Northwestern Agusan Colleges

Bayview Hill, Nasipit, Agusan del Norte

GENERAL Chemistry 2
1st Quarter
Senior High School

__________________________________________________
NAME:

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Grade & Strand:
 Week 1-2
LESSON 1: Kinetic Molecular and Intermolecular
Forces

At the end of the lesson, I can:

➢ Use the kinetic molecular model to explain properties of liquids and solids (MELCS)
➢ Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces
➢ Describe the following properties of liquids, and explain the effect of intermolecular forces on
these properties: surface tension, viscosity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and molar heat of
vaporization

This lesson explores the kinetic molecular theory and how it pertains to the properties of solids and liquids. You'll
learn the properties of solids and liquids, discover the types of intermolecular attractions that occur between them
and gain an understanding how phase changes happen .

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Take a glass of water. Drop a few drops of red food coloring in it. What happens? The red food coloring drops should
make their way down the glass of water slowly, spread out and finally tint all of the water a reddish color. Why does
this happen? It happens because both substances are made out of molecules that are constantly moving. These
molecules have energy; one of the fundamental principles of the kinetic molecular theory.
The Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) is a model used to explain the behavior of matter. It is based on a series of
postulates.
Some of the postulates of KMT are as follows:
• Matter is made of particles that are constantly in motion. This energy in motion is called kinetic energy.
• The amount of kinetic energy in a substance is related to its temperature.
• There is space between particles. The amount of space in between particles is related to the substance's
state of matter.
• Phase changes happen when the temperature of the substance changes sufficiently.
• There are attractive forces in between particles called intermolecular forces. The strength of these forces
increase as particles get closer together.
In this lesson, we will focus on how KMT can be used to explain the properties of liquids and solids.

KMT and Properties of Liquid

One is a photo of water in a swimming pool; the other is of
liquid water on the molecular level. What properties of liquids
are evident in these two pictures?
One of the most notable properties of liquids is that they are
fluid and they can flow. Liquids have definite volume, but not
a definite shape. Liquids are said to have low compressibility; Figure 1.1. Water in pool and at molecular level
in other words, it's hard to pack liquid particles closer together. Compared to gases, there is relatively little space
between particles. Compared to solids, however, liquids have some space between particles. This, in tandem with
the fact that liquid particles also have relatively more energy than solid particles, is what allows liquids to flow. On
the molecular level, these two factors give liquids the look of being disorganized.
The types of intermolecular forces in a liquid depend on the chemical makes up of the liquid itself. Strength of
intermolecular force is related to the type of intermolecular force, but it is also affected by the amount of kinetic
energy in the substance. The more kinetic energy, the weaker the intermolecular forces. Liquids have more kinetic
energy than solids, so the intermolecular forces between liquid particles tend to be weaker. We will discuss types
of intermolecular forces later.

KMT and Solids

One of these images is of pyrite crystals in their
naturally occurring cubic form; the other is the
structure of phosphorus trioxide on the molecular
scale. What properties of solids do you notice?
Solid substances have definite shapes and volumes.
Solid particles do move, but not very far! Solid
particles have relatively little kinetic energy and
vibrate in place. Because of this, they can't flow like
liquids. Most solids are arranged in a tightly packed
Figure 1.2. Pyrite crystals and phosphorus trioxide crystalline structure. The crystalline structure is an orderly,
molecular structure repeating arrangement of particles called a crystal lattice.
The shape of the crystal shows the arrangement of the
particles in the solid.
Some solids aren't crystalline-shaped. The ones that aren't are called amorphous solids. Amorphous solids don't
have orderly internal structures. Examples of amorphous solids include rubber, plastic and glass. Wax is also an
amorphous solid. It can be molded into any shape and remolded anytime it is warmed up a bit.

