therapist Veterinary Veterinarian View Viewer
Rape Rapist Magic Magician Audit Auditor
Inform Informant
Employ employer

b. Uncountable Noun (Always singular)

Uncountable nouns are for the things that cannot be counted with numbers (indeterminate
quantity). Uncountable nouns could be substances, concepts, liquids, powders, gases,
abstract nouns or mass nouns. For examples, water, oil, milk, security, happiness, hope, etc.
(Please refer to table f. on page 34 for words that are always Uncountable nouns).

He has seen much* foreign films (should be many foreign films).

He didn’t have many* fun at the movies. (should be much fun).

39
Exercise 14. Each of the following sentences contains at least one key word to tell you if a
noun should be countable or uncountable. Circle the key words. Draw arrows to the nouns
they describe. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

C 1. He received little notice that the bill would have to be paid in full.
____ 2. The police had few opportunities to catch the thief who had committed a large
number of crime.
____ 3. You will have fewer problem with your income taxes if you get professional help.
____ 4. After the strike, the company dismissed many employees.
____ 5. Because the bottom corner of the pocket was torn, much sugars fell out.

* Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.

6. Ms. Thompson discovered many head louse in six children in her class yesterday.
A B C D
7. We have many data concerning the four crisis facing the local government.
A B C D
8. Rain is a rather rare phenomena in the Sahara region as it is once in a blue moon.
A B C D
9. Mas Penewi Surakso Hargo, better known as Mbah Maridjan, was a spiritual guardian
A B
whose advices was always heard was killed by pyroclastic flow in 2010.
C D
10. I saw several deers trying to cross the highway yesterday, and some vehicles stopped to
A B C
give them a way.
D

Exercise (Skill 12-14). Study the modal and nouns in the following sentences. Then indicate
if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
NOTE: For the USE OF MODALs (See Predicate makers Table on p. 5)
___ 1. The professor does not give many exam in chemistry class but the ones she gives are
difficult.
___ 2. It was his dream to be a musical in the New York Philharmonic.
___ 3. For the reception, the caterers prepared a large amount of food to serve a large number
of people.
___ 4. Many job opportunities exist in the field of nurse if you will accept a low-paying
position.
___5. For each business trip you make, you can choose from many different airlines.

*Choose the letter of the underline word or group of words that is not correct.

6. A patient suffering from amnesia may had partial or total loss of memory.
A B C D
7. The advisor told himself, while listening to the speech, that a dozen other reporters
A B
would has already asked that question
C D

40
8. As a compilation of useful details, a weekly magazine commends itself in several
A B C
respect.
D
9. Through aquaculture, or fish farming, more than 500 million tons of fishier produced
A B C
Each years.
D
10. The legal system has much safeguards to protect the right of a defendant to an impartial
A B C
jury.
D
11. The Song of Hiawatha, by Longfellow, tells the story of the Indian heroic who
A B C
Married Minehaha.`
D
12. Uranus is the seventh planets from the Sun.
A B C D
13. The first of two such investigation requires the students to read continuously over a
A B
period of four hours.
C D
14. The sycamore has broad leaves with a large amount of pointed teeth.
A B C D
15. A quantitative analysis, using both the computer and quantitative techniques, are used
A B C
to optimize financial decisions.
D

Skill 15: USE BASIC ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS CORRECTLY

Adjectives and adverbs have very different uses. Adjectives have only one job: they describe
nouns or pronouns. Look at the examples below:

She is a beautiful woman.

ADJ. NOUN

She is beautiful.
. V ADJ.
In the first example, the adjective beautiful describes the noun woman. In the second example,
the adjective beautiful describes the pronoun she.

Adverbs do three different things. They describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

She sings beautifully

V ADV

She is a beautifully dressed woman.

ADV ADJ NOUN

She is a truly beautifully dressed woman.

ADV ADV ADJ NOUN

41
In the first example, the adverb beautifully describes the verb sings. In the second example, the
adverb beautifully describes the adjective dressed (which describes the noun woman). In the
third example, the adverb truly describes the adverb beautifully, which describes the adjective
dressed (which describes the noun woman) .

The following are examples of incorrect sentences as they might appear on the TOEFL
test.

They were seated at a largely* table. (Largely* should be large)

ADV N

The child talked quick* to her mother (Quick* should be quickly)

VERB ADJ.