Try This
Types of Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular forces are electrostatic in nature and include van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds. Molecules
in liquids are held to other molecules by intermolecular interactions, which are weaker than the intramolecular
interactions that hold the atoms together within molecules and polyatomic ions. Transitions between the solid and
liquid or the liquid and gas phases
are due to changes in
intermolecular interactions but do
not affect intramolecular
interactions. The three major types
of intermolecular interactions are
dipole–dipole interactions, London
dispersion forces (these two are
often referred to collectively as van
der Waals forces), and hydrogen
bonds. Dipole–dipole
interactions arise from the
electrostatic interactions of the
positive and negative ends of
molecules with permanent dipole
moments; their strength is
proportional to the magnitude of
the dipole moment and to 1/r3,
where r is the distance between
dipoles. London dispersion
forces are due to the formation
of instantaneous dipole moments in
polar or nonpolar molecules as a
result of short-lived fluctuations of
electron charge distribution, which
in turn cause the temporary
formation of an induced dipole in
adjacent molecules. their energy
falls off as 1/r6. Larger atoms tend
to be more polarizable than smaller
ones because their outer electrons
are less tightly bound and are
therefore more easily
perturbed. Hydrogen bonds are
especially strong dipole–dipole Figure 1.3. Types of Intermolecular Forces
interactions between molecules
that have hydrogen bonded to a highly electronegative atom, such as O, N, or F. The resulting partially positively
charged H atom on one molecule (the hydrogen bond donor) can interact strongly with a lone pair of electrons of a
partially negatively charged O, N, or F atom on adjacent molecules (the hydrogen bond acceptor). Because of strong
O⋅⋅⋅H hydrogen bonding between water molecules, water has an unusually high boiling point, and ice has an open,
cage like structure that is less dense than liquid water.
Intermolecular forces and their effect on properties of liquids

VOCABULARY
Fluid =A gas or a liquid; a substance that can flow.

Surface tension =The measure of the elastic force in the surface of a liquid. It is the amount
of energy required to stretch or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area.
Capillary action= The tendency of a liquid to rise in narrow tubes or to be drawn into small
openings

Viscosity =A measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.

Vapor = A gaseous substance that exist naturally as a liquid or solid at normal temperature

Vaporization = The change of phase from liquid to vapor (gaseous phase).

Vapor pressure of a liquid =The equilibrium pressure of a vapor above its liquid; that is, the
pressure exerted by the vapor above the surface of the liquid in a closed container.

Boiling point= The temperature at which a liquid boil. The boiling point of a liquid when the
external pressure is 1 atm is called the normal boiling point.

Molar heat of vaporization (ΔHvap) = The energy (usually in kilojoules) required to vaporize
1 mole of a liquid at a given temperature

Intermolecular (or interparticle ) forces are weak interactions between particles. They
decrease as you go from solid → liquid → gas. Remember that in a gas the particles have
the highest degree of freedom of movement and negligible or weak intermolecular forces .
As the intermolecular attraction increases,
• The vapor pressure ( the pressure of the vapor that is in equilibrium with its liquid) decreases
• The boiling point ( the temperature at which the vapor pressure becomes equal to the pressure exerted on the
surface of the liquid) increases
• Surface tension ( the resistance of a liquid to spread out and increase its surface area) increases
• Viscosity ( the resistance of a liquid to flow) increases.
Higher the intermolecular forces between the liquid particles, harder it is for it to escape into the vapor phase, ie.,
you need more energy to convert it from liquid to the vapor phase, in other words, higher its boiling point.
Figure 1.4. Example on how surface tension is manifested.

Figure 1.5. Vapor pressure of four common liquids, shown

as a function of temperature.

Let’s Test

At 50. ° C the vapor pressure of ethanol is 0.30 atm, acetic acid

is 0.08 atm, water is 0.12 atm, and acetone is 0.84 atm.
A. Arrange these substances in order of increasing rates of
evaporation.

B. Arrange these substances in order of increasing boiling point

temperature.

C. Arrange these substances in order of increasing intermolecular

forces
 Week 3-4
LESSON 2: Properties of solutions, solubility,
and the stoichiometry of reactions in
solutions

At the end of the lesson, I can:

➢ Use different ways of expressing concentration of solutions: percent by mass, mole fraction,
molarity, molality, percent by volume, percent by mass, ppm (MELCS)
➢ Perform stoichiometric calculations for reactions in solution
➢ Describe the effect of concentration on the colligative properties of solutions

What is Concentration of Solution?

The Concentration of a Solution is defined as the relative amount of solute present in a solution. It
basically talks about how to find the amount of solute present in solvent which together forms solution.
There are various methods used to find this,

Methods of Expressing Concentration of Solutions

• Percentage by weight (w / w %)
• Percentage by volume (V / V%)
• Weight by volume (w / v%)
• Mole fraction (x)
• Parts per million (ppm)
• Molarity (M)
• Molality (m)

Percentage by Weight
Symbol: (w / w %)
Definition: It is defined as the amount of solute
present in 100 g of solution.

Percentage by Volume
Symbol: (V / V %)
Definition: It is defined as the volume of solute
present in 100 mL of solution.

Weight by Volume
Symbol: (W / V %)
Definition: It is defined as the amount of solute
present in 100 mL of solution.
Unit: mg/L
Mole Fraction
Symbol : X ( lower-case Greek letter chi, χ)
Definition: It is the ratio of the number of moles
of solute and the total number of moles of solute
and solvent .

Parts Per Million

Symbol: ppm
Definition: It is defined as the parts of a component per million
parts (10 6 ) of the solution. It is widely used when a solute is
present in trace quantities.
Unit: ppm

Molarity:
Symbol : M
Definition: Molarity of any solution is number of moles of solute per liter of
solution
Unit: mol/litre
Formula:
Molarity = Number of moles of solute / Volume of solution in liter.

Molality
Symbol: m
Definition: Molality of any solution is represented as the number of moles of solute present per kg
of solvent
Unit: mol/kg
Formula:
Molality(m) = Number of moles of solute / Mass
of solvent in Kg
Note: Why m is not affected by change in temperature?
Since it is dependent on mass of solute and mass do not change to small shift in temperature due to close
packing of solid atoms therefore it is independent of temperature change.

Let’s Test
Solve the problem below:
1. As an example consider 5 g sugar dissolved in 20 g of water.
What is the w/w% concentration of sugar in this solution?
2. What are the mole fraction of the components of the solution
formed when 92 g glycerol is mixed with 90 g water?
(molecular of weight water = 18; molecular weight of glycerol
= 92).
3. What is the molarity of a solution containing 0.32 moles of
NaCl in 3.4 liters?
Stoichiometry Calculation
A balanced chemical equation gives the identity of the reactants and the products as well as the accurate number
of molecules or moles of each that are consumed or produced. Stoichiometry is a collective term for the
quantitative relationships between the masses, the numbers of moles, and the numbers of particles (atoms,
molecules, and ions) of the reactants and the products in a balanced chemical equation. A stoichiometric quantity is
the amount of product or reactant specified by the coefficients in a balanced chemical equation.

Steps in Converting between Masses of Reactant and Product

Converting amounts of substances to moles—and vice versa—is the key to all stoichiometry problems, whether the
amounts are given in units of mass (grams or kilograms), weight (pounds or tons), or volume (liters or gallons).

Let’s Test

Solve the problem below:

The combustion of hydrogen with oxygen to produce gaseous
water is extremely vigorous, producing one of the hottest flames
known. Because so much energy is released for a given mass of
hydrogen or oxygen, this reaction was used to fuel the NASA
(National Aeronautics and Space Administration) space shuttles,
which have recently been retired from service. NASA engineers
calculated the exact amount of each reactant needed for the flight
to make sure that the shuttles did not carry excess fuel into orbit.
Calculate how many tons of hydrogen a space shuttle needed to
carry for each 1.00 tn of oxygen (1 tn = 2000 lb).

Given: reactants, products, and mass of one reactant

Asked for: mass of other reactant

 Week 5-6
LESSON 3: Energy changes in chemical reactions
At the end of the lesson, I can:

➢ Explain the first law of thermodynamics (MELCS)

➢ Explain enthalpy of a reaction
➢ Calculate the change in enthalpy of a given reaction using Hess Law

Try This
All changes that matter undergoes, whether physical or chemical,
occur with loss or gain of energy. Burning of fuel gas releases energy Determine which of the
in the form of heat and light as the fuel reacts with oxygen in air. following process are
This means that the energy content of the combustion products, endothermic or exothermic.
carbon dioxide, and water is lower compared to that of C4H10 and 1. Cutting of paper
oxygen gas. The difference in energy is released as heat and light.
2. Rotation of the blades of
Heat, also referred to as thermal energy, is the energy transferred an electric fan
between two bodies due to a difference in their temperatures.
Similarly, in a physical transformation such as dew formation, 3. Digestion of food.
energy is released during the process since the heat content of the
4. Decomposition of waste in
liquid form (dew) is lower than that of the vapor from which the
a compost heap
dew is formed. These changes that produce or release energy are
said to be exothermic. In contrast, chemical and physical changes
that occur with the absorption of energy are referred to as
endothermic process.