We read an extreme* long story. (Extreme* should be extremely)

ADJ ADJ

The following chart outlines the important information that you should remember about the
basic use of adjectives and adverbs:
Pattern Example
Adjective + Noun A beautiful girl
To be / Be + adjective She is beautiful, I will be happy if you come.
Linking Verb + adjective She looks beautiful
Verb Phrase + Adjective She might be sad
Adverb + adjective I am very happy
Verb + Adverb She works quickly
Adverb + Verb He has recently taken an English course.
Adverb + Adverb She walks really quickly

EXERCISE 15: Each of the following sentences has at least one adjective or adverb. Circle
the adjectives and adverbs, and label them. Draw arrows to the words they describe. Then
indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

C 1. The mother was pleasantly surprised when her daughter came to visit.
NOUN ADV ADJ
____ 2. The salespeople frequently visit the East Coast for trade shows.
expensive
____ 3. He was driving an expensively sports can sport car.
____ 4. There is a special program on television this evening.
____ 5. She was chosen for the leading part because she sings so well.

42
SKILL 16: USE ADJECTIVES AFTER LINKING VERBS

Similarly, as previously discussed in ‘table b’ for predicate makers on page 2, linking Verb is
a verb that links or connects the subject of the sentence to information about the subject.

Subject + LV + Information about the subject

(e.g., adjective, noun, or complement).

LV: appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn, prove.

Look at these following examples:

She looks nice.
S LV ADJ

You must be very careful if the verb is a linking verb, it is followed by an adjective rather than
an adverb.
In this example, the linking verb looks is followed by the adjective nice. This adjective
describes the subject she. You should be sure to use an adjective rather than an adverb after a
linking verb. Be careful, however, because the adjective that goes with the linking verb does
not always directly follow the linking verb.

He seems (unusually) nice.

Subject LV ADV ADJ.

In this example, the adjective nice, which describes the subject he, is itself described by the
adverb unusually. From this example, you should notice that it is possible to have an adverb
directly after a linking verb, but only if the adverb describes an adjective that follows.

EXERCISE 16: Each of the following sentences contains at least one adjective or adverb.
Circle the adjectives and adverbs, and label them. Draw arrows to the words they describe.
Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I),

I 1. The parents seem angrily about the child's report card.

Subject Verb ADV
____ 2. The speaker talked knowingly about prehistoric fossils.
____ 3. After she drank the lemonade, the cake tasted too sweetly to hen
____ 4. Throughout dinner we were bored because he spoke incessantly.
____ 5. Sam felt terribly depressed after the accident.

TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 15 - 16): Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of
words that is not correct.
1. Modern art is on display at the Guggenheim Museum, a building with an unusually
À B C D
design.

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2. By the beginning of the 1980s fifteen states had adopted already no-fault insurance laws.
A B C D
3. Heart attacks are fatally in 75 percent of occurrences.
A B C D

4. In spite of a tremendous amount of electronic gadgetry, air traffic control still depends
A B C
heavy on people.
D

5. Only recently have Gooden’s industrially designers and engineers been able to optimize
A B
Watertred’s unusual tread patterns for mass production.
C D

6. In particular the city of Palermo have seen an epidemic of crime since the lockdown of the
A B C D
country was ordered.

7. A specialty shop with various blends from around the world are opened in the shopping mall.
A B C D
8. Several portraits of UPT Bahasa Untan taken by a professional photographer exhibited in
A B C D
the Auditorium last month.
9. When taken to the hospital by some health workers the man were given an immediate CPR.
A B C D
10. The tour guides in the Tour & Travel office is checking the tour members’ data.
A B C D