The First Law of Thermodynamics

Also known as the law of conservation of energy, states that “
energy cannot be created or destroyed but can simply be
converted to another forms of energy.”
Mathematically, this is represented as
ΔU=q+w
with
• ΔU is the total change in internal energy of a system,
• q is the heat exchanged between a system and its
surroundings, and
• w is the work done by or on the system.
Energy in different forms:
Potential energy is stored energy. Matter possesses potential chemical energy.
Kinetic energy is energy in motion. Gas particles which are always in motion possess high kinetic energy. Molecules
in a liquid, whose motion are more restricted compared to gas molecules, possess lower kinetic energy.
Mechanical energy is energy at work. A man who pedals a running bicycle does mechanical energy.
Thermal energy is heat energy. The warmth that you feel on a summer day manifests heat energy caused by the
difference in temperature between your body and your environment.
Electrical energy is the energy of the mobile electrons that produce electricity.

Let’s Test
Solve the problem below:

A gas in a system has constant pressure. The surroundings around the system lose 62 J
of heat and does 474 J of work onto the system. What is the internal energy of the
system?

Heats of formation
Enthalpy is the total heat absorbed in a process at constant pressure if the only work done is pressure-volume work.
It is the sum of the internal energy of the system and the product of pressure and volume. Enthalpy can be described
by the equation:

H= U + PV

Calculating Enthalpy of Reaction from Standard Enthalpies of Formation

Because enthalpy of reaction is a state function

the energy change between reactants and
products is independent of the path. We can
choose a hypothetical two step path where the
atoms in the reactants are broken into the
standard state of their element), and then from
this hypothetical state recombine to form the
products Note the first step is the opposite of
the process for the standard state enthalpy of
formation, and so we can use the negative of
those chemical species's ΔHformation.
Hess's Law
Hess's Law states that if you can add two chemical equations and come up with a third equation, the enthalpy of
reaction for the third equation is the sum of the first two. This is a consequence of the First Law of Thermodynamics,
the fact that enthalpy is a state function, and brings for the concept of coupled equations.
Coupled Equations: A balanced chemical equation usually does not describe how a reaction occurs, that is, its
mechanism, but simply the number of reactants in products that are required for mass to be conserved. In reality,
a chemical equation can occur in many steps with the products of an earlier step being consumed in a later step.
For example, consider the following reaction phosphorous reacts with oxygen to from diphosphorous pentoxide
(2P2O5)

P4+5O2→2P2O5

and then the product of that reaction in turn reacts with water to form phosphorus acid
2P2O5+6H2O→4H3PO4
In the above equation the P2O5 is an intermediate, and if we add the two equations the intermediate can cancel
out. Hess's law states that if two reactions can be added into a third, the energy of the third is the sum of the
energy of the reactions that were combined

Enthalpy is a state function which means the energy change between two states is independent of the path. Since
equation 1 and 2 add to become equation 3, we can say:
ΔH3=ΔH1+ΔH2
Hess's Law says that if equations can be combined to form another equation, the enthalpy of reaction of the
resulting equation is the sum of the enthalpies of all the equations that combined to produce it.

Try This
 Week 7-8

LESSON 4: the rate of a reaction and the various

factors that influence it

At the end of the lesson, I can:

➢ Describe how various factors influence the rate of a reaction (MELCS)

➢ Differentiate zero, first-, and second-order reactions
➢ Explain reactions qualitatively in terms of molecular collisions
➢ Explain activation energy and how a catalyst affects the reaction rate
➢ Cite and differentiate the types of catalysts

Reaction Rate
During the course of the reaction shown on
figure 4.1, reactants A and B are consumed
while the concentration of product AB
increases. The reaction rate can be determined
by measuring how fast the concentration of A or
B decreases, or by how fast the concentration of
AB increases.
A+B⟶AB
Figure 4.1: The above picture shows a hypothetical
For the stoichiometrically complicated Reaction: reaction profile in which the reactants (red) decrease in
concentration as the products increase in concentration
(blue).

Looking at Figure 4.1 above, we can see that the rate can be measured in terms of either reactant (A or B) or either
product (C or D). Not all variables are needed to solve for the rate. Therefore, if you have the value for "A" as well
as the value for "a" you can solve for the reaction rate. You can also notice from Equation above that the change in
reactants over the change in time must have a negative sign in front of them. The reason for this is because the
reactants are decreasing as a function of time, the rate would come out to be negative (because it is the reverse
rate). Therefore, putting a negative sign in front of the variable will allow for the solution to be a positive rate.
Chemical reactions vary greatly in the speed at which they occur. Some are ultrafast, while others may take millions
of years to reach equilibrium.
Definition of Reaction Rate
The Reaction Rate for a given chemical reaction is the measure of the change in concentration of the reactants or
the change in concentration of the products per unit time. The speed of a chemical reaction may be defined as the
change in concentration of a substance divided by the time interval during which this change is observed:

For a reaction of the form A+B→CA+B→C, the rate can be expressed in terms of the
change in concentration of any of its components

in which Δ[A] is the difference between the concentration of A over the time
interval t2–t1:
Δ[A]=[A]2–[A]1

Notice the minus signs in the first two examples above. The concentration of a reactant always decreases with time,
so Δ[A] and Δ[A] are both negative. Since negative rates do not make much sense, rates expressed in terms of a
reactant concentration are always preceded by a minus sign to make the rate come out positive.

Try This

Reaction Order
The reaction rate for a given reaction is a crucial tool that enables us to calculate the specific order of a reaction.
The order of a reaction is important in that it enables us to classify specific chemical reactions easily and efficiently.
Knowledge of the reaction order quickly allows us to understand numerous factors within the reaction including
the rate law, units of the rate constant, half-life, and much more. Reaction order can be calculated from the rate
law by adding the exponential values of the reactants in the rate law.
Rate=k[A]s[B]t
Reaction Order=s+t
It is important to note that although the reaction order can be determined from the rate law, there is in general, no
relationship between the reaction order and the stoichiometric coefficients in the chemical equation.AIs shown in
the equation above, the complete reaction order is equal to the sum of "s" and "t." But what does each of these
variables mean? Each variable represents the order of the reaction with respect to the reactant it is placed on. In
this certain situation, s is the order of the reaction with respect to [A] and t is the order of the reaction with respect
to [B].
Here is an example of how you can look at this: If a reaction order with respect to [A] was 2 (s = 2) and [B] was 1 (t
= 1), then that basically means that the concentration of reactant A is decreasing by a factor of 2 and the
concentration of [B] is decrease by a factor of 1. So, if you have a reaction order of Zero (i.e., s+t=0), this basically
means that the concentration of the reactants does not affect the rate of reaction. You could remove or add
reactants to the mixture but the rate will not change.
A list of the different reaction rate equations for zero-, first-, and second-order reactions can be seen in Table 4.1.
This table also includes further equations that can be determine by this equation once the order of the reaction is
known (Half-life, integrated rate law, etc.)

Table 4.1: The table below displays numerous values and equations utilized when observing chemical kinetics
for numerous reactions types
Collision Theory Try This
Chemical reactions have been a part of this world ever Chemical or Physical Change? Directions:
since everything began. From Big bang to the present Identify what kind of change occurs by
day, everything happening around us has something to writing the word Physical change or
do with chemical reactions and chemical processes. Chemical change.
Chemical reactions are common in our daily lives: from
cooking, eating, cleaning to the different chemical
processes like respiration, corrosion and fermentation.
How our body lives and grows are results of many
chemical reactions that takes place, although you may
not recognize them. This is the reason we need to
understand how chemical processes takes place, be it
naturally occurring or not.

All substances are comprised of millions of tiny

particles in constant motion. These particles are
colliding with each other constantly in any substance. All collisions between particles do not result in a reaction.
There are two factors that determine whether a reaction will occur between two particles that are colliding:
1. Substances or particles of reactants must physically collide with enough energy
2. Substance or particles must come into contact or collide in the correct orientation (facing the correct way).