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 TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (SKILLS 1-16)
Part A. Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. Each of my friends ___ employment in
Transmart Mall. 9. The proposal brought so much new work
(A) looking for a part-time to the partnership that ___hours to
(B) are looking for a part-time complete all of it.
(C) is looking for a part-time (A) were not enough
(D) she is looking for a part-time (B) there was not enough
(C) there not enough
2. A number of scientists __ their (D) there were not enough
intelligence from their mother.
(A) says that children inherit 10. ___ is formed from only two symbols.
(B) say that children inherit (A) Each number in a binary system
(C) they say that children inherit (B) It each number in a binary system
(D) that children inherit (C) Numbers in a binary system
(D) Each is number in a binary system
3. Patty Berg, the top tournament winner in
women’s golf ____eighty-three golf 11. She wants to undergo a series of
tournaments from 1935 through 1964. treatments, __ a little too much money.
(A) she won (B) winning (A) she thinks it costs
(C) won (D) who won (B) but she thinks it costs
(C) but she think it costs
4. ___with about fifteen times its weight in (D) she thinks it cost
air does gasoline allow the carburetor to
run smoothly. 12. Various sight-seeing __ from the
(A) It is mixed (B) To mix it tourist agency.
(C) When mixed (D)Only when mixed (A) excursions were available
(B) excursion was available
5. It is obvious that everyone in the (C) excursion available
auditorium __ . (D) they excursions were available
(A) was startled by the announcement
(B) startled by the announcement 13. The deposit ___ before the apartment
(C) they startled by the announcement can be rented.
(D) were startled by the announcement (A) will have to be paid
(B) it will have to be paid
6. None of the Miss Indonesia nominees (C) have to be paid
___ West Kalimantan this year. (D) it will has to be paid
(A) coming from (B) come from
(C) comes from (D) she comes from 14. The machine __ if it is overused.
(A) may clicks off
7. Students sleeping in the classroom (B) it may click off
during lesson ___. (C) may have clicks off
(A) be asked to wash their face (D) may click off
(B) will asked to wash their face
(C) will be asked to wash their face 15. Central Park in New York ___ big as it
(D) they will be asked to wash their face sounds, but it is obvious that it is bigger
8. Each package ____ have than Monaco.
has to be returned
to the sender. (A) not look as
(A) that are not properly wrapped (B) does not look as
(B) that is not properly wrapped (C) does not look
(C) that not properly wrapped (D) not look as
(D) is not properly wrapped

45
Part B. Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.
16. Plant proteins tend to have few amino acids than proteins from animal sources.
A B C D
17. The Viking spacecraft has landed on Mars in July of 1976.
A B C D
18. Admiral Byrd commanded airplane expeditions over both the Arctic or the Antarctic.
A B C D
19. The advertising campaign will be based on the recent completed study.
À B C D
20. Coronary occlusion results from a disease in which fatty substances with a large amount
A B C
of cholesterol is deposited in the arteries.
D
21. Other sites of fossil discoveries throughout Wyoming, ranging from the fiery
A B
Tyrannosaurus rex to the milder Trìceratops, have proven equally excite.
C D
22. The Colorado River reaches their maximum height during April and May.
A B C D
23. A number of scientists is working on Vaccine for Covid-19.
A B C D
24. None of the Miss Indonesia nominees come from West Kalimantan.
A B C D
25. Each numbers in a binary system is formed from only two symbols.
A B C D
26. He was really handsome, bravery, and helpful that all of his co-workers like him.
A B C D
27. A girl whom I borrowed a car from her last night is one of my roommates.
A B C D
28. Students need to wear uniforms, arrive before 8 a.m. and they cannot bring their
A B C
Smartphone to school.
D
29. Her money gave back as soon as she threatened to take the matter to court.
A B C D
30. It is dangerous to be living in this world today because of war, unemployment and
A B C
not enough money.
D

31. Cooking and eat at home is a good idea for students because it saves time and money.
A B C D
32. A baboon’s arms appear as lengthily as its legs.
A B C D
33. A serious problem is how to communicate reliable with a submerged submarine.
A B C D
34. The central banking system of the United States consists of twelve banks district.
A B C D
35. Telegraph service across the Atlantic was successful established in 1866.
A B CD D
36. A statue of Christopher Columbus was found underwater at Byrd Park in Richmond ,
A
Virginia, on Tuesday after he was torn down by protesters.
B C D
37. Everyone in the surrounding towns were warned about the epidemic.
A B C D

46
38. Of the new three cases one have been solved, but the others are impossible to solve.
A B C D
39. Although several students in the group doubt the ending of pandemic, but I am sure that
A B C
this circumstance will end soon.
D
40. She is so beautiful and kind if she is so adored and loved by many people
A B C D

Correct: _____
Wrong : _____
My Score: ________

My Note:
What should I improve well?

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