The collision theory states that reacting substances must come into contact (collide) with enough activation
energy, and in the correct orientation (facing the correct way), so that their electron shells can rearrange to form
the products of the reaction. Therefore, any factor which changes the frequency or energy of the collisions will
change the rate of the reaction.

Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction

Activation Energy refers to the minimum energy required for a reaction to take place. When a collision provides
energy equal to or greater than the activation energy, product can form. On the other hand, if the particles have
energy that is less than the activation energy, the collision is not effective, and they just bounce off each other
unchanged. The figure above shows a man trying to push a rock over the cliff. For the man to push the rock, he
needs to have enough energy. If the man does not have enough energy, the rock will not move down the cliff. This
energy needed for the man to push the rock over the cliff represents the activation energy.
 Temperature refers to how hot or cold a certain
Try This substance is. Usually, a rise in temperature of 10 0C
Arrange the following samples according doubles the reaction rate. The rate of a chemical reaction
to the rate of solubility of sugar. (1 - increases with increasing temperature. As the
fastest, 3-slowest). temperature increases, collision between atoms and
molecules becomes faster resulting to build up of more
energy. The increased kinetic energy will equal to or
exceed the activation energy resulting to more collisions
giving rise to a reaction.

Concentration, the rate of a chemical reaction is affected

by the concentration of reacting substances. The term
concentration refers to the number of particles present
in a given volume of solution. Concentration may also
mean a measure of how much of of the solute (something
to be dissolved) is dissolved in a solvent (dissolving
medium) to form a homogeneous mixture. So, a higher
concentration means there is more of the solute in the solution. If the concentration of the reactant is increased,
the rate of reaction also increases. When the number of particles of the reactant is increased, there is a great
chance for particles to collide.

Surface area is the measure of how much exposed area a solid object has, expressed in square units. In a reaction
between a solid and a liquid, the more finely divided a solid is, the faster is the rate of reaction. Likewise, as you
powdered a solid, its surface area becomes greater, thus the particles have higher chance of colliding and faster
reaction happens.

Catalyst
Reaction rates generally increase with increasing reactant concentration, increasing temperature, and the addition
of a catalyst. Physical properties such as high solubility also increase reaction rates. Solvent polarity can either
increase or decrease the rate of reaction, but increasing solvent viscosity generally decreases reaction rates.

Let’s Test

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage.

Increasing the ___________ of a system increases the average kinetic energy of its constituent particles.
As the average kinetic energy increases, the particles move faster and collide more frequently per unit
time and possess greater energy when they collide. When the ___________ of all the reactants increases,
more molecules or ions interact to form new compounds, and the rate of reaction increases. When solids
and liquids react, increasing the surface area of the solid will increase the reaction rate. A decrease in
___________ causes an increase in the solid’s total surface area. Collisions only result in a reaction if the
particles collide with a certain minimum energy called the ___________ for the reaction. The position of
activation energy can be determined on a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. To increase the rate of a
reaction, the number of successful collisions must be increased. One possible way of doing this is to
provide an alternative way for the reaction to happen which has a lower activation energy. Adding
___________ has this effect on activation energy. It provides an alternative route for the reaction with a
lower activation energy. Catalysts are everywhere! Many biochemical processes, such as the oxidation of
glucose, are heavily dependent on ___________, proteins that behave as catalysts
The Effect of a Catalyst on Rate of Reaction
This part explains how adding a catalyst affects the rate of reaction. It assumes familiarity with basic concepts in
the collision theory of reaction rates, and with the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies in a gas.
A catalyst is a substance which speeds up a reaction, but is chemically unchanged at its end. When the reaction has
finished, the mass of catalyst is the same as at the beginning. Several examples of catalyzed reactions and their
respective catalysts are given below:

Classification of Catalysts
Catalysts may be classified generally according to their physical state, their chemical nature, or the nature of the
reactions that they catalyze.
Catalysts may be gases, liquids, or solids. In homogeneous catalysis, the catalyst is molecularly dispersed in the
same phase (usually gaseous or liquid) as the reactants. In heterogeneous catalysis the reactants and
the catalyst are in different phases, separated by a phase boundary. Most commonly, heterogeneous catalysts are
solids, and the reactants are gases or liquids.

Make an acrostic poem using the word CATALYST. In making the poem you may also write
the importance of catalyst in our daily life.